A figure of speech, sometimes termed a rhetoric, or locution, is a word or phrase that departs from straightforward, literal language. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Figures of speech are often used and crafted for emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use. Note that all theories of meaning necessarily have a concept of "literal language" (see literal and figurative language). This article is about meaning as it is studied in the discipline of linguistics Literal and Figurative Languages have been divided into two separate classes by more traditional systems for analyzing Language. Under theories that do not, figure of speech is not an entirely coherent concept. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle

As an example of the figurative use of a word, consider the sentence, I am going to crown you. It may mean:

• I am going to place a literal crown on your head.
• I am going to symbolically exalt you to the place of kingship.
• I am going to put a second checker piece on top of your checker piece to signify that it has become a king (as in the game of checkers).
• I am going to punch you in the head with my clenched fist.

Scholars of classical Western rhetoric have divided figures of speech into two main categories: schemes and tropes. Schemes (from the Greek schēma, form or shape) are figures of speech in which there is a deviation from the ordinary or expected pattern of words. For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition. Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements normally Noun phrases are placed side by side with one element serving to define or modify the other Tropes (from the Greek tropein, to turn) involve changing or modifying the general meaning of a term. An example of a trope is the use of irony, which is the use of words in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So are they all, all honorable men").

During the Renaissance, a time when scholars in every discipline had a passion for classifying all things, writers expended a great deal of energy in devising all manner of classes and sub-classes of figures of speech. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Henry Peacham, for example, in his The Garden of Eloquence (1577) enumerated 184 different figures of speech:

"For the sake of simplicity, this article divides the figures between schemes and tropes, but does not attempt further sub-classification (e. Henry Peacham is the name shared by two English Renaissance writers who were father and son See also Figure of speech In linguistics trope is a rhetorical Figure of speech that consists of a play on words i g. , "Figures of Disorder"). Within each category, words are listed alphabetically. Each figure links to a page that provides greater detail and relevant examples, but a short definition is placed here for convenience. Some of those listed may be considered rhetorical devices, which are similar in many ways. In Rhetoric, a rhetorical device or resource of language is a technique that an author or speaker uses to evoke an Emotional response in the audience (the "

Contents 1 Schemes 2 Tropes 3 References 4 External links

Schemes

Main article: Scheme (linguistics)

