The original "figurative system of human knowledge" tree, in French.
The "figurative system of human knowledge", sometimes known as the tree of Diderot and d'Alembert, was a tree developed to represent the structure of knowledge itself, produced for the Encyclopédie by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot. Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers (Encyclopedia or a systematic dictionary of the sciences arts and crafts was a general Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer
The tree was a taxonomy of human knowledge, inspired by Francis Bacon's Advancement of Knowledge. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author The three main branches of knowledge in the tree are: "Memory"/History, "Reason"/Philosophy, and "Imagination"/Poetry. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language
Notable is the fact that theology is ordered under 'Philosophy'. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The historian Robert Darnton has argued that this categorization of religion as being subject to human reason, and not a source of knowledge in and of itself (revelation), was a significant factor in the controversy surrounding the work. Robert Darnton (born May 10, 1939) is an American Cultural historian, recognized as a leading expert on eighteenth-century France. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Revelation is the act of revealing or disclosing (see etymology or in the theological perception making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication Additionally notice that 'Knowledge of God' is only a few nodes away from 'Divination' and 'Black Magic'.
The original version, in French, can be seen in the graphic on the right. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people An image of the diagram with English translations superimposed over the French text is available. Another example of English translation of the tree is available in literacy. (See Reference by Schwab. ) Below is a version of it rendered in English as a bulleted outline. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States
The Tree of Diderot and d'Alembert
"Detailed System of Human Knowledge" from the Encyclopédie. Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers (Encyclopedia or a systematic dictionary of the sciences arts and crafts was a general
- Understanding
- Memory
- History
- Sacred
- Ecclesiastical, proper
- History of Prophesies
- Civil
- Civil History, proper
- Memoirs
- Antiquities
- Complete History
- Literary History
- Civil History, proper
- Natural
- Uniformity of Nature
- Irregularities of Nature
- Celestial Wonders
- Unusual Meteors
- Wonders of the Earth and the Sea
- Monstrous Minerals
- Monstrous Vegetables
- Monstrous Animals
- Wonders of the Elements
- Uses of Nature
- Arts, Crafts, Manufactures
- Working and Uses of Gold and Silver
- Minter
- Goldbeater
- Gold Threader
- Gold Roller
- Gold and Silver Smith
- Planisher
- Setter, etc. Understanding (also called intellection) is a psychological Process related to an abstract or physical object such as Person, situation or In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology SACRED was a Cubesat built by the Student Satellite Program of the University of Arizona. for other uses see Memoir (disambiguation As a literary Genre, a memoir (from the French: mémoire Antiquities, nearly always used in the plural in this sense is a term for objects from Antiquity, especially the civilizations of the Mediterranean: the Classical The history of literature is the historical development of Writings in Prose or Poetry which attempt to provide Entertainment, enlightenment Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen A goldsmith is a Metalworker who specializes in working with Gold and other Precious metals usually in modern times to make Jewelry. A silversmith is a person who works primarily making objects in solid Silver; historically the training and guild organization of Goldsmiths included silversmiths A smith, or metalsmith, is a person involved in the shaping of Metal objects Planishing (from the Latin planus, "flat" is a Metalworking technique used to smooth Sheet metal.
- Working and Uses of Precious and Semiprecious Stones
- Working and Uses of Iron
- Heavy Forging
- Locksmithing
- Edge-Tool Making
- Arms Manufacture
- Arquebus (small arms) Manufacture
- Working and Uses of Glass
- Glassmaking
- Plate-Glass
- Mirror-Worker
- Optical Manufacturer
- Glazier, etc. A lapidary (the word means "concerned with stones" is an Artisan who practices the craft of working forming and finishing stone, Mineral, In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 A forge is the workplace of a smith or a Blacksmith. A forge is sometimes referred to as a smithy. Locksmithing began as the science and art of making and defeating locks The Arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus or hackbut; from Dutch haakbus, meaning "hook gun" is Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many
- Working and Uses of Skin
- Tanner
- Chamois Leather Dresser
- Skinner
- Glover, etc. Tanning is the process of converting Putrescible skin into non-putrescible Leather, usually with Tannin, an Acidic Chemical compound The chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra) is a Goat -like animal native to the Carpathian Mountains of Romania the European Alps, the Gran Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process
- Working and Uses of Stone, Plaster, Slate, etc.
