Fiber or fibre^[1] is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. Materials are physical Substances used as inputs to production or Manufacturing. This article is about the fiber product For the type of joke see Shaggy dog story. They are very important in the biology of both plants and animals, for holding tissues together. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism Human uses for fibers are diverse. They can be spun into filaments, string or rope, used as a component of composite materials, or matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Twine is a strong Thread or String composed of two or more smaller strands or Yarns twisted together A rope is a length of Fibers twisted or Braided together to improve strength for pulling and Connecting. Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Felt is a non-woven cloth that is produced by matting condensing and pressing fibers Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. Synthetic fibers can be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but natural fibers enjoy some benefits, such as comfort, over their man-made counterparts.

Contents 1 Natural fibers 2 Man-made fibers 2.1 Mineral fibers 2.2 Polymer fibers 2.3 Microfibers 3 See also 4 Notes

Natural fibers

Natural fibers include those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes. Fibers or fibres (see spelling differences) is a class of hair-like Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar They are biodegradable over time. They can be classified according to their origin:

• Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin: examples include cotton, hemp, jute, flax, ramie, and sisal. Fiber crops are field crops grown for their Fibers which are used to make Paper, Cloth, or Rope. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Lignin or lignen is a complex Chemical compound most commonly derived from Wood and an integral part of the secondary Cell walls of Plants Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Cannabis sativa is an annual plant in the Cannabaceae family It is a Herb that has been used throughout recorded history by humans for various purposes Jute is a long soft shiny Vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse strong threads Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea) is a Flowering plant in the Nettle family Urticaceae, native to eastern Asia. Sisal or sisal hemp is an Agave Agave sisalana that yields a stiff Fiber used in making Rope. Plant fibers are employed in the manufacture of paper and textile (cloth), and dietary fiber is an important component of human nutrition. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation.
• Wood fiber, distinguished from vegetable fiber, is from tree sources. Wood fibres are usually cellulosic elements that are extracted from trees Straw, Bamboo, Cotton seed Hemp, Sugar cane Forms include groundwood, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and bleached or unbleached kraft or sulfite pulps. Kraft and sulfite, also called sulphite, refer to the type of pulping process used to remove the lignin bonding the original wood structure, thus freeing the fibers for use in paper and engineered wood products such as fiberboard. Engineered wood, also called composite wood, "man made wood" or "manufactured wood" includes a range of derivative Wood products which are Fiberboard is a type of Engineered wood product that is made out of Wood fibers Types of fiberboard (in order of increasing density include Particle board
• Animal fibers consist largely of particular proteins. Animal fibers are Natural fibers that consist largely of particular proteins Instances are spider silk, sinew, catgut, wool and hair such as cashmere, mohair and angora, fur such as sheepskin, rabbit, mink, fox, beaver, etc. Spider silk, also known as Gossamer, is a Protein Fiber spun by Spiders Spiders use their silk to make webs or other structures which function A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of Fibrous connective tissue that usually connects Muscle to Bone and is capable of withstanding tension Catgut is the name applied to cord of great toughness and tenacity prepared from the Intestines of the Sheep or Goat, or occasionally from those of the Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species
• Mineral fibers comprise asbestos. Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective Asbestos is the only naturally occurring long mineral fiber. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Short, fiber-like minerals include wollastinite, attapulgite and halloysite. Palygorskite (also known as attapulgite) is a Magnesium Aluminium phyllosilicate with formula ( Mg, Al)2 Si Halloysite is a 11 aluminosilicate Clay Mineral with the Empirical formula Al2Si2O5(OH4

Man-made fibers

Synthetic or man-made fibers generally come from synthetic materials such as petrochemicals. Synthetic fibers are the result of extensive research by Scientists to improve upon naturally occurring Animal and plant Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin But some types of synthetic fibers are manufactured from natural cellulose, including rayon, modal, and the more recently developed Lyocell. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic Fiber. Rayon is produced from naturally occurring Polymers and therefore it is not a truly Modal is a bio-based Fiber made by spinning reconstituted Cellulose from Beech trees Lyocell is a fiber made from Wood pulp Cellulose. It was first manufactured in 1987 by Courtaulds Fibres UK at their pilot plant S25 Cellulose-based fibers are of two types, regenerated or pure cellulose such as from the cupro-ammonium process and modified or derivitized cellulose such as the cellulose acetates.

