A Film Recorder is a graphical output device for transferring digital images to photographic film. A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional Image using ones and zeros (binary This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock.
All film recorders typically work in the same manner. The image is fed from the computer by a raster file producing program. A film recorder will expose film with a beam of light output by a CRT (Lasergraphics) or a focused beam of light from an LVT (Light Valve Technology) recorder (Kodak).
For color image recording on a CRT film recorder, the red, green, and blue channels are separately displayed on the same gray scale CRT, and exposed to the same piece of film through a filter of the appropriate color. In Photography, a filter is a Camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path (This approach yields better resolution and color quality than one could obtain with a color CRT. ) The three filters are usually mounted on a motor-driven wheel. The filter wheel, as well as the camera's shutter, aperture, and film motion mechanism are usually controlled by the recorder's electronics and/or the driving software. In Photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time for the purpose of exposing Photographic film or a light-sensitive In computing a device driver or software driver is a Computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a Hardware device
Higher-quality LVT film recorders use a focused beam of light to write the image directly onto a film loaded spinning drum, one pixel at a time. The LVT will record pixel beyond grain. Some machines can burn 120-res or 120 lines per mm. The LVT is basically a reverse drum scanner. Historical precedent Scanners can be considered the successors of early telephotography input devices consisting of a rotating drum with a single Photodetector at The exposed film is developed and printed by regular photographic chemical processing.
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Formats
Film recorders are (or were) available for a variety of film types and formats. The 35mm negative film and transparencies are popular because they can be processed by any photo shop. 35 mm film is the basic Film gauge most commonly used for both still Photography and Motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its In Photography, a reversal film is a still positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means Single-image 4x5 film and 10x8 is often used for high-quality, large format printing. A film format is a technical definition of a set of standard characteristics regarding image capture on Photographic film, for either stills or movies
Some models have detachable film holders to handle multiple formats with the same camera. A film holder is a device which holds one or more pieces of Photographic film for insertion into a Camera or optical scanning device such as a dedicated film scanner
Uses
Film recorders are used in digital printing to generate master negatives for offset and other bulk printing processes. Digital printing is the reproduction of Digital images on a physical surface Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press They are also used to produce the master copies of movies that use computer animation or other special effects based on digital image processing. Computer-generated imagery Computer animation is the art of creating moving images with the use of Computers It is a subfield of Computer graphics The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called Digital image processing is the use of computer Algorithms to perform Image processing on Digital images As a subfield of Digital signal processing
For preview, archiving, and small-volume reproduction, film recorders have been rendered obsolete by modern printers that produce photographic-quality hardcopies directly on plain paper.
Film recorders were also commonly used to produce slides for slide projectors; but this need is now largely met by video projectors that project images straight from a computer to a screen. In Photography, a reversal film is a still positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. A video projector takes a Video signal and projects the corresponding image on a Projection screen using a lens system
Film recorders were among the earliest computer graphics output devices. Computer graphics are Graphics created by Computers and more generally the Representation and Manipulation of Pictorial Data See, for example: IBM 740
Nowadays, film recorders are primarily used in the motion picture film-out process for the ever increasing amount of digital intermediate work being done. The IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954 and used with the IBM 701, IBM 704, and IBM 709 Film-out is the process in the Computer graphics, Video and Filmmaking disciplines of transferring images or Animation from Videotape Digital intermediate (often abbreviated as DI) describes the process of digitizing a Motion picture and manipulating color and other image characteristics to change Although significant advances in large venue video projection alleviates the need to output to film, there remains a deadlock between the motion picture studios and theater owners over who should pay for the cost of these very costly projection systems. This, combined with the increase in international and independent film production, will keep the demand for film recording steady for at least a decade.