• accumulation: Summarization of previous arguments in a forceful manner. See also Figure of speech In linguistics scheme is a Figure of speech that changes the normal arrangement of words in a sentence's structure
• adnominatio: Repetition of a word with a change in letter or sound
• alliteration: A series of words that begin with the same letter or sound alike
• anacoluthon: A change in the syntax within a sentence
• anadiplosis: Repetition of a word at the end of a clause at the beginning of another
• anaphora: The repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
• anastrophe: Inversion of the usual word order
• anticlimax: the arrangement of words in order of decreasing importance
• antimetabole: Repetition of words in successive clauses, in reverse order
• antistrophe: The repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses (see epistrophe)
• antithesis: The juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas
• aphorismus: statement that calls into question the definition of a word
• aposiopesis: Breaking off or pausing speech for dramatic or emotional effect
• apostrophe: Directing the attention away from the audience and to a personified abstraction
• apposition: The placing of two elements side by side, in which the second defines the first
• assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
• asteismus: Facetious or mocking answer that plays on a word
• asyndeton: Omission of conjunctions between related clauses
• cacophony: The juxtaposition of words producing a harsh sound
• classification (literature & grammar): linking a proper noun and a common noun with an article
• chiasmus: Reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses
• climax: The arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
• consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds, most commonly within a short passage of verse
• dystmesis: A synonym for tmesis
• ellipsis: Omission of words
• enallage: The substitution of forms that are grammatically different, but have the same meaning
• enjambment: A breaking of a syntactic unit (a phrase, clause, or sentence) by the end of a line or between two verses. Alliteration is the repetition of the first Consonant sound in a phrase An anacoluthon is a Rhetorical device that can be loosely defined as a change of Syntax within a sentence. Examples "For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime Young Lycidas and hath not left his peer In Rhetoric, an anaphora (ἀναφορά "carrying back" is emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginnings of neighboring clauses Anastrophe is a Figure of speech involving an inversion of the ordinary Western order of words for example saying "echoed the hills" to mean "the hills echoed" In Rhetoric, climax (from the Greek word “κλῖμαξ” ( klimax) meaning “staircase” and “ladder” is a Figure of speech, in which In Rhetoric, antimetabole is the repetition of words in successive clauses but in transposed grammatical order (e Antithesis ( Greek for "setting opposite" from against + position) is a counter- Propositions and denotes a direct Contrast Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements normally Noun phrases are placed side by side with one element serving to define or modify the other Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within Phrases or Sentences, and together with Alliteration Asyndeton (Greek ἀσύνδετον is a stylistic scheme in which conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses Classification is a figure of speech linking a proper noun to a common noun using the or other articles In Rhetoric, chiasmus is the Figure of speech in which two or more Clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a In Rhetoric, climax (from the Greek word “κλῖμαξ” ( klimax) meaning “staircase” and “ladder” is a Figure of speech, in which Consonance is a Stylistic device, often used in Poetry characterized by the repetition of two or more consonants using different vowels for example the "i" Tmesis (from Ancient Greek grc τμῆσις tmēsis, "a cutting" temnō, "I cut" is a linguistic phenomenon or In the grammar of a sentence an elliptical construction is a construction that lacks an element that is nevertheless recoverable or inferable from the context. Enallage (from the Greek ‘εναλλαγή enallage meaning interchange is a term used to mean the substitution of one grammatical form for another (possibly incorrect Enjambment (also spelled enjambement) is the breaking of a syntactic unit (a Phrase, Clause, or sentence) by the end of a line or between two
• enthymeme: Informal method of presenting a syllogism
• epanalepsis: Repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence. An enthymeme, in its modern sense is an informally stated Syllogism (a three-part deductive argument) with an unstated assumption that must be true for the premises The epanalepsis is a Figure of speech defined by the repetition of the initial word or words of a Clause or sentence at the end
• epistrophe: The repetition of the same word or group of words at the end of successive clauses. Epistrophe, also known as epiphora (and occasionally as antistrophe) is a Figure of speech and the counterpart of Anaphora. The counterpart of anaphora (also known as antistrophe)
• euphony: The opposite of cacophony - i. e. pleasant sounding
• hendiadys: Use of two nouns to express an idea when the normal structure would be a noun and a modifier
• hendiatris: Use of three nouns to express one idea
• homographs: Words that are identical in spelling but different in origin and meaning