- Practical Architecture
- Practical Sculpture
- Mason
- Roofer, etc. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation The craft of stonemasonry has existed since the dawn of Civilization - creating Buildings structures and Sculpture using stone from the earth
- Working and Uses of Silk
- Extraction
- Throwing
- Products, such as
- Velvet
- Brocaded Frabics, etc. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Velvet is a type of tufted fabric in which the cut threads are very evenly distributed with a short dense pile giving it a distinct feel
- Working and Uses of Wool
- Drapery
- Hosiery,
- etc. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species
- Working and Uses, etc.
- etc.
- Working and Uses of Gold and Silver
- Arts, Crafts, Manufactures
- Sacred
- History
- Reason
- Philosophy
- General Metaphysics, or Ontology, or Science of Being in General, of Possibility, of Existence, of Duration, etc. Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with
- Knowledge of God
- Natural Theology
- Revealed Theology
- Knowledge of Good and Evil Spirits
- Knowledge of the Soul
- Rational
- Sensory
- Pneumatology, or Knowledge of the Spirit, or Special Metaphysics
- Knowledge of Man
- Logic
- Art of Thinking
- Perception
- Knowledge of Ideas
- Judgment
- Knowledge of Propositions
- Reasoning
- Method
- Proof
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- Proof
- Perception
- Art of Retaining
- Art of Communication
- Knowledge of Oratorical Devices
- Knowledge of Oratorical Qualities
- Art of Thinking
- Ethics
- General
- Knowledge of Good and Evil in General, of Duties in General, of Virtue, of the Necessity of Being Virtuous
- Particular
- Knowledge of Laws or Jurisprudence
- Natural
- Civil Architecture*
- Economic
- Naval Architecture
- Home and Foreign Trade,
- by Land, by Sea
- Political
- Military Art*
- Tactics
- Fortifications or Military Architecture
- Military Pyrotechnics
- Military Art*
- Natural
- Knowledge of Laws or Jurisprudence
- General
- Logic
- Knowledge of Nature
- Metaphysics of Bodies, or General Physics of Extension, Impenetrability, Movement, the Void, etc. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Natural theology is a branch of Theology based on Reason and ordinary Experience, explaining the gods rationally as part of the physical world Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining Black magic or dark magic is a form of sorcery that draws on malevolent powers The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Pneumatology is the study of spiritual beings and phenomena especially the interactions between humans and God. Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of Reasoning in which the premises of an argument are believed In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek idea "idea" + grafo "to write" is a Graphic symbol that represents an Idea A logogram, or logograph, is a Grapheme which represents a word or a Morpheme (a meaningful unit of language Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Pedagogy (ˈpɛdəgɒdʒi or paedagogy is the Art or Science of being a Teacher. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Virtue ( Latin virtus; Greek) is moral Excellence. Personal virtues are characteristics valued as promoting individual Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design construction and repair of marine vehicles A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for The term "pyrotechnics" can also be used for Fireworks events Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science
- Mathematics
- Pure
- Arithmetic
- Numerical
- Algebra
- Elementary
- Infinitesimal
- Geometry
- Elementary
- Military Architecture and Tactics
- Transcendental
- Theory of Curves
- Elementary
- Arithmetic
- Applied
- Mechanics
- Statics
- Statics, proper
- Hydrostatics
- Dynamics
- Dynamics, proper
- Ballistics
- Hydrodynamics
- Hydraulics
- Navigation, Naval Architecture
- Statics
- Geometric Astronomy
- Cosmography
- Uranography
- Geography
- Hydrography
- Chronology
- Gnomonics
- Cosmography
- Optics
- Optics, proper
- Dioptrics, Perspective
- Catoptrics
- Acoustics
- Pneumatics
- Art of Conjecturing, Analysis of Chance
- Mechanics
- Physico-Mathematics
- Pure
- Physics (Natural philosophy)
- General
- Particular
- Physical Astronomy, Astrology
- Juridical Astrology
- Physical Astrology
- Meteorology
- Cosmology
- Botany
- Mineralogy
- Zoology
- Anatomy
- Simple
- Comparative
- Physiology
- Medicine
- Veterinary
- Horsemanship
- Hunting
- Fishing
- Falconry
- Anatomy
- Chemistry
- Chemistry, proper
- Pyrotechnics, Dyeing, etc. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics used by almost everyone Algebra is a branch of Mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation, and Quantity. Infinitesimals (from a 17th century Modern Latin coinage infinitesimus, originally referring to the " Infinite[[ th]]" member of a series have The European Space Agency 's INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory ( INTEGRAL) is detecting some of the most energetic radiation that comes from space Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements Statics is the branch of Mechanics concerned with the analysis of loads ( Force, torque/moment) on Physical systems in Static equilibrium Fluid statics (also called hydrostatics) is the Science of Fluids at rest and is a sub-field within Fluid mechanics. Ballistics ( gr βάλλειν ('ba'llein' "throw" is the science of Mechanics that deals with the motion behavior and effects of Projectiles Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Cosmography is the science that Maps the general features of the Universe; describes both Heaven and Earth (but without encroaching on Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of Waters and marginal land Definition A chronology may be either relative &mdashthat is locating related events relative to each other&mdashor ''absolute'' &mdashlocating The gnomon is the part of a Sundial that casts the Shadow. Gnomon (γνώμων is an Ancient Greek word meaning "indicator" "one who Dioptrics is the study of the Refraction of light especially by lenses. There are three main types of Optical telescopes - and these are divided into subgroups Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of Sound, Ultrasound and Infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids Pneumatics, Pressurized gas to affect mechanical motion Pneumatic power is used in Industry, where it is common to have factory units plumbed for Compressed Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its Aerology (from Greek ἀήρ aēr, " Air " and -λογία -logia) is the study of Earth's atmosphere. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Gardening is the practice of growing Plants for their attractive flowers or foliage and Vegetables or Fruits for consumption Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife For the Roman class see Equestrian (Roman Equestrianism refers to the skill of riding or driving Horses This broad description Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Falconry or hawking is an Art or Sport which involves the use of trained raptors (birds of prey to hunt or pursue game for humans Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties The term "pyrotechnics" can also be used for Fireworks events
- Metallurgy
- Alchemy
- Natural Magic
- Chemistry, proper
- Physical Astronomy, Astrology
- Philosophy
- Imagination
- Poetry
- Profane
- Narrative
- Epic Poem
- Madrigal
- Epigram
- Novel, etc. Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation An epigram is a short Poem, often with a clever twist at the end or a concise and witty statement
- Music
- Theoretical
- Practical
- Instrumental
- Vocal
- Painting
- Sculpture
- Engraving
- Dramatic
- Tragedy
- Comedy
- Opera
- Pastoral, etc. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability
- Parabolic
- Narrative
- Sacred
- Profane
- Poetry
- Memory
*These divisions can also be referred to the branch of mathematics which deals with their principles. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation
References
- Robert Darnton, "Epistemological angst: From encyclopedism to advertising," in Tore Frängsmyr, ed. , The structure of knowledge: classifications of science and learning since the Renaissance (Berkeley, CA: Office for the History of Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, 2001).
- Preliminary discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, translated by Richard N. Schwab, 1995. ISBN 0-226-13476-8
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