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Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
In office
January 1, 1995 – January 1, 2003
Vice President Marco Maciel
Preceded by Itamar Franco
Succeeded by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Born June 18, 1931 (1931-06-18) (age 76)
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
Nationality Brazilian
Political party Brazilian Social Democracy Party - PSDB
Spouse Ruth Corrêa Leite Cardoso
Profession Sociologist

Fernando Henrique Cardoso, pron. The President of Brazil is both the Head of state and Head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Marco Antônio de Oliveira Maciel (born Recife, 21 July 1940) is a Brazilian politician Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, usually known as Itamar Franco ( pron. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (pronounced /lu'iz i'nasju 'lulɐ da 'siwvɐ/; born October 27, 1945) known simply as Lula, is the thirty-fifth and Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil The Brazilian Social Democracy Party ( Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira, PSDB is a Political party in Brazil. For the Brazilian chess player artist and woodcutter see Ruth Volgl Cardoso. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" IPA: [feʁ.'nɐ̃.dʊ ẽ.'ʁi.kɪ kaʁ.'do.zʊ], (born June 18, 1931) - also known by his initials FHC - was the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to January 1, 2003. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. He is also an accomplished sociologist. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" [1]

Contents

Personal and professional life

Born in Rio de Janeiro, he has lived in São Paulo most of his life. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world Cardoso is married (wife Ruth Valença Correia Leite Cardoso) and has three children. Educated as a sociologist, he was a Professor of Political Science and Sociology at the Universidade de São Paulo. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" The University of São Paulo (in Portuguese Universidade de São Paulo; USP) is one of the three public universities funded by the State of São Paulo. [2] He was President of the International Sociological Association (ISA), from 1982 to 1986. International Sociological Association is a Non-profit organization dedicated to scientific purposes in the field of Sociology and Social sciences The ISA Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) He is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton),[3] an honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has penned several books. The Institute for Advanced Study, located in Princeton New Jersey, United States is a center for theoretical research The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS is an organization dedicated to scholarship and the advancement of learning He was also Associate Director of Studies in the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris and then visiting professor at the Collège de France and later at the Paris-Nanterre University. The École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( French for " School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences " EHESS) is a French Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment ( Grand établissement) located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement The Paris X University Nanterre is a French university in the Academy of Versailles. [4] He later lectured at American universities including Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley [4] He is fluent in four languages: English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. [4]

After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term as professor-at-large at Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies, beginning in 2003. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. History The Watson Institute was founded in 1981 as the Center for Foreign Policy Development by Thomas J Cardoso is a founding member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's Advisory Board. In February 2005, he gave the fourth annual Kissinger Lecture on Foreign Policy and International Relations at the Library of Congress, Washington DC on "Dependency and Development in Latin America. The Kissinger Lecture on Foreign Policy and International Relations is an annual lecture given by an invited speaker at the Library of Congress, Washington DC. [5] In 2005, Cardoso was selected by the British magazine Prospect as being one of the world's top one hundred living intellectuals. Not to be confused with The American Prospect magazine Prospect is a monthly British general interest Magazine The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll is a list of the 100 most important living Public intellectuals in the world which has been compiled in November 2005 by [6][7][8][9]

Elections

In the beginning of his political life, Fernando Henrique was elected Senator of the state of São Paulo for the former MDB, in 1982. In its present configuration the Federal Brazilian Senate ( Portuguese: Senado Federal Brasileiro) is a federal legislative body and the Upper house The Federative Republic of Brazil is a union of twenty-six estados ("states" singular estado) and formed by the states and one district the Distrito ( is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy The Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB was a Centrist Political party in Brazil that existed from 1965 to 1979. In 1985, he ran for Mayor of São Paulo even though he was in front according to the polls, he lost to former President Jânio Quadros in an episode which, believing he was going to win the election, he let himself be photographed in the mayor's chair before the elections. This is a listing of all those that have served as the Mayor of the City of São Paulo, Brazil. Jânio da Silva Quadros ( pron. 'ʒɐnju da 'siwva 'kwadɾus PC ( January 25, 1917, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul Some attribute his loss in the election to this episode.

Re-elected for the Senate in 1986 for the PMDB, which substituted MDB after Brazilian re-democratization, he helped a group of parliamentaries of PMDB to abandon the party in order to create the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). The Brazilian Democratic Movement Party ( Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, PMDB is the successor of the Brazilian Democratic Movement. Until 1992, Cardoso served as Leader of the PSDB in the Senate. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) From October 1992 to May 1993, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Itamar Franco (PMDB). Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, usually known as Itamar Franco ( pron.