• homonyms: Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation and spelling, but differing in origin and meaning. Hendiatris ( Greek for one through three) is a Figure of speech used for emphasis in which three words are used to express one idea A homograph is one of a group of words that share the same spelling but have different meanings In linguistics a homonym is one of a group of words that share the same pronunciation but have different meanings and are usually spelled differently
• homophones:Words that are identical with each other in pronunciation but differing in origin and meaning. A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning
• hypallage: Changing the order of words so that they are associated with words normally associated with others
• hyperbaton: Schemes featuring unusual or inverted word order. Hypallage (haɪˈpælədʒiː is a Literary device that is the reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in "her beauty's face" Hyperbaton is a Figure of speech in which words that naturally belong together are separated from each other for emphasis or effect
• hyperbole: An exaggeration of a statement. Hyperbole (haɪˈpɝːbəli hye-PER-buh-lee; "HYE-per-bowl" is a mispronunciation comes from Greek "υπερβολή" (meaning exaggeration and is a
• hysteron proteron: The inversion of the usual temporal or causal order between two elements. The hysteron proteron ("latter before" is a Rhetorical device in which the first key word of the idea refers to something that happens temporally later than the second
• isocolon: Use of parallel structures of the same length in successive clauses
• internal rhyme : Using two or more rhyming words in the same sentence
• kenning: A metonymic compound where the terms together form a sort of synecdoche
• merism: Referring to a whole by enumerating some of its parts
• non sequitur: a statement that bears no relationship to the context preceding
• onomatopoeia: A word imitating a real sound (e. Isocolon is a Figure of speech in which parallelism is reinforced by members that are of the same length In Poetry, internal rhyme or middle rhyme is Rhyme which occurs in a single line of verse. A kenning ( Old Norse kenning, Modern Icelandic pronunciation) is a Circumlocution used instead of an ordinary Noun in Old Norse In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word Synecdoche is taken from Greek sinekdohi (συνεκδοχή meaning "simultaneous understanding" (si-nek-duh-kee (pronounced /sɪˈnɛkdoˌki/ In Rhetoric, a merism is a Figure of speech by which a single thing is referred to by a conventional phrase that enumerates several of its parts or which Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing g. tick-tock or boom)
• paradiastole: Repetition of the disjunctive pair "neither" and "nor"
• parallelism: The use of similar structures in two or more clauses
• paraprosdokian: Unexpected ending or truncation of a clause
• parenthesis: Insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
• paroemion: A resolute alliteration in which every word in a sentence or phrase begins with the same letter
• parrhesia: Speaking openly or boldly, or apologizing for doing so (declaring to do so)
• perissologia: The fault of wordiness
• pleonasm: The use of superfluous or redundant words
• polyptoton: Repetition of words derived from the same root
• polysyndeton: Repetition of conjunctions
• pun: When a word or phrase is used in two different senses
• sibilance: Repetition of letter 's', it is a form of alliteration
• superlative: Saying something the best of something i. Paradiastole ( Greek, from παρα para, next to alongside and στολη stole, dress dressing up is the use of Euphemism to soften the Parallelism means to give two or more parts of the sentences a similar form so as to give the whole a definite pattern A paraprosdokian (from Greek "παρα-" meaning "beyond" and "προσδοκία" meaning "expectation" is a Figure of speech In Rhetoric, a parenthesis (plural parentheses; from the Greek word παρένθεσις which comes in turn from words meaning "alongside of" In the classic discipline of Rhetoric, parrhesia is a figure of speech described as to speak candidly or to ask forgiveness for so speaking. Prolixity (from Latin prolixus, extended also called verbosity and garrulousness) in language refers to speech or writing which uses an excess of words Pleonasm is the use of more Words (or even word-parts) than necessary to express an Idea clearly Polyptoton is the stylistic scheme in which words derived from the same root are repeated (e Polysyndeton is the use of several conjunctions in close succession especially where some might be omitted (as in "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy" A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical Consonance is a Stylistic device, often used in Poetry characterized by the repetition of two or more consonants using different vowels for example the "i" Alliteration is the repetition of the first Consonant sound in a phrase In Grammar the superlative of an Adjective or Adverb is the greatest form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature e. the ugliest,the most precious
• spoonerism: Interchanging of (usually initial) letters of words with amusing effect
• symploce: Simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe: the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning and the end of successive clauses
• synchysis: Interlocked word order
• synesis: An agreement of words according to the sense, and not the grammatical form
• synizesis: The pronunciation of two juxtaposed vowels or diphthongs as a single sound
• synonymia: The use of two or more synonyms in the same clause or sentence
• tautology: Redundancy due to superfluous qualification; saying the same thing twice
• tmesis: Division of the elements of a compound word