Key Manufacturers
Traditional film recorder manufacturers have all but vanished from the scene or have evolved their product lines to cater to the motion picture industry. DICOMED was one such early provider of digital color film recorders. DICOMED was founded in 1968 and in the early 1970's became a leading manufacturer of precision color film recorders such as the D47 and D48 Arri produces the Arrilaser line of laser-based motion picture film recorders. The Arrilaser is a Digital Film recorder made by Arri which writes digital movie files onto Film after compositing and Celco makes a line of CRT based motion picture film recorders. Lasergraphics is the latest entrant into the cine film recorder market with its twenty year history of dominance in the traditional film recorder business. Lasergraphics Inc is a manufacturer of motion picture film scanning and recording systems Lasergraphics this year, 2006, has reintroduced special order production of still film recorders. CCG, formally Agfa film recorders, has been a steady manufacturer of film recorders based in Germany. In 2003 CCG introduced the first motion picture film recorder utilizing LCD technology, Definity, distributed by Digital Film Systems. Definity is a Digital Film recorder for motion picture applications produced by CCG near Frankfurt Germany
Polaroid, MGI, and AGFA were other producers of past film recorders. The last LVT machines produced by Kodak / Durst-Dice stopped production in 2002. There are no LVT film recorders currently being produced.
History
- Before VTRs were invented, TV shows were recorded to film, for archive and later broadcast on a Kinescope. VTR redirects here For other meanings see VTR (disambiguation. Kinescope (ˈkɪnɨskoʊp originally referred to the Cathode ray tube used in Television receivers as named by inventor Vladimir Zworykin in 1929
- In 1967 CBS Laboratories had a shortly a Electronic Video Recording unit. Electronic Video Recording, or EVR, was a film-based video recording format developed in the 1960's by CBS Laboratories.
- All types of CRT recorders were and are used for Film recording. Like the 1954 IBM 740 CRT Recorder. The IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954 and used with the IBM 701, IBM 704, and IBM 709
- Later (1970 and 80s) recording to B&W 16mm film was done with a 3M Film Electron Beam Recorder-EBR.
- Image Transform in Universal City used specially modified 3M Electron Beam Film Recorders that could be film out color 16mm by using three 16mm frames in a row, one Red, one Green and one Blue. Universal City may refer to a place in the United States: Universal City California Universal City Texas It The film was then printed to color 16mm or 35mm film. The video was NTSC, PAL or SECAM. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world SECAM, also written SÉCAM ( Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory" is an analog color television system Later Image Transform used specially modified VTRs to record 24 frame for their "Image Vision" system. The modified 1 inch type B videotape VTR would record and play back 24frame video at 10Mhz bandwidth, twice NTSC resolution. 1 inch type B VTR (designated Type B by SMPTE) is an open-reel videotape format developed by the Bosch Fernseh devision of Bosch in Germany in NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico Modified 24fps 10Mhz Bosch Fernseh KCK-40 cameras were used on the set. The Fernseh AG Television company was registered in Berlin on July 3, 1929 by John Logie This was a custom pre HDTV video System. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition Image Transform had modified other gear for this process. At its peak this system was used to make "Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl" in 1982. Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl is a 1982 concert film in which the Monty Python team perform many of their greatest sketches at the Hollywood This was the first major DI digital intermediate post production using a Film recorder for Film out. Digital intermediate (often abbreviated as DI) describes the process of digitizing a Motion picture and manipulating color and other image characteristics to change See also Filmmaking Post-production occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, Videos audio recordings Film-out is the process in the Computer graphics, Video and Filmmaking disciplines of transferring images or Animation from Videotape
See also
External links
Film-out is the process in the Computer graphics, Video and Filmmaking disciplines of transferring images or Animation from Videotape In Electronics design, tape-out or tapeout is the final stage of the Design cycle of Integrated circuits or Printed circuit boards Digital intermediate (often abbreviated as DI) describes the process of digitizing a Motion picture and manipulating color and other image characteristics to change GLV or Grating-Light-Valve is the basis technology of a projection system competing with DLP, LCD, LCOS and similarDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic