Comune di Ferrara
Municipal coat of arms
Country	Italy
Region	Emilia-Romagna
Province	Ferrara (FE)
Mayor	Gaetano Sateriale
Elevation	9 m (30 ft)
Area	404 km² (156 sq mi)
Population (as of May 31, 2007)
- Total	133,266
- Density	330/km² (855/sq mi)
Time zone	CET, UTC+1
Coordinates	44°50′N, 11°37′E
Gentilic	Ferraresi
Dialing code	0532
Postal code	44100
Frazioni	Aguscello, Albarea, Baura, Boara, Borgo Scoline, Bova, Casaglia, Cassana, Castel Trivellino, Chiesuol del Fosso, Cocomaro di Cona, Cocomaro di Focomorto, Codrea, Cona, Contrapò, Corlo, Correggio, Denore, Focomorto, Francolino, Gaibana, Gaibanella, Sant'Egidio, Malborghetto di Boara, Malborghetto di Correggio, Marrara, Mezzavia, Monestirolo, Montalbano, Parasacco, Pescara, Pontegradella, Pontelagoscuro, Ponte Travagli, Porotto, Porporana, Quartesana, Ravalle, Sabbioni, San Bartolomeo in Bosco, San Martino, Spinazzino, Torre della Fossa, Uccellino, Viconovo, Villanova
Patron	St. George
- Day	April 23
Website: www.comune.ferrara.it

Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	Italy
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iii, iv, v, vi
Reference	733
Region†	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1995  (19th Session)
Extensions	1999
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the province of Ferrara. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Emilia-Romagna is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Bologna. In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune The Province of Ferrara (Provincia di Ferrara is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Here are a list of area codes in Italy. All numbers here begin with the country code (0039 A frazione, in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a Comune; for other Administrative In Christian hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Anglican Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Emilia-Romagna is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Bologna. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Province of Ferrara (Provincia di Ferrara is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.

It is situated 50 km north-northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km north. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy The Po ( Latin: Padus, Po Ligurian: Bo, Greek: Eridanus) is a river that flows 652 km(405 miles (682 km by considering The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the 14th century and 15th century, when it hosted the court of the house of Este. "Este" redirects here For the city see Este Italy. For Tolkien's fictional character see Estë. For its beauty and cultural importance it has been qualified by UNESCO as World Heritage Site. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

Modern times have brought a renewal of industrial activity. Ferrara is on the main rail line from Bologna to Padua and Venice, and has branches to Ravenna, Poggio Rusco (for Suzzara) and Codigoro. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Poggio Rusco is a small town in the Province of Mantua, whose inhabitants number 6459 as of March 31, 2006. Suzzara is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 130 km southeast of Codigoro is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Ferrara in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 70 km northeast

History

The origin of Ferrara is uncertain; it is unlikely that it occupies the site of the ancient Forum Alieni, as some suppose. It was probably settled by the inhabitants of the lagoons at the mouth of the Po; there are two early centers of settlement, one round the cathedral,^[1] the other, the castrum bizantino, being the San Pietro district, on the opposite shore, where the Primaro empties into the Volano channel. A lagoon is a body of comparatively shallow salt or Brackish water separated from the deeper Sea by a shallow or exposed sandbank, coral Ferrara appears first in a document of the Lombard king Aistulf of 754, as a city forming part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Aistulf (749 - d756 was the Duke of Friuli from 744 king of Lombards from 749 and duke of Spoleto from 751 Events By Place Asia Al-Mansur, the second Abbasid Caliph, starts to rule The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a centre of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751, when the Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Desiderius pledged a Lombard ducatus ferrariae ("duchy of Ferrara") in 757 to Pope Stephen II. After 984 it was a fief of Tedaldo, count of Modena and Canossa, nephew of the emperor Otto I. Events By Place Asia Emperor Kazan succeeds Emperor En'yū on the throne of Japan. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Tedald (d1012 of the House of Canossa, was the count of Brescia from 980 Modena, Ferrara, and Reggio from 981 and Mantua A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the Canossa ( Province of Reggio Emilia) is a Comune and castle town in Emilia-Romagna, famous as the site where Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV did penance Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke It afterwards made itself independent, and in 1101 was taken by siege by the countess Matilda. Matilda of Canossa ( Italian: Matilde, Latin: Mathilde; 1046 &ndash 24 July 1115) called la Gran Contessa At this time it was mainly dominated by several great families, among them the Adelardi (or Aleardi).

In 1146, Guglielmo II Adelardi, the last of the Adelardi, died, and his property passed, as the dowry of his niece the Marchesella, to Obizzo I d'Este. A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage There was considerable hostility between the newly entered family and the Salinguerra, but after considerable struggles Azzo VII Novello was nominated perpetual podestà in 1242; in 1259 he took Ezzelino of Verona prisoner in battle. For information on the phantom island of the same name see Podesta (island. Ezzelino III da Romano ( April 25, 1194 &ndash October 7, 1259) was an Italian conqueror dictator Political figure Verona is a city and provincial capital in Veneto, Northern Italy. His grandson, Obizzo II (1264–1293), succeeded him, and he was made perpetual lord of the city by the population. Obizzo II d'Este (c 1247 &ndash February 13 1293) was lord of Ferrara and the March of Ancona. The house of Este was from henceforth settled in Ferrara. In 1289 he was also chosen as lord of Modena, one year later he was made lord of Reggio. Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the For the city in the southern Italy See Reggio Calabria. For the basketball club "Bipop Carire Reggio Emilia" see Pallacanestro Reggiana.

Niccolò III (1393–1441) received several popes with great magnificence, especially Eugene IV, who held a council here in 1438. Niccolò III d'Este ( November 9 1383 &ndash December 26 1441) was Marquess of Ferrara from 1393 until his death History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Eugene IV (1383 &ndash February 23, 1447) born Gabriele Condulmer, was Pope from March 3, 1431, to his death His son Borso received the title of duke for the imperial fiefs of Modena and Reggio from emperor Frederick III in 1452 (in which year Girolamo Savonarola was born here), and in 1471 was made duke of Ferrara by Pope Paul II. Borso d'Este ( 1413 - August 20 1471) was the first Duke of Ferrara, which he ruled from 1450 until his death List of Dukes of Ferrara and of Modena In 1452 the Italian family of Este, Lords of Ferrara, were created Dukes of Modena and Frederick III of Habsburg ( September 21 1415 &ndash August 19, 1493) was elected as German King as the successor of Girolamo Savonarola ( September 21, 1452 &ndash May 23, 1498) was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from List of Dukes of Ferrara and of Modena In 1452 the Italian family of Este, Lords of Ferrara, were created Dukes of Modena and Pope Paul II ( February 23, 1417 &ndash July 26, 1471) born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471 Ercole I (1471–1505) carried on a war with Venice and increased the magnificence of the city. Ercole I d'Este ( October 26, 1431 &ndash June 15, 1505) was Duke of Ferrara from 1471 until 1505 Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the

During the reign of Ercole I, one of the most significant patrons of the arts in late 15th and early 16th century Italy after the Medici, Ferrara grew into a cultural center, renowned for music as well as for visual arts. The painters established links with flemish artists and their techniques, exchanging influences in the colors and composition choices. Composers came to Ferrara from many parts of Europe, especially France and Flanders; Josquin Des Prez worked for Duke Ercole for a time (producing the Missa Hercules dux Ferrariæ, which he wrote for him); Jacob Obrecht came to Ferrara twice (and died during an outbreak of plague there in 1505); and Antoine Brumel served as principal musician from 1505. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. Josquin des Prez (c 1450 to 1455 &ndash August 27 1521 often referred to simply as Josquin, was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. Jacob Obrecht (1457/1458 &ndash late July 1505 was a Dutch composer of the Renaissance. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Antoine Brumel (c 1460 &ndash 1512 or 1513 was a French composer Alfonso I, son of Ercole, was also an important patron; his preference for instrumental music resulted in Ferrara becoming an important center of composition for the lute. Alfonso d'Este ( 21 July, 1476 &ndash 31 October, 1534) was Duke of Ferrara during the time of the War of the League of Lute can refer generally to any plucked string instrument with a neck (either Fretted or unfretted and a deep round back or more specifically to an instrument from The architecture of Ferrara benefitted from the genius of Biagio Rossetti, who was asked in 1484 by Ercole I to redesign the plan of the city. Biagio Rossetti, (c 1447 &ndash 1516 was an Italian Architect and Urbanist from Ferrara. The resulting "Addizione Erculea" is one of the most important and beautiful examples of renaissance city planning and contributed to the selection of Ferrara as UNESCO World Heritage Site. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

Alfonso married the notorious Lucrezia Borgia, and continued the war with Venice with success. This article is about the historical person For the biographical opera see Lucrezia Borgia (opera. In 1509 he was excommunicated by Pope Julius II, and he overcame the pontifical army in 1512 defending Ravenna. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community Pope Julius II (5 December 1443 &ndash 21 February 1513 born Giuliano Della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513 Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.

Gaston de Foix fell in the battle, in which he was supporting Alfonso. Gaston de Foix Duc de Nemours ( 10 December 1489 &ndash 11 April 1512) also known as The Thunderbolt of Italy was a French With the succeeding popes he was able to make peace. He was the patron of Ariosto from 1518 onwards. His son Ercole II married Renée of France, daughter of Louis XII of France; he too embellished Ferrara during his reign (1534–1559). Ercole II d'Este ( April 5, 1508 - October 3, 1559) was Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio from 1534 to 1559 Renée of France ( October 25, 1510 &ndash June 12, 1574 erroneous Montargis 1575 before Sunday 19th of June see a letter of king Henri III Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king

His son Alfonso II married Lucrezia, daughter of grand-duke Cosimo I of Tuscany, then Barbara, sister of the emperor Maximilian II and finally Margherita Gonzaga, daughter of the duke of Mantua. Alfonso II d'Este ( November 22, 1533 - October 27 1597) was Duke of Ferrara from 1559 to 1597 Cosimo I de' Medici (June 12 1519 &ndash April 21 1574 was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574 reigning as the first Grand Maximilian II ( July 31, 1527 &ndash October 12, 1576) was king of Bohemia from 1562 king of Hungary and Croatia Not to be confused with Margerita Gonzaga, Duchess of Lorraine Margherita Gonzaga d'Este Duchess of Ferrara ( May 27 1564 – The Duchy of Mantua was a Duchy in Lombardy, Northern Italy, subject to the Holy Roman Empire. He raised the glory of Ferrara to its highest point, and was the patron of Tasso, Guarini, and Cremonini -- favouring, as the princes of his house had always done, the arts and sciences. Torquato Tasso ( 11 March 1544 &ndash 25 April 1595) was an Italian Poet of the 16th century best known for his poem Giovanni Battista Guarini ( December 10, 1538 – October 7, 1612) was an Italian poet dramatist and diplomat Cesare Cremonini, sometimes Cesare Cremonino ( 22 December 1550 - 19 July 1631) was an Italian professor of Natural He had no legitimate male heir, and in 1597 Ferrara was claimed as a vacant fief by Pope Clement VIII, as was also Comacchio. Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII. Pope Clement VIII ( February 24, 1536 &ndash March 3, 1605 Comacchio is a town of Emilia Romagna, Italy, in the Province of Ferrara, 48 km by road from the town of Ferrara, in the centre of the lagoon

During the reign of Alfonso II, Ferrara once again developed an impressive musical establishment, rivaled in Italy only by the adjacent city of Venice, and the traditional musical centers such as Rome, Florence and Milan. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Composers such as Luzzasco Luzzaschi, Lodovico Agostini, and later Carlo Gesualdo, represented the avant-garde tendency of the composers there, writing for gifted virtuoso performers, including the famous concerto di donne — the three virtuoso female singers Laura Peverara, Anna Guarini, and Livia d'Arco. Luzzasco Luzzaschi (c 1545 &ndash September 10, 1607) was an Italian Composer, Organist, and teacher of the late Renaissance Lodovico Agostini (1534 &ndash September 20, 1590) was an Italian composer singer priest and scholar of the late Renaissance. This article is about the composer for the Italian town see Gesualdo (town. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard Second page of O dolcezz'amarissime Laura Peverara (c 1550 &ndash January 4 1601) was an Italian Virtuoso Singer who was also a Harpist and Dancer; born Anna Guarini, Contessa Trotti (1563 &ndash May 3, 1598) was an Italian virtuoso singer of the late Renaissance. Livia d'Arco (c 1565 – 1611 was an Italian singer in the court of Alfonso II d'Este in Ferrara. Vincenzo Galilei praised the work of Luzzaschi, and Girolamo Frescobaldi studied with him. Vincenzo Galilei (c 1520 &ndash July 2, 1591) was an Italian lutenist, Composer, and music theorist, and the father of Girolamo Frescobaldi (baptized mid-September 1583 – March 1 1643 was an Italian musician one of the most important Composers of keyboard music in the late Visitors came to hear the spectacular productions of the Este musicians, the activities of which mostly ceased in 1598 with the demise of the Este court.

