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Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence
Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects of the Italian Renaissance. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th All of his principal works are in Florence, Italy. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest As explained by Antonio Manetti, who knew Brunelleschi and who wrote his biography, Brunelleschi "was granted such honors as to be buried in Santa Maria del Fiore, and with a marble bust, which they say was carved from life, and placed there in perpetual memory with such a splendid epitaph. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the Cathedral church ( Duomo) of Florence, Italy. "[1]

Contents

Early life

Very little is known about the early life of Brunelleschi; the only sources are Antonio Manetti and Giorgio Vasari. Antonio Manetti (1423-1497 was an Italian mathematician and Architect from Florence. Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous [2] According to these sources, Filippo's father was Brunellesco di Lippo, an Italian lawyer, and his mother was Giuliana Spini. Filippo was the middle of three children. The young Filippo was given a literary and mathematical education intended to enable him to follow in the footsteps of his father, a civil servant. Being artistically inclined, however, Filippo enrolled in the Arte della Seta, the Silkmakers' Guild, which included goldsmiths, metalworkers, and bronze workers. He became a master goldsmith in 1398. It was thus not a coincidence that his first important commission, the Foundling Hospital, came from the same guild to which he belonged. The Ospedale degli Innocenti ('Hospital of the Innocents' also known in Italian as Lo Spedale degli Innocenti) was a children's orphanage in Florence [3]

In 1401,Brunelleschi entered a competition to design a new set of bronze doors for the baptistery in Florence. In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry ( Latin baptisterium) is the separate centrally-planned structure surrounding the Along with another young goldsmith, Lorenzo Ghiberti, he produced a gilded bronze panel, depicting the Sacrifice of Isaac. Lorenzo Ghiberti (born Lorenzo di Bartolo) (1378 &ndash December 1, 1455) was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known His entry made reference to a classical statue, known as the 'thorn puller', whilst Ghiberti used a naked torso for his figure of Isaac. In 1403, Ghiberti was announced the victor, largely because of his superior technical skill: his panel showed a more sophisticated knowledge of bronze-casting; it was completed in one single piece. Brunelleschi's piece, by contrast, was comprised of numerous pieces bolted to the back plate. Ghiberti went on to complete a second set of bronze doors for the baptistery, whose beauty Michelangelo extolled a hundred years later, saying "surely these must be the "Gates of Paradise. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all The Florence Baptistry or Battistero di San Giovanni ( Baptistery of St "[4]

Brunelleschi as an architect

Section of the Dome.
Section of the Dome.
Brunelleschi's dome of Santa Maria del Fiore.
Brunelleschi's dome of Santa Maria del Fiore.

There is little biographical information about Brunelleschi's life to explain his transition from goldsmith to builder and, no less importantly, from his training in the gothic or medieval manner to the new classicism in architecture and urbanism that we now loosely call the Renaissance and of which Brunelleschi is considered the seminal figure. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere By 1400 there emerged an interest in ‘humanitas’ which contrasted with the formalism of the medieval period. But initially this new interest in Roman antiquity was restricted to a few scholars, writers and philosophers; at first it did not influence the visual arts. Apparently it was in this period (1402-4) that Brunelleschi and his friend Donatello visited Rome to study the ancient Roman ruins. Donatello ( Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi; c 1386 &ndash December 13, 1466) was a famous early Renaissance Italian Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Donatello, like Brunelleschi, had received his training in a goldsmith's workshop, and had then worked in Ghiberti's studio. Although in previous decades the writers and philosophers had discussed the glories of ancient Rome, it seems that until Brunelleschi and Donatello made their journey, no-one had studied the physical fabric of these ruins in any great detail. They gained inspiration too from ancient Roman authors, especially Vitruvius whose De Architectura provided an intellectual framework for the standing structures still visible. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum De architectura ( Latin: "On architecture" is a treatise on Architecture written by the Roman Architect Vitruvius

Nave of the San Lorenzo, 1421-1440.
Nave of the San Lorenzo, 1421-1440.

