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For other uses, see FES and Fez.
Fes
The City of Fez
The City of Fez
Fes (Morocco)
Fes
Fes
Location in Morocco
Coordinates: 34°2′N 5°0′W / 34.033, -5
Country Flag of Morocco Morocco
Region Fès-Boulemane
Population (2004)
 - Total 946,815
The Blue Gate of Fez
The Blue Gate of Fez

Fes or Fez (Arabic: فاس [Fās], French Fès) is the third largest city in Morocco, after Casablanca, and Rabat with a population of 946,815 (2004 census). Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Regions of Morocco As part of a 1997 decentralization/regionalization law passed by the legislature 16 new regions (provided below were created Fès-Boulemane (فاس بولمان is one of the sixteen Regions of Morocco. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا Rabat ( Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-Rabāṭ or ar-Ribāṭ) population 2 million ( 2007 estimate) is the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " It is the capital of the Fès-Boulemane Region. Fès-Boulemane (فاس بولمان is one of the sixteen Regions of Morocco.

Fes is one of the four so-called "imperial cities" (the others are Marrakech, Meknes and Rabat). Marrakesh or Marrakech ( Amazigh: Murakush, Arabic مراكش Murrakush) known as the "Red City" Meknes (مكناس is a city in northern Morocco, located 130 kilometres from the capital Rabat and 60 kilometres from Fes. Rabat ( Arabic الرباط, transliterated ar-Rabāṭ or ar-Ribāṭ) population 2 million ( 2007 estimate) is the It is separated into three parts, Fes el Bali (the old, walled city), Fes-Jdid (new Fes, home of the Mellah), and the Ville Nouvelle (the French-created, newest section of Fes). Fes el Bali ( فاس البالي, The Old Fes is the oldest and walled part of Fes, Morocco. Fes Jdid ( English Language: The New Fes) is one of the 3 parts of Fes, Morocco. A mellah ( Arabic ملاح probably from the word ملح Arabic for "salt" is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in Morocco, an The Medina of Fes el Bali, the largest of the two medinas of Fes, is believed to be the largest contiguous car-free urban area in the world. A medina quarter (المدينة العتيقة is a distinct city section found in many North African cities Car-free zones (also known as auto-free zones and pedestrian zones) are areas of a city or town in which automobile traffic is prohibited Fes el Bali is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The University of Al-Karaouine was founded in 859 A. The University of Al-Karaouine or Al-Qarawiyyin (جامعة القرويين (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin Kairouyine Kairaouine Qairawiyin Qaraouyine D. and is the oldest continuous operating university in the world.

Contents

History

The city was founded on opposite banks of the Fez River by Idris I in 789[1] and his son Idris II continued the work in 810. Idris I (or Idris ibn Abdullah) ( إدريس بن عبدالله) was the first ruler and founder of the Idrisid Dynasty ruling from 788 to Events By Place Asia An uprising in Japan leads to a major defeat for Emperor Kammu, alongside a severe Drought and Idris II (791 - 828 was son of Idris I, the founder of the Idrisid dynasty in North Africa. For the area code see Area code 810 Events By Place Byzantine Empire October 1 — A man with a Sword makes [2] The first was the founder of the Idrisid dynasty, his son was born after he was assassinated. The Idrisids ( Arabic, الأدارسة) were the first Sayyid Shia dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 During Yahya ibn Muhammad's rule the Kairouyine mosque, one of the oldest and largest in Africa, was built, and the associated University of Al-Karaouine was founded in 859. Yahya ibn Muhammad (or Yahya I) was the fifth Idrisid ruler and sultan of Idrisid dynasty. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The University of Al-Karaouine or Al-Qarawiyyin (جامعة القرويين (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin Kairouyine Kairaouine Qairawiyin Qaraouyine Events By Place Europe January 15 - Battle of Saint-Quentin Aisne: Humfrid defeats Louis the German. [3] Arab emigration to Fes, mostly from Al-Andalus after a rebellion which took place in Córdoba in 818 and from Tunisia after another rebellion that took place in 824, gave the city a definite Arab character. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Events By Place Asia The State of Je falls to the Tang - Silla Alliance Events By Place Europe Third Battle of Roncevaux Pass: The Basques and Banu Qasi defeat counts Eblo and Aznar Frankish 'Adwat Al-Andalus and 'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin, the two main quarters of Fes, were called respectively after the two waves of Arab immigrants to the new city. [4] After Ali ibn Umar (Ali II) came to power, the tribes of Madyuna, Gayatha and Miknasa, which were Sufrite Kharijites, formed a common front against the Idrisid and defeated Ali's armies and occupied Fes. Ali ibn Umar (or Ali II) was the seventh Idrisid ruler and sultan of Morocco. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the Yahya ibn Al-Qassim, drove the Sufrites out of the city and declared himself Ali's successor. Yahya ibn Al-Qassim (or Yahya III) was the eighth Idrisid ruler and sultan of Morocco. [5]

The city was populated by Muslims from elsewhere in North Africa, the Middle East, Moriscos, as well as many Jews, who had their own quarter, or Mellah, in the city. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. A morisco (Spanish " Moor -like" or mourisco (Portuguese was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure A mellah ( Arabic ملاح probably from the word ملح Arabic for "salt" is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in Morocco, an

Almohad dynasty (1130-1269)

Fes became the scientific and religious center, where both Muslims and Christians from Europe came to study. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

Marinid dynasty (1269-1420)
Kingdom of Fez (1420-1554)

Saadi dynasty (1554-1603)

Capital of Saadi Kingdom of Fez (1603-1627)

Later became part of Saadi Dynasty (1627-1649)