A fortress was constructed by Pope Paul V on the site of the castle called "Castel Tedaldo", at the south-west angle of the town. For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese. The town remained a part of the states of the Church, the fortress being occupied by an Austrian garrison from 1832 until 1859, when it became part of the kingdom of Italy. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest All of the fortress was dismantled following the birth of the Kingdom and the brick used for construction sites in town.

Main sights

The town is still surrounded by more than 9 kilometres of ancient walls, mainly built in the 15th and 16th centuries^[2] They are best preserved renaissance walls in Italy along with those of Lucca. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand Lucca is a city in Tuscany, northern central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plain near (but not on the Ligurian Sea

The most prominent building is the square Castello Estense, in the centre of the town, a brick building surrounded by a moat, with four towers. The Castle Estense or Castle of Saint Michele is an imposing moated medieval structure in the center of Ferrara, northern Italy. A moat is deep broad Trench, usually filled with Water, that surrounds a structure installation or town normally to provide it with a preliminary line of It was built after 1385 and partly restored in 1554; the pavilions on the top of the towers date from the latter year.

Castle Estense

The Romanesque cathedral

Piazza Trento e Trieste

Corso Ercole I d'Este

Palazzo dei Diamanti, seat of the the National Gallery

Ercole I d'Este, possibly by Dosso Dossi (Galleria Estense, Modena)

Near it is the hospital of Santa Anna, where the poet Torquato Tasso was confined during his attack of insanity (1579–1586). The Castle Estense or Castle of Saint Michele is an imposing moated medieval structure in the center of Ferrara, northern Italy. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which Palazzo dei Diamanti is palace in Ferrara, northern Italy. It is one of the most famous palaces in Italy as well one of the most influential Renaissance European Dosso Dossi (c 1490 &ndash 1542, real name Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri, was an Italian Renaissance painter who belonged to the Ferrara School of Painting Torquato Tasso ( 11 March 1544 &ndash 25 April 1595) was an Italian Poet of the 16th century best known for his poem

The Palazzo del Municipio, rebuilt in the 18th century, was the earlier residence of the Este family. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Close by it is the cathedral of San Giorgio, begun in 1135, when the Romanesque lower part of the main façade and the side façades were completed. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which A facade or façade (fəˈsɑːd is generally one side of the exterior of a Building, especially the front but also sometimes the sides and rear According to a now lost inscription the church was built by Guglielmo I degli Adelardi (d. 1146) , who is buried in it. The sculpture of the main portal is the signed work of the "artifex" Nicholaus, mentioned in the lost inscription as the architect for the church. The upper part of the main façade, with arcades of pointed arches, dates from the 13th century and the portal has recumbent lions and elaborate sculptures above. The interior was restored in the baroque style in 1712. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Year 1712 ( MDCCXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap The campanile, in the Renaissance style, dates from 1451–1493, but the last storey was added at the end of the 16th century. A campanile &ndash pronounced /kampaˈnile/ &ndash is especially in Italy, a free-standing Bell tower, often adjacent to a church The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere

A little way off is the university, which has faculties of law, architecture, pharmacy, medicine and natural science; the library has valuable manuscripts, including part of that of the Orlando furioso and letters by Tasso. The University of Ferrara (Università degli Studi di Ferrara is the main University of the city of Ferrara in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον 'pharmakon' = drug is the Health profession that links the Health sciences with the chemical sciences Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the Universe, which is understood as obeying rules or law of A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way Orlando Furioso ("The Frenzy of Orlando" more literally "Mad Orlando" in Italian furioso is seldom capitalized is an Italian Its famous graduates include Nicolaus Copernicus (1503) and Paracelsus. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, The university's botanical garden is the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Ferrara. Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes The Orto Botanico dell'Università di Ferrara (4500 m² is a Botanical garden operated by the University of Ferrara.

