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Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902–November 27, 1985) was a French historian. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it He revolutionized the 20th century study of his discipline by considering the effects of such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography on global history[1]. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena He was a prominent member of the Annales School of historiography, who concentrated on meticulous historical analysis in the social sciences. The Annales School (aˈnal(ə in French is a style of Historiography developed by French Historians in the 20th century The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies

Contents

Life

Braudel was born in Luméville-en-Ornois, in the département of the Meuse, France, where he also lived with his paternal grandmother for a long time. Meuse (møːz is a department in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He studied at the elite Paris Institute of Political Studies (better known as Sciences Po). Sciences Po is a French abbreviation of sciences politiques, or Political science, which is a division of the Social sciences. His father, who was a natural mathematician, aided him in his studies. Braudel also studied a good deal of Latin and a little Greek. He loved history and wrote poetry. Braudel wanted to be a doctor, but his father opposed this idea. In 1923, he went to Algeria, then a French colony, to teach history. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Returning to France in 1932, he worked as a high school teacher and met Lucien Febvre, the co-founder of the influential Annales journal, who was to have a great influence on his work. Lucien Febvre ( July 22 1878 - September 11, 1956) was a French Historian best known for the role he played in establishing With him, he travelled to Brazil in 1935 to "build" the University of São Paulo, returning together with Febvre in 1937. The University of São Paulo (in Portuguese Universidade de São Paulo; USP) is one of the three public universities funded by the State of São Paulo. In 1939, he joined the army but was captured in 1940 and became a prisoner of war in a camp near Lübeck in Germany, where, working from memory, he put together his great work La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen a l'époque de Philippe II (The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II). Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Part of his motivation for writing the book, he said, was that, as a "Northerner," he had come to love the Mediterranean. After the war, he worked with Febvre in a new college, founded separately from the Sorbonne, dedicated to social and economic history. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century

Work

In 1962, he wrote A History of Civilizations to be the basis for a history course, but its rejection of the traditional event-based narrative was too radical for the French ministry of education, which rejected it [2]

Besides La Méditerranée, his most famous work is the three-volume Civilisation Matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme, XVe-XVIIIe (Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800), which first appeared in 1979. It is a broad-scaled history of the pre-industrial modern world, presented in the minute detail demanded by the school called cliometrics focusing on how people made economies work. Cliometrics refers to the systematic application of economic theory Econometric techniques and other formal/mathematical methods to the study of history (especially social Like all his major works, it mixes traditional economic material with much description of the social impact of economic events on everyday life, and gives much attention to food, fashion, social customs and similar areas. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time Social norms have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values beliefs attitudes and behaviors

Braudel claims that there are long-term cycles in the capitalist economy which developed in Europe in the 12th century. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Cities and later nation-states follow each other subsequently as centers of these cycles. Venice and Genoa in 13th to 15th century (1250–1510), Antwerp in 16th (1500–1569), Amsterdam in 16th to 18th (1570–1733), London and England in 18th and 19th (1733–1896). Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He argued that "structures" — a word he uses to mean many kinds of organized behaviours, attitudes, and conventions, as well as literal structures and infrastructures — that were built up in Europe during the Middle Ages contributed to or were perhaps responsible for the success of European-based cultures up to the present day. Much of this he appears to attribute to the long-lived independence of city-states, which although later subjected by geographic states, were not always completely suppressed -- probably for reasons of usefulness.

One feature of Braudel's work is his evident compassion for the suffering of marginal people. [3] He points out the obvious: that most surviving historical sources come from the wealthy (or at least literate) classes — those who are either rich or aspire to be. He gives importance to the apparently ephemeral lives of slaves, serfs, and peasants, as well as to the urban poor, and shows their contributions to the wealth and power of their respective masters and societies. Indeed, he appears to think that these people form the real material of civilization. His work is often illustrated with contemporary depictions of daily life, rarely with pictures of noblemen or kings.

Braudel has been considered one of the greatest of those modern historians who have emphasised the role of large scale socio-economic factors in the making and telling of history[4]. He can also be considered as one of the precursors of World Systems Theory. World system approach is a Post-Marxist view of world affairs one of several historical and current applications of Marxism to International relations.

SUNY Binghamton in New York has a Fernand Braudel Center, and there is an Instituto Fernand Braudel de Economia Mundial in São Paulo, Brazil. The State University of New York at Binghamton (SUNY Binghamton or Binghamton University is one of the four university centers in New York State’s system of New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies Historical Systems and Civilizations at Binghamton University, State University of New York was founded in São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

Recognition

After he had published la Méditerannée, Braudel went into the Bibliothèque Nationale and applied for a library card. He was handed a short form to fill out. Under "Nom," he wrote "BRAUDEL, Fernand"; under "Métier," he wrote "historien. " He was turned down. He then wrote The Structures of Ordinary Life which delineates how all social structures from table manners to petty bureaucracies place limitations on one's possible actions.

Works

* La part du milieu (vol. 1) ISBN 2-253-06168-9
* Destins collectifs et mouvements d'ensemble (vol. 2) ISBN 2-253-06169-7
* Les événements, la politique et les hommes (vol. 3) ISBN 2-253-06170-0
* Les structures du quotidien (vol. 1, 1967) ISBN 2-253-06455-6
* Les jeux de l'échange (vol. 2, 1979) ISBN 2-253-06456-4
* Le temps du monde (vol. 3, 1979) ISBN 2-253-06457-2
* The Structures of Everyday Life (vol. 1) ISBN 0-06-014845-2
* The Wheels of Commerce (vol. 2) ISBN 0-06-015091-2
* The Perspective of the World ('vol. 3) ISBN 0-06-015317-2

References

Notes

  1. ^ Fernand Braudel, A History of Civilizations, translated by Richard Mayne (New York: Penguin Books, 1993).
  2. ^ Richard Mayne, "Translator's Introduction" in Fernand Braudel, "A History of Civilization," (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), pp. xxvi-xxvii.
  3. ^ Fernand Braudel, A History of Civilizations, translated by Richard Mayne (New York: Penguin Books, 1993).
  4. ^ i. e. Fernand Braudel, "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II" (Berkely: University of California Press, 1996)

External links

Preceded by
André Chamson		 Seat 15
Académie française
1984-1985		 Succeeded by
Jacques Laurent
This is a list of members of the Académie française (French Academy by seat number L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. Jacques Laurent or Jacques Laurent-Cély ( 6 January 1919 - 28 December 2000) was a Parisian writer and journalist
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