Fes became the center of the Morocco in 1649, and it was a major trading post of the Barbary Coast of North Africa. The Saadi Dynasty (Arabic سعديون) (in English also Saadite or Saadian original name Bani Zaydan began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh The Saadi Dynasty (Arabic سعديون) (in English also Saadite or Saadian original name Bani Zaydan began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Barbary Coast, or Barbary, was the term used by Europeans from the 16th until the 19th century to refer to the middle and western coastal regions of North Africa—what Until the 19th century it was the only source of Fez hats (also known as the tarboosh), before they began to be manufactured in France and Turkey; originally, the dye for the hats came from a berry that was grown outside the city, known as the Turkish kizziljiek or Greek akenia (Cornus mascula). The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The fez ( Greek: Φέσι Turkish: fes plural fezzes or fezes) or Tarboosh طربوش, not to be confused with North This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Fes was also the end of a north-south gold trading route from Timbuktu. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Timbuktu ( Timbuctoo; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; French: Tombouctou) is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African

Independent in 1790-1795 leader Yazid (1790-1792) and Abu´r-Rabi Sulayman (1792-1795). This Kingdom was conquest by Morocco.

In 1819-1821 was part of the rebellion which leader was Ibrahim ibn Yazid. In 1832 rebellion , leader Muhammad ibn Tayyib.

Fez was a prime manufacturing location for leather goods such as the Adarga. The adarga was a hard Leather Shield used originally by the Moors of Spain, its name derived from the Arabic "al-daraqa"

Fes was the capital of Morocco at various times in the past, the last such period ending in 1912, when most of Morocco came under French control and Rabat was chosen to be the capital of the new colony, a distinction that city retained when Morocco achieved independence in 1956. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. While many of the original inhabitants of Fes have since emigrated, the Jewish quarter has been emptied of its Jewish population ( In 1465, there was large massacre of Jews by Arab riots. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [7]), and the economy has stagnated, Fes is perhaps the most interesting and picturesque of the Imperial Cities of Morocco. Despite the traditional character of most of the city, there is also a modern section, the Ville Nouvelle, or "New City", which is a bustling commercial center. The popularity of the city has increased since the King of Morocco took a Fassi computer engineer, Salma Bennani, as his wife. Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco (الأميرة للا سلمى born Salma Bennani on May 10 1978 is the Princess Consort of King

Tourism

Fes is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination and many non-Moroccans are now restoring traditional houses (riads and dars) as second homes in the Fes medina. The most important monuments in the city are:


Fes World Sacred Music Festival

Main article: World Sacred Music Festival

In the city every year a week-long festival is held of sacred musical traditions from different parts of the world. The Medersa Bou Inania in Fes, Morocco, is a medersa founded by Abu Inan Faris. The University of Al-Karaouine or Al-Qarawiyyin (جامعة القرويين (other transliterations of the name include Qarawiyin Kairouyine Kairaouine Qairawiyin Qaraouyine The Zaouia Moulay Idriss II in Fes, Morocco, is a Zaouia (shrine dedicated to and tomb of Moulay Idriss II, who ruled Morocco The Festival of World Sacred Music (Festival des Musiques Sacrées du Monde brings together performers from every corner of our planet for a week of artistic show in Fes, Performers like Ravi Shankar, Youssou N'Dour and Salif Keita are juxtaposed with less known musical genres such as Japanese Gagaku, Indonesian Gamelan and folk music from Central Asia. The 2007 festival has a new Artistic Director Cherif Khaznadar bringing a new perspective to the programme. The festival was founded in 1994 by the Moroccan scholar and philanthropist Faouzi Skali. It includes a four-day Forum under the rubric "Giving Soul to Globalisation". Politicians, social activists, academics and religious leaders come together in dialogue. This Forum is sponsored by the World Bank.

Panoramic View of Fez
Panoramic View of Fez

Transport

The city is served by Saïss Airport. It also has an ONCF train station which goes east to Oujda and west to Tanger and Casablanca [1]. ONCF or ONCFM (in French - O ffice N ational des C hemins de F er du M aroc National Office for Railways of Oujda (وجدة is a city in eastern Morocco with an estimated population of half a million inhabitants Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Casablanca (in Standard Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ; Moroccan Arabic: dar beïda الدار البيضا

Town twinning

Sister cities

Footnotes

  1. ^ Jewish and Muslim Dialects of Moroccan Arabic By Jeffrey M Heath. Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kairouan ( Arabic القيروان (also known as Kirwan, Al Qayrawan) is a Muslim holy city which ranks after Mecca, Medina Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Saint-Louis, or Ndar as it is called in Wolof, is the capital of Senegal 's Saint-Louis Region Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) East Jerusalem refers to the part of Jerusalem captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and subsequently by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Coimbra (kuˈĩbɾɐ is a city and a municipality in Portugal, former capital of the country during the first dynasty period and home to the University of Coimbra Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Bobo-Dioulasso is a city with a population of about 435543 ( As of 2006) the second biggest city in Burkina Faso, Africa, after Ouagadougou Burkina Faso (bɚˌkiːnəˈfɑːsoʊ burr-KEE-na FAH-soh) also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a Landlocked nation in West Africa Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Suwon ( Suwon-si) is the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. İzmir, historically Smyrna, is the third most populous city of Turkey and the country's largest port after İstanbul. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 p. 23.
  2. ^ Fes. " Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 3 Mar. 2007
  3. ^ Merriam Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. p. 574.
  4. ^ A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period By Jamil Mir'i Abun-Nasr. p. 51.
  5. ^ A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period By Jamil Mir'i Abun-Nasr. p. 52.
  6. ^ Largest Cities Through History
  7. ^ Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands, 1979, pages 59, 284.
  8. ^ The twinning was signed with the Palestinian Authority between Fes and Al-Quds. Morocco does not officially recognize Israel.

See also

External links

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.
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