From May 1993 until April 1994, he was Minister of Finance and introduced the Plano Real (Real Plan) to end hyperinflation. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The Plano Real ( Real Plan, in Portuguese) was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in early 1994 under the direction Buoyed by the success of the Plano Real, Cardoso decided to run for the Presidency and, backed by President Franco, won in the first round of elections, on October 3, 1994. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Four years later, in October 4, 1998, after a Constitutional Amendment that allowed reelection, Cardoso won the Presidency again, with approximately 53% of the vote, while his closest challenger, Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT), had about 32%. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (pronounced /lu'iz i'nasju 'lulɐ da 'siwvɐ/; born October 27, 1945) known simply as Lula, is the thirty-fifth and The Workers' Party ( Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT is a left-wing Political party in Brazil.

Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 by Lula da Silva, who was running for President for the fourth time. Lula won in the runoff against the Cardoso-supported candidate José Serra. José Serra ( pron ʒu'zɛ 'sɛʁɐ (born March 19, 1942 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian politician former secretary of state Lula's election has since been interpreted as a result of Cardoso's growing unpopularity in his second term.

Fernando Henrique Cardoso's Administration (1995-2003)

Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the support of a heterodox alliance of his own Social Democratic Party, the PSDB, and two right-wing parties, the Liberal Front Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). The Democrats ( Democratas) is a Political party in Brazil, considered the main Centre-right party of Brazil The Brazilian Labour Party ( Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro, PTB is the name of two different parties first a historical one and secondly a present-day party Brazil's largest party, the centrist Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's governing coalition after the election, as did the right-wing PPB, the Brazilian Progressive Party, in 1996. The Progressive party ( Partido Progressista, PP is a Centre-right Brazilian political party embracing Conservatism and elements of Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)

Party loyalty was weak, and deputies and senators belonging to the parties in the coalition did not always vote with the government. President Cardoso had difficulty, at times, gaining sufficient support for some of his legislative priorities, despite the fact that his coalition parties held an overwhelming majority of congressional seats.

In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure of some classified military files concerning Operation Condor, a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents. For other uses of Operation Condor please see Operation Condor (disambiguation Operation Condor (Operación Cóndor Operação Condor was a campaign [10]

A feature of Cardoso's administration, was the continuity of the privatization program, initiated with his predecessor Fernando Collor de Mello, of several government-owned enterprises such as Acesita, Embraer, Telebras, Companhia Vale do Rio Doce. Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello, pron. feʁ'nɐ̃dʊ a'fõsʊ 'kɔ ArcelorMittal Inox Brasil, formerly known as Acesita, is a biggest Brazilian manufacturer of specialty Embraer -- IPA [ɪ̃ⁿbɾaˈɛɾ] -- the Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S Telebrás was the Brazilian state-owned monopoly telephone system Vale is a diversified Mining Multinational corporation and one of the largest Logistics operators in Brazil. [11]. Some members of Collor's government were also part of the later Cardoso administration in different or equal functions: Pedro Malan, Renan Calheiros (PMDB-AL); Antônio Kandir (PSDB-SP); Pratini de Moraes and Celso Lafer; Renold Stephanes Armínio Fraga; Pedro Parente. Pedro Sampaio Malan (b Rio de Janeiro, 1943) is a Brazilian economist and former Minister of Finance for Brazil Renan Calheiros (born in Murici, Alagoas, on September 16 1955) is a Brazilian Politician and former President Celso Lafer (1941- is a Brazilian jurist professor of Philosophy of Law at University of São Paulo and twice former Foreign minister. Arminio Fraga (born July 20, 1957 in Rio de Janeiro) was the former President of the Central Bank of Brazil, from 1999 - [12].

The month before the Plano Real started, June 1994, monthly inflation averaged 31. The Plano Real ( Real Plan, in Portuguese) was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in early 1994 under the direction Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) 2 percent in 1994, for a total of 2,294 percent that year. Inflation further declined to monthly rates of between 1-3% in 1995, for an annual rate of 25. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 9 percent. In 1996, 16. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) 5 percent; 1997, 7. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar 2 percent. [13].