Ferrara has many early Renaissance palaces, often retaining terracotta decorations; few towns of Italy as small have so many, though most are comparatively small in size. Terra cotta ( Italian: "baked earth" is a Ceramic. Its uses include vessels water & waste water pipes and surface embellishment in Building construction Among them may be noted those in the north quarter (especially the four at the intersection of its two main streets), which was added by Ercole I in 1492–1505, from the plans of Biagio Rossetti, and hence called the Addizione Erculea. Biagio Rossetti, (c 1447 &ndash 1516 was an Italian Architect and Urbanist from Ferrara.

Among the finest palaces is Palazzo dei Diamanti, so named for the diamond points into which the facade's stone blocks are cut. Palazzo dei Diamanti is palace in Ferrara, northern Italy. It is one of the most famous palaces in Italy as well one of the most influential Renaissance European In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in It houses the National Picture Gallery, with a large collection of the school of Ferrara, which first rose to prominence in the latter half of the 15th century, with Cosimo Tura, Francesco Cossa and Ercole dei Roberti. Cosimo Tura (c 1430 &ndash 1495 also known as Il Cosmè or Cosmè Tura, was an Italian early- Renaissance (or Quattrocento Francesco del Cossa (c 1430 &ndash c 1477 was an Italian early- Renaissance (or Quattrocento) painter of the School of Ferrara. Ercole de' Roberti (c 1451 &ndash 1496 also known as Ercole Ferrarese or Ercole da Ferrara, was an Italian artist of the Early Renaissance and Noted masters of the 16th century School of Ferrara (Painting) include Lorenzo Costa and Dosso Dossi, the most eminent of all, Girolamo da Carpi and Benvenuto Tisio (il Garofalo). The School of Ferrara was a group of Painters which flourished in the Duchy of Ferrara during the Renaissance. Lorenzo Costa (1460 – March 5 1535) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance. Dosso Dossi (c 1490 &ndash 1542, real name Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri, was an Italian Renaissance painter who belonged to the Ferrara School of Painting Girolamo Da Carpi (1501 - 1556 was a painter and decorator in the Court of the Duke of Este in Ferrara ( Italy)

The Archivio Storico Comunale contains a relevant amount of historical documents, starting from 15th century. The Archivio Storico Diocesano is more ancient, mentioned in documents in 955, and contains precious documents collected across the centuries by the clergy. Events By Place Europe August 10 — Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I the Great defeats the Magyars, halting Many libraries also enrich this town, which possesses a cultural heritage of extraordinary importance.

The Monastero del Corpus Domini contains tombs of the Estes, including Alfonso I, Alfonso II, Ercole I, Ercole II, as well as Lucrezia Borgia, Eleonora d'Aragona, and a dozen others. Alfonso d'Este ( 21 July, 1476 &ndash 31 October, 1534) was Duke of Ferrara during the time of the War of the League of Alfonso II d'Este ( November 22, 1533 - October 27 1597) was Duke of Ferrara from 1559 to 1597 Ercole I d'Este ( October 26, 1431 &ndash June 15, 1505) was Duke of Ferrara from 1471 until 1505 Ercole II d'Este ( April 5, 1508 - October 3, 1559) was Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio from 1534 to 1559 This article is about the historical person For the biographical opera see Lucrezia Borgia (opera.

Other sites include:

