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The human fetus moves throughout its entire development.
The human fetus moves throughout its entire development. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo or fetus (or foetus) gestates during Pregnancy, from fertilization

Fetal movement refers to motion of a fetus caused by its own muscle activity. A fetus (or foetus or fœtus) is a developing Mammal or other Viviparous Vertebrate, after the Embryonic stage and Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the Locomotor activity begins during the late embryological stage, and changes in nature throughout development. An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo or fetus (or foetus) gestates during Pregnancy, from fertilization Muscles begin to move as soon as they are innervated. A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. These first movements are not reflexive, but arise from self-generated nerve impulses originating in the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected As the nervous system matures, muscles can move in response to stimuli. The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself [1]

Although the heart begins to beat on the 23rd day after conception, this article primarily deals with voluntary and reflex movements. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and almost instant movement in response to stimulus. Ages are given as age from fertilization rather than as gestational age. Gestational age is usually considered to be the age of an Embryo or Fetus (or newborn infant from the first day of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP

Some sources contend that there is no voluntary movement until after birth. [2] Other sources say that purposive movement begins months earlier. [3]

Contents

Movement during development

First trimester

Embryonic Stage

Even before the fetal stage begins, a six-week-old human embryo can arch its back and neck. An embryo (from Greek:, plural, lit "that which grows" from en- "in" + bryein "to swell be full" is a multicellular [4] By seven weeks, movement in the arms and legs can be detected by ultrasound. [4]

Fetal Stage

The parts of the fetal brain that control movement will not fully form until late in the second trimester, and the first part of the third trimester. [5] Control of movement is limited at birth, and purposeful voluntary movements develop during the long period up until puberty. [6] According to an overview produced by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, purposive movement begins at about 18 weeks, gradually replacing reflex movements, and purposeful voluntary movements then develop further after birth. The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE was established in the 17th century [3] At week 11, the fetus can open its mouth and suck its fingers; at week 12, it begins to swallow amniotic fluid. Swallowing, known scientifically as deglutition is the process in the human or animal body that makes something pass from the Mouth, to the Pharynx, into Amniotic fluid or liquor amnii is the nourishing and protecting liquid contained by the Amnion of a pregnant woman [7]

In addition to sideward bendings of the head, complex and generalized movements occur at the beginning of the fetal stage, with movements and startles that involve the whole body. [8] Movement of hands, hips and knees have been observed at nine weeks,[9] stretches and yawns at ten weeks,[10] and isolated limb movements beginning shortly thereafter. [8]

Second trimester

By about the twelfth week, the fetus is able to kick and curl its toes, and may grasp its feet or scratch itself with its fingernails. [7] It can also move in response to a touch on its skin. [11] Also starting about week 12, the thoracic diaphragm moves up and down as if the fetus were breathing, but this movement disappears about week 16 and does not resume until the third trimester. For other types of diaphragm see Diaphragm. In the Anatomy of Mammals the thoracic diaphragm is a sheet of Muscle [12]

Movements such as kicking continue, and the mother usually feels movement for the first time, an event called quickening, during the fifth month. In Pregnancy terms the moment of quickening refers to the initial motion of the Fetus in the Uterus as it is perceived or felt by the pregnant woman [13] Around this time, limb movements become more complex, with flexing of the joints and ribs. A joint is the location at which two or more Bones make contact This activity assists with proper joint development. [11] Women who have already given birth have more relaxed uterine muscles that are consequently more sensitive to fetal motion, and for them fetal motion can sometimes be felt as early as 14 weeks. [14]

By about week 21, the fetus begins to develop a regular schedule of movement. [13] The startle reflex is present in half of all fetuses by week 24 and in all fetuses by week 28. The Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex, is one of the Infantile reflexes It may be observed in incomplete form in Premature birth after [15] Movement is restricted around this time because the fetus has grown so large it has little space for kicking or changing body position. [16]

Third trimester

In later pregnancy, a complex motion called "stepping" develops. This movement consists of circular "bicycling" motion of legs, which helps the fetus move to a head-down position in preparation for birth. Pelvimetry is the assessment of the female Pelvis in relation to the Birth of a baby [11]