Tropes

Main article: Trope (linguistics)

• allegory: An extended metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject. A spoonerism is an error in speech or deliberate play on words in which corresponding Consonants Vowels or Morphemes are switched (see In Rhetoric, symploce is a figure of speech that is a slight onomatopoeia with a simile Synchysis is an interlocked word order in the form A-B-A-B which often display change and difference Synesis (from Greek) means unification meeting sense conscience insight realization mind reason Synizesis ( Greek: Συνιζησις a sitting together) is a Poetic Figure of speech in which two consecutive Vowel sounds are pronounced In Rhetoric, Synonymia (Greek syn "alike" + onoma "name" is the use of several synonyms together to amplify or explain a given subject or term In Rhetoric, a tautology is an unnecessary (and usually unintentional repetition of meaning using different words that effectively say the same thing twice (often originally Tmesis (from Ancient Greek grc τμῆσις tmēsis, "a cutting" temnō, "I cut" is a linguistic phenomenon or See also Figure of speech In linguistics trope is a rhetorical Figure of speech that consists of a play on words i An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects
• allusion: An indirect reference to another work of literature or art. An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference or representation of or to a well-known person place event literary work myth, or work of art
• anacoenosis: Posing a question to an audience, often with the implication that it shares a common interest with the speaker. Anacoenosis is a Figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question to an audience often with the implication that they share a common interest with the speaker
• antanaclasis: A form of pun in which a word is repeated in two different senses. In Rhetoric, antanaclasis (from Greek antanáklasis meaning reflection echo is the stylistic trope of repeating a single word but with a different meaning A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical
• anthimeria: The substitution of one part of speech for another, often turning a noun into a verb. In Rhetoric, anthimeria (traditionally and more properly called antimeria) is the use of a Word as if it were a member of a different Word class
• anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism). Anthropomorphism is the attribution of uniquely Human characteristics to non-human creatures and beings natural and supernatural phenomena material states and objects
• antiphrasis: A word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony
• antonomasia: The substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa
• aphorism: A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion, an adage
• apophasis: Invoking an idea by denying its invocation
• aporia: Deliberating with oneself, often with the use of rhetorical questions
• apostrophe: Addressing a thing, an abstraction or a person not present
• archaism: Use of an obsolete, archaic, word(a word used in olden language, e. An antiphrasis (from Greek and Latin: anti, opposite and phrasis, diction is a Figure of speech that is a word used to mean the In Rhetoric, antonomasia is a substitution of any Epithet or phrase for a proper name such as "the little Corporal " for Napoleon I In Language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current g. Shakespeare's language)
• auxesis: A form of hyperbole, in which a more important sounding word is used in place of a more descriptive term
• catachresis: A mixed metaphor (sometimes used by design and sometimes a rhetorical fault)
• circumlocution: "Talking around" a topic by substituting or adding words, as in euphemism or periphrasis
• commiseration: Evoking pity in the audience. Auxesis is a form of Hyperbole, in which something is referred to by a term disproportionate to its importance for the very purpose of amplifying that thing's importance or gravity Hyperbole (haɪˈpɝːbəli hye-PER-buh-lee; "HYE-per-bowl" is a mispronunciation comes from Greek "υπερβολή" (meaning exaggeration and is a Catachresis (from Greek) which literally means the incorrect or improper use of a word is a term used to denote the (usually intentional use of any Figure Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects Circumlocution (also called periphrasis, circumduction, circumvolution, periphrase, or ambage) is an ambiguous or roundabout A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak In Linguistics, periphrasis is a device by which a grammatical category or relationship is expressed by a Free morpheme (typically one or more Function
• correctio: Linguistic device used for correcting one's mistakes, a form of which is epanorthosis. Correctio is the amending of a statement just made by further detailing the meaning An epanorthosis is a Figure of speech that signifies emphatic Word replacement
• denominatio: Another word for metonymy
• double negative: grammar construction that can be used as an expression and it is the repetition of negative words
• dysphemism: Substitution of a harsher, more offensive, or more disagreeable term for another. In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word A double negative occurs when two forms of Negation are used in the same sentence. In Language, both dysphemism (from the Greek dys δύς "mis-" and pheme φήμη "reputation" and cacophemism Opposite of euphemism. A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak
• epanorthosis: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a slip of the tongue. An epanorthosis is a Figure of speech that signifies emphatic Word replacement Lapsus is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking
• enumeratio: A form of amplification in which a subject is divided, detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly. Enumeratio is the figure of amplification in which a subject is divided detailing parts causes effects or consequences to make a point more forcibly
• erotema: Synonym for rhetorical question
• euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
• hermeneia: Repetition for the purpose of interpreting what has already been said
• hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