• The Cathedral (12th century)
• The historic Teatro Comunale (Community Theatre)
• The Certosa
• The church of San Francesco (by Biagio Rossetti)
• The church of San Benedetto
• The church of Santa Maria in Vado
• The church of San Domenico
• The church of San Paolo
• The church of San Giorgio
• The Renaissance church of San Cristoforo
• The Palazzo Schifanoia, built in 1385 by Alberto V d'Este. Ferrara Cathedral (Italian Basilica Cattedrale di San Giorgio) is a basilica in Ferrara, northern Italy, the largest religious edifice in the city The Teatro Comunale ( Communal Theatre) in Ferrara is an Opera house, located in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, and built between 1786 Biagio Rossetti, (c 1447 &ndash 1516 was an Italian Architect and Urbanist from Ferrara. Palazzo Schifanoia is a Renaissance palace in Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna ( Italy) built for the Este family Alberto (V d'Este ( 27 February 1347 &ndash 30 July 1393) was lord of Ferrara and Modena from 1388 until his death It includes frescoes depicting the life of Borso d'Este, the signs of the zodiac and allegorical representations of the months. Borso d'Este ( 1413 - August 20 1471) was the first Duke of Ferrara, which he ruled from 1450 until his death Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations along the Ecliptic, the apparent path of the sun across the heavens through the Constellations that divide the ecliptic An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation The vestibule was decorated with stucco mouldings by Domenico di Paris of Padua. A vestibule (ˈvɛstɨbjuːl is a lobby, entrance Hall, or passage between the entrance and the interior of a Building. Stucco or render is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. The building also contains fine choir-books with miniatures and a collection of coins and Renaissance medals.
• The Palazzo della Ragione ("Palace of Reason"), built in Gothic style in 1315-1326 (the original one has been destroyed during World War II). This article is about Gothic art See also Gothic architecture Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that lasted about 200 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
• The simple house of the poet Ludovico Ariosto, erected by him after 1526 and in which he died in 1532.

Synagogues and a Jewish Museum are located in the heart of the mediæval centre, close to the cathedral and the Castello Estense. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This street was part of the ghetto in which the Jews were separated from the rest of the population of Ferrara from about 1627 to 1859. A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Ferrara in culture

The famous friar Girolamo Savonarola and the musician Girolamo Frescobaldi were both born in Ferrara, as well as the painters Giovanni Boldini (1842) and Filippo de Pisis (1896). Girolamo Savonarola ( September 21, 1452 &ndash May 23, 1498) was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from Girolamo Frescobaldi (baptized mid-September 1583 – March 1 1643 was an Italian musician one of the most important Composers of keyboard music in the late Giovanni Boldini ( December 31, 1842 &ndash July 11, 1931) was an Italian genre and portrait painter belonging to the Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Filippo De Pisis ( May 11 1896 - April 2 1956) was an Italian painter Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

Apart from the geniuses of Tasso and Ariosto, another notable Renaissance writer Matteo Maria Boiardo worked here. Matteo Maria Boiardo (c 1434 &ndash December 20, 1494) was an Italian Renaissance Poet. Ferrara was also able to develop its own lineage or School of painters and artists. The School of Ferrara was a group of Painters which flourished in the Duchy of Ferrara during the Renaissance. The astounding list of painters and artists living and working in Ferrara includes the names of Andrea Mantegna, Giovanni Bellini, Leon Battista Alberti, Pisanello, Piero della Francesca, Rogier van der Weyden, Battista Dossi, Dosso Dossi, Cosmé Tura,Francesco del Cossa and Titian. Andrea Mantegna (c 1431 &ndash September 13, 1506) was an Italian Renaissance artist a student of Roman Archeology, and son in law of Giovanni Bellini (c 1430 – 1516 was an Italian Renaissance painter probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters Leon Battista Alberti ( February 14, 1404 &ndash April 25, 1472) was an Italian author artist Architect, Poet Pisanello (c 1395 &ndash probably 1455 known professionally as Antonio di Puccio Pisano or Antonio di Puccio da Cereto, also erroneously called Vittore Piero della Francesca (c 1412 &ndash October 12, 1492) was an Italian artist of the Early Renaissance. Rogier van der Weyden, also known as Rogier de le Pasture (1399/1400 &ndash June 18, 1464) is with Jan van Eyck, considered one of the Dosso Dossi (c 1490 &ndash 1542, real name Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri, was an Italian Renaissance painter who belonged to the Ferrara School of Painting Cosimo Tura (c 1430 &ndash 1495 also known as Il Cosmè or Cosmè Tura, was an Italian early- Renaissance (or Quattrocento Francesco del Cossa (c 1430 &ndash c 1477 was an Italian early- Renaissance (or Quattrocento) painter of the School of Ferrara. Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian Their works can be seen in the many city museums, in particular the Pinacoteca Nazionale.

The Ferrara Bible was a translation of the Old Testament into Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) by Sephardic Jews and dedicated to Ercole II. The Ferrara Bible was a 1553 publication of the Ladino version of the Tanach used by Sephardi Jews.