Variation in activity level

Fetuses aged 14 to 18 weeks show a pronounced circadian rhythm in their activity level, which can be detected both by fetal electrocardiogram and by measuring locomotor activity. Active and quiet periods for the fetus do not correspond to those of the mother; fetuses are most active from 9 a. m. to 2 p. m. and again from 7 p. m. to 4 a. m. [17] During the last four to six weeks before birth, most of the fetuses' kicking and jabbing movements occur while it is sleeping lightly. Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth Offspring. Sleep is a Natural state of bodily rest observed throughout the animal kingdom [18]

Monitoring fetal movement

After quickening, a pregnant women may choose to count the number and types of movements she feels her fetus make. This tally is informally known as a kick count. The American Pregnancy Association states that advantages of conducting kick counts range from giving a pregnant woman an opportunity to bond with her baby to reducing the risk of stillbirth; kick counts are especially recommended in high risk pregnancies. A stillbirth occurs when a Fetus which has died in the Uterus or during labor or delivery exits a Woman 's body [19]

To make a kick count, a woman finds a comfortable position, such as sitting upright with her back supported or lying on her left side (which maximizes blood flow to the fetus), and times how long it takes to feel at least ten movements such as kicks, flutters, or rolls. Ideally, ten movements should be felt within two hours, although often that number is reached in a much shorter period. The results can be recorded to reveal the pattern of movement. Significant changes in this pattern can notify a woman of a problem with her fetus, allowing her to notify her practitioner early in the case of a problem. Obstetrics (from the Latin obstare, "to stand by" is the surgical speciality dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during Pregnancy [19]

Notes

  1. ^ Vaughan 1996, p. 208.
  2. ^ White, Lois. Foundations Of Maternal & Pediatric Nursing, pages 10 and 128 (2004): "By the end of the 12th week, skeletal muscles begin involuntary movements. . . . The newborn may cry and have muscular activity when cold, but there is no voluntary control of muscular activity. "
  3. ^ a b Becher, Julie-Claire. "Insights into Early Fetal Development", Behind the Medical Headlines (Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow October 2004): "Purposive movement depends on brain maturation. This begins at about 18 weeks' gestation and progressively replaces reflex movements, which disappear by about 8 months after birth. . . . Reflexes are very different from purposeful voluntary movements which develop during the first year of life. "
  4. ^ a b Vaughan, p. 207.
  5. ^ The development of cerebral connections during the first 20–45 weeks’ gestation. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Volume 11, Issue 6, Pages 415-422
  6. ^ Stanley, Fiona et al. "Cerebral Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways", page 48 (2000 Cambridge University Press).
  7. ^ a b Vaughan 1996, p. 74.
  8. ^ a b Prechtl, Heinz. "Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development of Human Motor Behavior" in Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development, Kalverboer and Gramsbergen eds. , pp. 415-418 (2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers): "The first movements to occur are sideward bendings of the head. . . . At 9-10 weeks postmestrual age complex and generalized movements occur. These are the so-called general movements (Prechtl et al. , 1979) and the startles. Both include the whole body, but the general movements are slower and have a complex sequence of involved body parts, while the startle is a quick, phasic movement of all limbs and trunk and neck. "
  9. ^ Valman, H. and Pearson, J. "What the Fetus Feels", British Medical Journal, (January 26, 1980). Retrieved 2007-03-04: "Nine weeks after conception. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth . . fingers [bend] round an object in the palm of his hand. In response to a touch on the sole of his foot. . . hips and knees [bend] to move away from the touching object. "
  10. ^ Butterworth, George and Harris, Margaret. Principles of developmental psychology, page 48 (Psychology Press 1994): "stretch and yawn pattern at 10 weeks. "
  11. ^ a b c Vaughan 1996, p. 209.
  12. ^ Vaughan 1996, pp. 106-107.
  13. ^ a b Vaughan 1996, p. 134.
  14. ^ Van Der Ziel, Cornelia & Tourville, Jacqueline. Big, Beautiful & Pregnant: Expert Advice And Comforting Wisdom for the Expecting Plus-size Woman (Marlowe 2006). Retrieved 2007-02-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
  15. ^ Vaughan 1996, p. 160, p. 189.
  16. ^ Vaughan 1996, p. 190.
  17. ^ Kintraia et al. 2005.
  18. ^ Vaughan 1996, p. 138.
  19. ^ a b American Pregnancy Association, 2007.

References

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