• hypophora: Answering one's own rhetorical question at length
• hysteron proteron: Reversal of anticipated order of events
• innuendo: Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not
• invocation: An apostrophe to a god or muse
• irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
• litotes: Emphasizing the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite
• malapropism: Using a word through confusion with a word that sounds similar
• meiosis: Use of understatement, usually to diminish the importance of something
• metalepsis: Referring to something through reference to another thing to which it is remotely related
• metaphor: An implied comparison of two unlike things
• metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant
• neologism: The use of a word or term that has recently been created, or has been in use for a short time. A Rhetorical question is a Figure of speech in the form of a Question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply A Rhetorical question is a Figure of speech in the form of a Question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak Hyperbole (haɪˈpɝːbəli hye-PER-buh-lee; "HYE-per-bowl" is a mispronunciation comes from Greek "υπερβολή" (meaning exaggeration and is a Hypophora, also referred to as anthypophora or antipophora is a Figure of speech where the speaker poses a question and then answers the question A Rhetorical question is a Figure of speech in the form of a Question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply The hysteron proteron ("latter before" is a Rhetorical device in which the first key word of the idea refers to something that happens temporally later than the second An innuendo (also called insinuation) is a remark or question typically disparaging that works obliquely by Allusion. An invocation (from the Latin verb invocare "to call on invoke" may take the form of Supplication or Prayer Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or In Rhetoric, litotes is a Figure of speech in which rather than making a certain statement directly a speaker expresses it even more effectively or achieves emphasis A malapropism (also called a Dogberryism) is the substitution of an incorrect word for a word with a similar sound usually to comic effect In Rhetoric, meiosis is a euphemistic Figure of speech that intentionally understates something or implies that it is lesser in significance or size Metalepsis (from Greek) is a Figure of speech in which one thing is referenced by something else which is only remotely associated with it Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been Opposite of archaism. In Language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current
• onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning
• oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
• parable: An extended metaphor told as an anecdote to illustrate or teach a moral lesson
• paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
• paradiastole: Extenuating a vice in order to flatter or soothe
• parallel irony: An ironic juxtaposition of sentences or situations (informal)
• paralipsis: Drawing attention to something while pretending to pass it over
• paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used
• pathetic fallacy: Using a word that refers to a human action on something non-human
• periphrasis: Using several words instead of few
• personification/prosopopoeia/anthropomorphism: Attributing or applying human qualities to inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena
• praeteritio: Another word for paralipsis
• procatalepsis: Refuting anticipated objections as part of the main argument
• prolepsis: Another word for procatalepsis
• proslepsis: An extreme form of paralipsis in which the speaker provides great detail while feigning to pass over a topic
• proverb:A succinct or pithy expression of what is commonly observed and believed to be true. Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing A parable is a brief succinct story in Prose or verse, that illustrates a Moral or Religious lesson Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects A paradox is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a Contradiction or a situation which defies intuition; or inversely Paradiastole ( Greek, from παρα para, next to alongside and στολη stole, dress dressing up is the use of Euphemism to soften the Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical The pathetic fallacy or anthropomorphic fallacy is the treatment of inanimate objects as if they had human feelings thoughts or sensations In Linguistics, periphrasis is a device by which a grammatical category or relationship is expressed by a Free morpheme (typically one or more Function Personification is an ontological metaphor in which a thing or abstraction is represented as a person Procatalepsis is a Figure of speech in which the speaker raises an objection to his own argument and then immediately answers it Prolepsis ( from the Greek prolambanein, to anticipate can be A Figure of speech in which a future event is referred to Procatalepsis is a Figure of speech in which the speaker raises an objection to his own argument and then immediately answers it A proverb (from the Latin proverbium) also called a byword or nayword, is a simple and concrete Saying popularly known and repeated
• repetition: The repeated usage of word(s)/group of words in the same sentence to create a poetic/rhythmic effect.
• rhetorical question: Asking a question as a way of asserting something. A Rhetorical question is a Figure of speech in the form of a Question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply Or asking a question not for the sake of getting an answer but for asserting something (or as in a poem for creating a poetic effect).
• simile: An explicit comparison between two things
• superlative: Saying something the best of something i. SIMILE is a research project focused on developing tools to increase the interoperability of disparate digital collections In Grammar the superlative of an Adjective or Adverb is the greatest form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature e. the ugliest, the most precious etc