As a result, major reforms planned by the Executive branch, such as changes in the tax system and in social security, were only partially approved after really long and tiring discussions. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old On January 8, 1996, he issued the controversial Decree 1775, which created a framework for the clear demarcation of indigenous reservations, which as part of the process opened indigenous territories to counter-claims by adjacent landowners. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Decree 1775, or the Indian Decree, was signed into Brazilian law by President Fernando Henrique Cardoso on January 8, 1996. The Indigenous peoples in Brazil ( Portuguese: povos indígenas) comprise a large number of distinct Ethnic groups who inhabited the country prior to

Using his previous experience as Minister of Foreign Affairs and his prestige as an internationally famous sociologist, FHC was greatly respected in the world scenario, building friendships with such leaders as Bill Clinton and Ernesto Zedillo. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (born December 27, 1951) is a Mexican economist and politician Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil FHC had problems explaining his government priorities to Congress and people in general. Although claiming to be a leftist and supporter of social-democracy, FHC took some decisions in economy that led people to believe he became a neoliberal. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism

He also experienced personal problems with former ally Itamar Franco, his predecessor that later became Governor of Minas Gerais. Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, usually known as Itamar Franco ( pron. Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, the second most populous and fourth largest by area in the federation FHC was also criticized for transforming the Constitution to his own benefit - creating reelection and allowing him to stay eight years in office. Most people think that his popularity in his first four years was gained with the continuation of Plano Real, but decreased in his last four years after different crisis in politics and in the energy department. He also publicly admitted that he could have done more for public security and for the generation of new jobs. See also Public safety To meet the increasing challenges in the public security area responsible public institutions and organisations can tap into their own Intelligence

After Presidency

After he stepped down from office, FHC has been giving lectures at Brown University, about Brazilian economic policy, urban development, and deforestation [1]. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. The Amazon Rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica or Amazonía Also, he dedicates his time to a personal institute created by him in São Paulo, based on the model of bodies created by former Presidents of the United States. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He has written two books about his experience as President of Brazil, and has given many interviews, where he criticizes the government of Lula da Silva. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (pronounced /lu'iz i'nasju 'lulɐ da 'siwvɐ/; born October 27, 1945) known simply as Lula, is the thirty-fifth and In 2006, he helped the campaign of the PSDB candidate for the Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin, and has said many times that he does not wish to run for office again. Geraldo José Rodrigues Alckmin Filho (born in Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, November 7 1952) or Geraldo Alckmin ( pron.

After leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso also joined the Club of Madrid. The Club of Madrid is an independent organization created for the purpose of promoting Democracy and change in the global community. [14]

Awards

Member, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton NJ

Selected works

References

  1. ^ MSNBC News-Newsweek International: 'Che Guevara In Tweed'
  2. ^ Biography at Brown University
  3. ^ Biography at the Clinton Global Initiative
  4. ^ a b c Fernando Henrique Cardoso. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Order of Prince Henry the Navigator ( Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique) is a Portuguese National Order of Knighthood created on June 2, 1960 Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey Harry Walker Lecturing Agency. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
  5. ^ News from the Library of Congress
  6. ^ Interview with Al Jazeera English's Riz Khan
  7. ^ Fernando Henrique Biography (Portuguese)
  8. ^ Instituto Fenrnando Henrique Cardoso
  9. ^ President Cardoso's lecture at the Clinton School of Public Service: Democracy Today: The Experience of Latin America (Podcast)
  10. ^ Latin America in the 1970s: "Operation Condor", an International Organization for Kidnapping Opponents, L'Humanité in English, December 2, 2006, transl. L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. January 1, 2007
  11. ^ Os efeitos da privatização sobre o desempenho econômico e financeiro das empresas privatizadas(Portuguese)
  12. ^ A guerra eleitoral e o mercado na Internet
  13. ^ Inflação permanece estável e deve fechar 2006 em 3,15%, revela pesquisa(Portuguese)
  14. ^ (English) [http://www.clubmadrid.org The Club of Madrid is an independent organization dedicated to strengthening democracy around the world by drawing on the unique experience and resources of its Members – 66 democratic former heads of state and government. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
Government offices
Preceded by
Celso Lafer		 Foreign Minister of Brazil
1992-1993		 Succeeded by
Celso Amorim
Preceded by
Eliseu Resende		 Finance Minister of Brazil
1993-1994		 Succeeded by
Rubens Ricupero
Political offices
Preceded by
Itamar Franco		 President of Brazil
1995 – 2003		 Succeeded by
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Celso Luiz Nunes Amorim (born 3 June, 1942 in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil) has served as the Foreign Minister of Brazil Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, usually known as Itamar Franco ( pron. The President of Brazil is both the Head of state and Head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (pronounced /lu'iz i'nasju 'lulɐ da 'siwvɐ/; born October 27, 1945) known simply as Lula, is the thirty-fifth and
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