Commissions

Brunelleschi's first architectural commission was the Ospedale degli Innocenti‎ (1419-ca. The Ospedale degli Innocenti ('Hospital of the Innocents' also known in Italian as Lo Spedale degli Innocenti) was a children's orphanage in Florence 1445), or Foundling Hospital. Its long loggia would have been a rare sight in the tight and curving streets of Florence, not to mention its impressive arches, each about 8 m high. The building was dignified yet sober. There were no displays of fine marble and decorative inlays. [5] It was also the first building in Florence to make clear reference - in its columns and capitals - to classical antiquity. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean

Soon other commissions came, the most important of which were the designs for the dome of the Cathedral of Florence (1419-1436) and the Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy of S. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the Cathedral church ( Duomo) of Florence, Italy. The Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy in Florence is one of the most important monuments of the early Italian Renaissance architecture. Lorenzo (1421-1440). The complex history of Santa Maria del Fiore need not be recounted except to state that by 1418 all that was left to finish was the dome. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the Cathedral church ( Duomo) of Florence, Italy. A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. The problem was that when the building was designed in the previous century, no one had any idea about how such a dome was to be built, given that it was to be even larger than the Pantheon's dome in Rome and that no dome of that size had been built since antiquity. The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Because buttresses were forbidden by the city fathers, and clearly was impossible to obtain rafters for scaffolding long and strong enough (and in sufficient quantity) for the task, it was unclear how a dome of that size could be built, or just avoid collapse. A buttress is an architectural structure built against (a counterfort) or projecting from a Wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall It must be considered also that the stresses of compression were not clearly understood at the time, and the mortars used in the periods would only set after several days, keeping the strain on the scaffolding for a very long time[6]. Hoop stress is mechanical stress defined for rotationally-symmetric objects being the result of forces acting circumferentially (perpendicular both to the axis and to the radius In 1419, the Arte della Lana, the wool merchant’s guild, held a competition to solve the problem. The two main competitors were Ghiberti and Brunelleschi, with Brunelleschi winning and receiving the commission. Lorenzo Ghiberti (born Lorenzo di Bartolo) (1378 &ndash December 1, 1455) was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known Brunelleschi was granted the 1st modern patent for his invention of a river transport vessel.

Nave of the Santo Spirito, 1441-1481.
Nave of the Santo Spirito, 1441-1481.

The dome, the lantern (built: 1436-ca. 1450) and the exedrae (built: 1439-1445) would occupy most of Brunelleschi’s life. In Architecture, an exedra is a semicircular recess often crowned by a half- Dome, which is usually set into a building's facade [7] Brunelleschi's success can be attributed to no small degree to his technical and mathematical genius. [8] Thus he invented a new hoisting machine for raising the masonry needed for the dome, a task no doubt inspired by republication of the seminal work De Architectura by Vitruvius, which describes Roman machines used in the first century AD to build large structures such as the Pantheon and the Baths of Diocletian, structures still standing which he would have seen for himself. De architectura ( Latin: "On architecture" is a treatise on Architecture written by the Roman Architect Vitruvius Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum The Baths of Diocletian ( Thermae Diocletiani) in Rome were the grandest of the public baths or Thermae built by successive emperors He also issued one of the first patents for the hoist in an attempt to prevent theft of his ideas. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an

Of the two churches that Brunelleschi designed, the Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze, (1419-1480s) and Santo Spirito di Firenze, (1441-1481), both of which are considered landmarks in Renaissance architecture, the latter is seen as conforming most closely to his ideas. The Basilica di San Lorenzo ( Basilica of St Lawrence) is one of the largest churches of Florence, Italy, situated at the centre of the city’s The Basilica of Santa Maria del Santo Spirito ("St Mary of the Holy Spirit" is one of the main churches in Florence, Italy. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a Brunelleschi used more than 4 million bricks in the construction of the dome.

Other aspects of Brunelleschi's life

Brunelleschi's interests extended to mathematics and engineering and the study of ancient invented hydraulic machinery and elaborate clockwork, none of which survives. Brunelleschi also designed fortifications for Florence in its military struggles against Pisa and Siena. In 1424, Brunelleschi did work in Lastra a Signa, a village protecting the route to Pisa, and in 1431 he did work to the south, on the walls of the village of Staggia. The latter walls are still preserved, but whether these are specifically by Brunelleschi is uncertain. He also had a brief and disastrous cameo in the world of shipmaking, when, in 1427, he built a monstrous ship called Il Badalone to transport marble to Florence from Pisa up the Arno River. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. The ship sank on its first voyage, along with a sizable chunk of Brunelleschi's personal fortune.