• syllepsis: A form of pun, in which a single word is used to modify two other words, with which it normally would have differing meanings
• syncatabasis ("condescension, accommodation"): adaptation of style to the level of the audience
• synecdoche: A form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole
• synesthesia: The description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another. Zeugma (from the Greek word "ζεύγμα" meaning "yoke" is a Figure of speech describing the joining of two or more parts of a sentence with A pun (or paronomasia) is a Phrase that deliberately exploits confusion between similar-sounding Words for humorous or Rhetorical Synecdoche is taken from Greek sinekdohi (συνεκδοχή meaning "simultaneous understanding" (si-nek-duh-kee (pronounced /sɪˈnɛkdoˌki/ In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word Synesthesia (also spelled synæsthesia or synaesthesia, plural synesthesiae or synaesthesiae)—from the Ancient Greek (syn meaning "with"
• transferred epithet: The placing of an adjective with what appears to be the incorrect noun
• truism: a self-evident statement
• tricolon diminuens: A combination of three elements, each decreasing in size
• tricolon crescens: A combination of three elements, each increasing in size
• zeugma: a figure of speech related to syllepsis, but different in that the word used as a modifier is not compatible with one of the two words it modifies
• zoomorphism: applying animal characteristics to humans or gods

References

• Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric, (Translated by J. Hypallage (haɪˈpælədʒiː is a Literary device that is the reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in "her beauty's face" A truism is a claim that is so obvious or self-evident as to be hardly worth mentioning except as a reminder or as a rhetorical or literary device A tricolon ( pl tricola is a sentence with three clearly defined parts ( cola) of equal length usually independent clauses and of increasing power A tricolon ( pl tricola is a sentence with three clearly defined parts ( cola) of equal length usually independent clauses and of increasing power Zeugma (from the Greek word "ζεύγμα" meaning "yoke" is a Figure of speech describing the joining of two or more parts of a sentence with Zeugma (from the Greek word "ζεύγμα" meaning "yoke" is a Figure of speech describing the joining of two or more parts of a sentence with Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. H. Freese), Loeb Classical Library.
• Baldwin, Charles Sears, Ancient Rhetoric and Poetic: Interpreted from Representative Works, Peter Smith, Gloucester, 1959 (reprint).
• Rhetorica ad Herennium, (Translated by Henry Caplan) Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1954.
• Corbett, Edward P. J. , Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student Oxford University Press, New York, 1971.
• Kennedy, George, Art of Persuasion in Greece. Princeton Univ Press, 1969 (4th printing).
• Lanham, Richard A. Richard A Lanham (born 1936 is probably most widely known for his textbooks on revising prose to improve style and clarify thought , A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991.
• Mackin, John H. Classical Rhetoric for Modern Discourse, Free Press, New York, 1969.
• Quintilian. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (ca 35 – ca 100 was a Roman Rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and Institutio oratoria, (In five volumes, trans. Donald A. Russell) Loeb Classical Library, 2002.

External links

• A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples from the University of Kentucky
• A Guide to Rhetorical Ideas from Silva Rhetoricae
• Figures of Speech from Paul Niquette
• Figures of Speech from Silva Rhetoricae
• It Figures - Figures of Speech from Jay Heinrichs
• Stylistic Devices on English Grammar Online from Lingo4you GbR
• Introducing Philosophy 21: Rhetoric from Paul Newall (2005)

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