Ferrara was the setting of the famous novel Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini (The Garden of the Finzi-Contini) by Giorgio Bassani and of its movie adaptation by Vittorio De Sica in (1970). The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini is a historical novel by Giorgio Bassani, published in 1962. Giorgio Bassani ( March 4, 1916 - April 13, 2000) was an Italian novelist poet essayist editor and international intellectual Vittorio De Sica ( 7 July 1901 or 1902&ndash 13 November 1974) was a critically acclaimed Italian neorealist director Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Wim Wenders and Michelangelo Antonioni's Al di là delle nuvole in (1995) and Ermanno Olmi's Il mestiere delle armi in (2001), a film about the last days of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, were also shot here. Ernst Wilhelm ("Wim" Wenders (born August 14, 1945) is a German Film director, Playwright, Author, Michelangelo Antonioni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( September 29 1912 &ndash July 30 2007) was an Italian Modernist Beyond the Clouds (Italian Al di là delle nuvole) is a 1995 Italian-French-German film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and Wim Wenders Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Ermanno Olmi (born July 24, 1931) is a renowned Italian Film director. The Profession of Arms ( Il mestiere delle armi) is a 2001 Italian movie directed by Ermanno Olmi. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Giovanni de' Medici, also known as Giovanni dalle Bande Nere ( April 5, 1498 - November 30, 1526) was an Italian Condottiero

In the XIX and XX century Ferrara hosted a number of important painters inspired by its eerie atmosphere: among them Giovanni Boldini, Filippo de Pisis and Giorgio de Chirico. Giovanni Boldini ( December 31, 1842 &ndash July 11, 1931) was an Italian genre and portrait painter belonging to the Filippo De Pisis ( May 11 1896 - April 2 1956) was an Italian painter Giorgio de Chirico ( July 10, 1888 &ndash November 20, 1978) was an influential pre-Surrealist and then Surrealist

The Palium of St. George is a typical medieval feast held every last Sunday of May. The Buskers Festival is a non-competitive parade of the best street musicians in the world. Busking is the practice of performing in Public places for Tips and Gratuities. In terms of tradition and dimension it is the most important festival of this kind.

Additionally, Ferrara is becoming the Italian capital of hot air balloons, thanks to the ten-day-long Ferrara Balloons Festival, the biggest celebration of balloons in Italy and one of the largest in Europe. The hot air balloon is the oldest successful human-carrying Flight technology Ferrara Balloons Festival is a yearly Balloon fiesta that takes place in Ferrara, Italy and is considered to be one of the largest festivals of Hot

Ferrara is the birthplace and childhood home of the well-known Italian film director, Michelangelo Antonioni who died in July 2007. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. Michelangelo Antonioni, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( September 29 1912 &ndash July 30 2007) was an Italian Modernist The Mayor of Ferrara has announced that his museum, which was closed for renovation, will not reopen and no museum dedictated to Antonioni's cinema work will be opened.

Sport

Ferrara's local football team, Società Polisportiva Ars Et Labor 1907 is struggling in Serie C2, which is the fourth highest football league in Italy. SPAL 1907 is an Italian Association Football club based in Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest

Twin towns

Ferrara is twinned with:

• Krasnodar, Russia
• Lleida, Spain
• Saint-Étienne, France
• Swansea, United Kingdom
• Koper, Slovenia
• Szombathely, Hungary
• Zilina, Slovakia
• Highland Park, Illinois

Politics

After the municipal elections on June 12 and 13 2004, the division of the 40 seats in the Ferrara city council was as followed:

• Democratici di Sinistra - 15
• Forza Italia - 8
• Alleanza Nazionale - 6
• La Margherita - 2
• La Rosa nel Pugno - 2
• Io amo Ferrara - 2
• Rifondazione Comunista - 2
• Comunisti Italiani - 2
• Verdi per la pace - 1

External links

• Official Tourism Office Site - Six Languages
• Official site
• Search engine and index of websites related to Ferrara
• The Comunale Theatre
• Ferrara Balloons Festival - the biggest Hot Air Balloons Fiesta in Italy
• Ferrara Under the Stars - The most important Italian summer music festival
• Ferrara Buskers' Festival
• Palazzo dei Diamanti - Ferrara National Museum of Art
• The University of Ferrara
• Local Newspaper

Notes

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone