- "Defender of the Faith" redirects here. For the 1984 platinum album of British heavy metal group Judas Priest, see Defenders of the Faith. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Judas Priest are an English heavy metal band formed in 1970 in Birmingham. This article is about the album For the title see Fidei defensor.
Fidei defensor is an originally Latin title which translates to Defender of the Faith in English and Défenseur de la Foi in French. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The phrase has been used as part of the full style of many monarchs since the early 16th century. Styles represent the fashion by which monarchs and noblemen are properly addressed
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English usage
History
"Defender of the Faith" has been one of the subsidiary titles of the English and later British and Commonwealth monarchs since it was granted on October 17, 1521, by Pope Leo X to King Henry VIII of England. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The title was conferred in recognition of Henry's book, Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments), which defended the sacramental nature of marriage and the supremacy of the Pope. The Defence of the Seven Sacraments (in Latin, Assertio Septem Sacramentorum) is a book written by King Henry VIII of England in NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and This was also known as the "Henrician Affirmation" and was seen as an important opposition to the early stages of the Protestant Reformation, especially the ideas of Martin Luther. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer
Following Henry's decision to break with Rome in 1530 and establish himself as head of the Church of England, the title was revoked by Pope Paul III (since Henry's act was regarded as an attack on "the Faith") and Henry was excommunicated. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Pope Paul III ( February 29, 1468 &ndash November 10, 1549) born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community However, in 1544, the Parliament of England conferred the title, "Defender of the Faith", on King Edward VI and his successors, now the defenders of the Anglican faith, of which they (except the Catholic 'renegade' Mary Tudor) remain the Supreme Governors (formally above the Archbishop of Canterbury as Primate), and mainly against Catholicism, so the inverse of the original papal grant. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Mary Tudor may refer to Mary I of England, daughter of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon d The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British Monarchs which signifies their titular leadership over the Church of England. Primate (from the Latin Primus, "first" is a title or rank bestowed on some Bishops in certain Christian churches
From 1653 until 1659, Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell, the republican heads of state during the period known as The Protectorate, although more clearly profiled as Protestant than the Monarchy, did not adopt the style, "Defender of the Faith". Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Richard Cromwell ( 4 October 1626 &ndash 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653&ndash1659 during which the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord Styles represent the fashion by which monarchs and noblemen are properly addressed However, the style was reintroduced after the restoration of the monarchy and remains in use to this day. The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored
Modern usage
In her capacity as queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II is styled, "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Styles represent the fashion by which monarchs and noblemen are properly addressed The title, "Defender of the Faith", reflects her position as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England and she is thus formally superior to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title held by the British Monarchs which signifies their titular leadership over the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the The original Latin phrase - Fidei Defensor - is referred to on all current British coins by the abbreviations, F D or FID DEF. The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom is denominated in pounds sterling ( symbol "£") and since the introduction of the two pound This reference was first added to British coins in 1714, during the reign of King George I. Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless The decision of the Royal Mint to omit reference to the phrase (and other parts of the monarch's style) from the Florin (a pre-decimal British coin) in 1849, caused such a scandal that the coin was replaced. The Royal Mint is the body permitted to manufacture or mint, coins in the United Kingdom. [1]
In most Commonwealth Realms the phrase does not appear in the Monarch's full style, while maintaining the initial By the Grace of God. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch By the Grace of God, as well as the various equivalent phrases in other languages thus rendered in English, is not a title in its own right but a common introductory part For example, in Australia Queen Elizabeth is presently styled, ". For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. . . by the Grace of God, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth"). She is only styled "Defender of the Faith" in Canada, New Zealand and the UK. Canada chose to include the phrase not because the sovereign is regarded as the protector of the state religion (Canada has none), but as a defender of faith in general. In a speech to the House of Commons in 1953, Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent stated:
"The rather more delicate question arose about the retention of the words, "Defender of the Faith". The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and See also 1952 in Canada, other events of 1953, 1954 in Canada and the Timeline of Canadian history. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Louis Stephen St-Laurent PC CC QC ( Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne In England there is an established church. In our countries [the other monarchies of the Commonwealth] there are no established churches, but in our countries there are people who have faith in the direction of human affairs by an all-wise providence, and we felt that it was a good thing that the civil authorities would proclaim that their organisation is such that it is a defence of the continued beliefs in a supreme power that orders the affairs of mere men, and that there could be no reasonable objection from anyone who believed in the Supreme Being in having the sovereign, the head of the civil authority, described as a believer in and a defender of the faith in a supreme ruler. "
At various times, some countries of the Commonwealth retained the title until they formally became republics, e. g. South Africa from 29 May 1953 and Ireland. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Others dropped it even sooner, e. g. in 1953, while still a dominion of the Commonwealth (till 1956), Pakistan dropped the title in recognition of the contradiction between its overwhelmingly Muslim population and having a monarch as the defender of the Christian faith. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings
Charles, Prince of Wales, the present heir to the thrones of all the Commonwealth Realms, expressed a preference to change the style and the spirit should he succeed as expected. He commented in 1994, "I personally would rather see [my future role] as Defender of Faith, not the Faith". [2]
French usage
In 1811, when he proclaimed himself king, Henri I of Haiti awarded himself the title, "Défenseur de la Foi", and incorporated it into his long, pompous full style, which translates from the (grammatically horrible) French original as: By the grace of God and the constitutional law of the state, King of Haiti, Sovereign of Tortuga, Gonâve and other adjacent Islands, Destroyer of Tyranny, Regenerator and Benefactor of the Haitian Nation, Creator of her Moral, Political and Martial Institutions, First Crowned Monarch of the New World, Defender of the Faith, founder of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Henry. Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Henri Christophe ( October 6, 1767 – October 8, 1820) became a career officer and general in the military forces that became the Haïtian Army Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Styles represent the fashion by which monarchs and noblemen are properly addressed French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Tortuga may refer to a Spanish word meaning Tortoise the name of several islands La Tortuga Island in [3]
Today, the French variant is used as part of the official version of the monarch's style in Canada (". . . par la Grâce de Dieu, Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres Royaumes et Territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi" - mainly used in the francophone province of Quebec). Queen Elizabeth II is the second person to be recognised as Head of the Commonwealth (which currently has 53 members Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk
See also
- By the Grace of God
- Dieu et mon droit
- Protestantism in the Church of England
- Style of the British Sovereign
- Defensor Perpétuo do Império do Brasil
Sources and References
- ^ Stephen Appleton (September, 2001). By the Grace of God, as well as the various equivalent phrases in other languages thus rendered in English, is not a title in its own right but a common introductory part Dieu et mon droit has generally been used as the Motto of English, and later British, monarchs since being adopted by Henry V (1413–1422 The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years Protector, sometimes spelled protecter, is used as a title or part of various historical titles of heads of state and others in authority Agnostic Coinage. Queensland Numismatic Society. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
- ^ What religion do The Prince and The Duchess practice?. princeofwales. gov. uk. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
- ^ World Statesmen - Haiti. worldstatesmen. org. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
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