Besides accomplishments in architecture, Brunelleschi is also credited with inventing one-point linear perspective, revolutionized painting and allowed for naturalistic styles to develop as the Renaissance digressed from the stylized figures of medieval art. Perspective (from Latin perspicere to see through in the graphic arts such as drawing is an approximate representation on a flat surface (such as paper of an image as it is perceived In addition, he was somewhat involved in urban planning: he strategically positioned several of his buildings in relation to the nearby squares and streets for "maximum visibility". For example, demolitions in front of San Lorenzo were approved in 1433 in order to create a piazza facing the church. At Santo Spirito, he suggested that the façade be turned either towards the Arno so travelers would see it, or to the north, to face a large, prospective piazza.

Invention of linear perspective

The first known perspective picture was made by Brunelleschi in about 1415. Perspective (from Latin perspicere to see through in the graphic arts such as drawing is an approximate representation on a flat surface (such as paper of an image as it is perceived His biographer, Antonio Manetti, described this famous experiment, in which Brunelleschi painted the Baptistery in Florence from the front gate of the unfinished cathedral. Antonio Manetti (1423-1497 was an Italian mathematician and Architect from Florence. In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry ( Latin baptisterium) is the separate centrally-planned structure surrounding the Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The painted panel was constructed with a hole at the vanishing point. It was observed from the unpainted side and the reflection of the image was viewed in a mirror through the hole, giving the illusion of depth. Unfortunately, the painted panel has since been lost. [9] Soon after, many Italian artists used linear perspective in their paintings.

Theatrical machinery

Another of Brunelleschi’s activities was the designing of the machinery in churches for theatrical, religious performances that re-enacted Biblical miracle stories. Contrivances were created by which characters and angels were made to fly through the air in the midst of spectacular explosions of lights and fireworks. These events took place during state and ecclesiastical visits. Though it is not known for certain how many of these Brunelleschi designed, but it seems that at least one, for the church of S. Felice, is confirmed in the records. [10]

Principal works

The principal buildings and works designed by Brunelleschi or which included his involvement:

See also

References

  1. ^ Antonio Manetti. The Basilica of Santa Maria del Santo Spirito ("St Mary of the Holy Spirit" is one of the main churches in Florence, Italy. The Pazzi Chapel ( Italian: Cappella dei Pazzi) in Florence is considered to be one of the masterpieces of Renaissance architecture. Mariano di Jacopo detto il Taccola (1382 &ndash c 1453 called Taccola ('Crow' was an Italian administrator artist and engineer of the early Renaissance. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum The Life of Brunelleschi. English translation of the Italian text by Catherine Enggass. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1970).
  2. ^ For an English version of Vasari's description of the life and work of Brunelleschi, see:http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari5.htm
  3. ^ Eugenio Battisti. Filippo Brunelleschi. (New York: Rizzoli, 1981)
  4. ^ Paul Robert Walker. The Feud that Sparked the Renaissance: How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World. (New York: William Morrow, 2002).
  5. ^ Klotz, Heinrich Klotz. Filippo Brunelleschi: the Early Works and the Medieval Tradition. (translated by Hugh Keith) (London: Academy Editions, 1990).
  6. ^ Ross King,Brunelleschi's Dome, The Story of the great Cathedral of Florence, Penguin, 2001
  7. ^ Howard Saalman. Filippo Brunelleschi: The Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore. (London: A. Zwemmer, 1980).
  8. ^ Frank Prager. Brunelleschi: Studies of his Technology and Inventions. (Cambridge, MA: The M. I. T. Press, 1970)
  9. ^ For reconstruction of Brunelleschi's demonstration by István Orosz see: [1]
  10. ^ Eugenio Battisti. István Orosz (b October 24 1951 Kecskemét) Hungarian painter, printmaker Graphic designer and animated film director is known for Filippo Brunelleschi. (New York: Rizzoli, 1981)

Footnotes

External links

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