Mineral fibers

• Fiberglass, made from specific glass, and optical fiber, made from purified natural quartz, are also man-made fibers that come from natural raw materials. Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre see Spelling differences) is material made from extremely fine Fibers of Glass. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in
• Metallic fibers can be drawn from ductile metals such as copper, gold or silver and extruded or deposited from more brittle ones, such as nickel, aluminum or iron.
• Carbon fibers are often based on carbonised polymers, but the end product is pure carbon.

There are two sorts of man-made fibers: synthetic fibers and regenerated fibers.

Polymer fibers

• Polymer fibers are a subset of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals (often from petrochemical sources) rather than arising from natural materials by a purely physical process. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Such fibers are made from:
  • polyamide nylon,
  • PET or PBT polyester
  • phenol-formaldehyde (PF)
  • polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVOH)
  • polyvinyl chloride fiber (PVC)
  • polyolefins (PP and PE)

• • acrylic polymers, pure polyacrylonitrile PAN fibers are used to make carbon fiber by roasting them in a low oxygen environment. Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Acrylic fibers are Synthetic fibers made from a polymer ( Polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100000 Polyacrylonitrile ( PAN) is a Resinous fibrous, or Rubbery organic Polymer. Traditional acrylic fiber is used more often as a synthetic replacement for wool. Carbon fibers and PF fibers are noted as two resin-based fibers that are not thermoplastic, most others can be melted.
  • Aromatic polyamids (aramids) such as Twaron, Kevlar and Nomex thermally degrade at high temperatures and do not melt. Aramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong Synthetic fibers They are used in aerospace and military applications for ballistic rated body armor These fibers have strong bonding between polymer chains
  • polyethylene (PE), eventually with extremely long chains / HMPE (e. Polyethylene or polythene ( IUPAC name poly(ethene) is a Thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (notably the Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene ( UHMWPE) also known as high-modulus polyethylene ( HMPE) or high-performance polyethylene ( HPPE g. Dyneema or Spectra).
  • Elastomers can even be used, e. An elastomer is a Polymer with the property of Elasticity. The term which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with the term g. spandex although urethane fibers are starting to replace spandex technology. Spandex or elastane is a Synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity.
  • polyurethane fiber

• Coextruded fibers have two distinct polymers forming the fiber, usually as a core-sheath or side-by-side. A polyurethane, commonly abbreviated PU, is any Polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links Coated fibers exist such as nickel-coated to provide static elimination, silver-coated to provide anti-bacterial properties and aluminum-coated to provide RF deflection for radar chaff. Chaff, originally called Window by the British, and Düppel by the World War II era German Luftwaffe, is a Radar chaff is actually a spool of continuous glass tow that has been aluminum coated. An aircraft-mounted high speed cutter chops it up as it spews from a moving aircraft to confuse radar signals.

Microfibers

Micro fibers in textiles refer to sub-denier fiber (such as polyester drawn to 0. 5 dn). Denier and Detex are two measurements of fiber yield based on weight and length. If the fiber density is known you also have a fiber diameter, otherwise it is simpler to measure diameters in micrometers. Microfibers in technical fibers refer to ultra fine fibers (glass or meltblown thermoplastics) often used in filtration. Newer fiber designs include extruding fiber that splits into multiple finer fibers. Most synthetic fibers are round in cross-section, but special designs can be hollow, oval, star-shaped or trilobal. The latter design provides more optically reflective properties. Synthetic textile fibers are often crimped to provide bulk in a woven, non woven or knitted structure. Fiber surfaces can also be dull or bright. Dull surfaces reflect more light while bright tends to transmit light and make the fiber more transparent.

Very short and/or irregular fibers have been called fibrils. Natural cellulose, such as cotton or bleached kraft show smaller fibrils jutting out and away from the main fiber structure.

See also

• Optical fiber
• Fiber crop
• Tensile strength
• Molded pulp
• Dietary fiber
• Fibers in Differential Geometry

Notes

1. ^ Fibre is the preferred spelling in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length Fiber crops are field crops grown for their Fibers which are used to make Paper, Cloth, or Rope. Tensile strength \sigma_{UTS} or S_U is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms Molded pulp,also named Moulded pulp or Molded Fibre,is a packaging material typically made from 100% recycled Corrugated fiberboard and Newspaper Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. This is a Glossary of terms specific to Differential geometry and Differential topology. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located It is an alternate spelling in the United States.

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