Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab ), located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, (Google Sat Map) is a U. Batavia is a city in DuPage and Kane Counties in the US state of Illinois. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. S. Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics. The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories and Technology Centers are a system of facilities and laboratories overseen by the United States Department of Energy Particle physics is a branch of Physics that studies the elementary constituents of Matter and Radiation, and the interactions between them As of January 1, 2007, Fermilab is operated by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, a joint venture of the University of Chicago and the Universities Research Association (URA). The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The Universities Research Association Inc (URA is a consortium of leading research oriented universities primarily in the United States, with members also in Canada URA is a consortium of 91 leading research oriented universities primarily in the United States, with members also in Canada, Japan, and Italy. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Fermilab is a part of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor. The Illinois Research & Development Corridor is an area located in northeastern Illinois.
Fermilab's Tevatron is a landmark particle accelerator; at 6. Tevatron is a circular Particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia Illinois and is the highest energy particle collider 28 kilometers (4 miles) in circumference, it is the world's second highest energy particle accelerator (LHC is 27 kilometres in circumference). In 1995, both the CDF and D0 (detectors which utilize the Tevatron) experiments announced the discovery of the top quark. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s The top quark is the third- generation up-type Quark with a charge of +(2/3 e. In addition to high energy collider physics, Fermilab is also host to a number of smaller fixed target experiments and neutrino experiments, such as MiniBooNE (Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment), SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search). Neutrinos are Elementary particles that travel close to the Speed of light, lack an Electric charge, are able to pass through ordinary matter almost MiniBooNE is an experiment at Fermilab designed to observe Neutrino oscillations (BooNE is an acronym for the Booster Neutrino Experiment SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment (SciBooNE, is a neutrino experiment located at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab in the USA In Greek mythology, Minos ( Ancient Greek:) was a mythical king of Crete son of Zeus and Europa. The MiniBooNE detector is a 40-foot (12-meter) diameter sphere which contains 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1520 individual phototube detectors. An estimated 1 million neutrino events are recorded each year. SciBooNE is the newest neutrino experiment at Fermilab; it sits in the same neutrino beam as MiniBooNE but has fine-grained tracking capabilities. The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels 735km through the Earth to the Soudan Mine in Minnesota. Neutrinos at the Main Injector, or NuMI, is a project at Fermilab which creates an intense beam of Neutrinos aimed towards the Soudan Mine for The Soudan Underground Mine State Park is a Minnesota state park at the site of the Soudan Underground Mine, on the south shore of Lake Vermilion Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers
In the public realm, Fermilab is host to many cultural events, not only public science lectures and symposia, but classical and contemporary music concerts, folk dancing and arts galleries, when the Homeland Security Advisory System permits. Currently the site is open to all visitors from dawn to dusk who present valid photo identification. Photo identification is generally used to define any form of Identity document that includes a Photograph of the holder
A small herd of American bison, started at the lab's founding, lives on the grounds symbolizing Fermilab's presence on the frontier of physics and its connection to the American prairie. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. Some fearful locals believed at first that the bison were introduced in order to serve as an alarm if and when radiation at the laboratory reached dangerous levels, but they were assured by Fermilab that this claim had no merit. [1]
Asteroid 11998 Fermilab is named in honor of the laboratory. ! colspan="5" style="background-colorsilvertext-aligncenter" id="001"| 11001&ndash11100 of asteroids/11001&ndash11100|action=edit}}
Contents |
History
Weston, Illinois was a community next to Batavia voted out of existence by its village board in 1966 to provide a site for Fermilab. Weston Illinois may refer to Weston Kane County Illinois - a now-defunct town in Kane County that voted itself out of existence to provide a location for Batavia is a city in DuPage and Kane Counties in the US state of Illinois. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. [2]
The laboratory was founded in 1967 as the National Accelerator Laboratory; it was renamed in honor of Enrico Fermi in 1974. The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The lab's first director was Robert Rathbun Wilson. Robert Rathbun Wilson ( March 4, 1914 &ndash January 16, 2000) was an American Physicist who was a group leader of the Manhattan Many of the unique sculptures on the site are of his creation. He is attributed as being responsible for it being finished ahead of time and under budget. The high rise laboratory building located on the site, the unique shape of which has become the symbol for Fermilab, is named in his honor, and is the center of activity on the campus.
After Dr. Wilson stepped down in 1978 to protest the lack of funding for the lab, Dr. Leon M. Lederman took on the job. Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922) is an American Experimental physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for It was under his guidance that the original accelerator was replaced with the Tevatron accelerator, an accelerator capable of colliding a proton and an antiproton at a combined energy of 2 TeV. The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive The antiproton ( pronounced p-bar) is the Antiparticle of the Proton. Dr. Lederman stepped down in 1988 and remains Director Emeritus. The on-site science education center was named in his honor.
From 1988 to 1998, the lab was run by Dr. John Peoples. From that time until June 30, 2005, the lab was run by Michael S. Witherell. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( Fermilab) located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, is a U On November 19, 2004 Piermaria Oddone, formerly of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, was announced as Fermilab's newest Director. Piermaria J Oddone is a Peruvian American particle Physicist. The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( LBNL) is a U Oddone began his term as director July 1, 2005.
Fermilab is one of the potential sites for the proposed International Linear Collider, though the 2008 omnibus budget bill that has passed Congress makes it unlikely that the facility will be located at Fermilab. The International Linear Collider ( ILC) is a proposed Linear particle accelerator.
Accelerators
The first stage in the acceleration process takes place in the Cockcroft-Walton generator. The Cockcroft-Walton (CW generator, or multiplier, was named after the two men who in 1932 used this circuit design to power their Particle accelerator, performing It involves taking hydrogen gas and turning it into H- ions by introducing it into a container lined with caesium. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 A magnetic field is applied by the Cockcroft-Walton generator, and the ions are accelerated out of the container. The next step is the linear accelerator (or linac), which accelerates the particles to 400 million electron volts (MeV), or about 70% of the speed of light. Right before entering the next accelerator, the H- ions pass through a carbon foil, becoming H+ ions (protons). The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive
The next step is the booster ring. The booster ring is a circular accelerator that uses magnets to bend beams of protons in a circular path. The protons coming from the Linac travel around the Booster about 20,000 times so that they repeatedly experience electric fields. With each revolution the protons pick up more energy, leaving the Booster with 8 billion electron volts (GeV). The Main Injector is the next link in the accelerator chain. Completed in 1999, it has become Fermilab's "particle switchyard" with three functions: it accelerates protons, it delivers protons for antiproton production, and it accelerates antiprotons coming from the antiproton Source. The antiproton ( pronounced p-bar) is the Antiparticle of the Proton. The final accelerator is the Tevatron. Tevatron is a circular Particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia Illinois and is the highest energy particle collider The four-mile-long Tevatron with its superconducting magnets is the most powerful particle accelerator in the world. Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance Traveling at almost the speed of light, protons and antiprotons circle the Tevatron in opposite directions. Physicists co-ordinate the beams so that they collide at the centers of two 5,000-ton detectors DZero and CDF inside the Tevatron tunnel at energies of 2 trillion electron volts (TeV), revealing the conditions of matter in the early universe and its structure at the smallest scale. The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s
Experiments
- Tevatron proton-antiproton collider: D0 and Collider Detector at Fermilab
- MiniBooNE: Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment
- Sciboone: SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment
- MINOS: Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search
- MINERνA: Main INjector ExpeRiment with νs on As
- NOνA: NuMI Off-axis νe Appearance (proposed, but given no funding by Congress)
- MIPP: Main Injector Particle Production
Architecture
Dr. Tevatron is a circular Particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia Illinois and is the highest energy particle collider The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions at the Tevatron, the world’s MiniBooNE is an experiment at Fermilab designed to observe Neutrino oscillations (BooNE is an acronym for the Booster Neutrino Experiment SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment (SciBooNE, is a neutrino experiment located at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab in the USA In Greek mythology, Minos ( Ancient Greek:) was a mythical king of Crete son of Zeus and Europa. Main Injector Experiment for ν-A, or MINERνA, is a Neutrino scattering experiment which uses the NuMI beamline at Fermilab. NOνA ( NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance is a proposed Particle physics experiment designed to detect Neutrinos in Fermilab 's NuMI (Neutrinos Wilson maintained an influence over design and construction such that the aesthetic complexion of the site would not be diluted by a collection of concrete block buildings. The design of the administrative building (Wilson Hall) harks back to St. Pierre's Cathedral in Beauvais, France, and several of the buildings and sculptures within the Fermilab reservation represent various mathematical constructs as part of their structure. Beauvais is a town and commune of northern France, Préfecture (capital of the Oise département.
The Archimedean Spiral is the defining shape of several pumping stations as well as the building housing the MINOS experiment. The Archimedean spiral (also known as the arithmetic spiral) is a Spiral named after the 3rd century BC Greek Mathematician Pumping stations are facilities including Pumps and equipment for pumping fluids from one place to another The reflecting pond at Wilson Hall also showcases a 32-foot tall hyperbolic obelisk, designed by Dr. In Geometry, a hyperbola ( Greek, "over-thrown" has several equivalent definitions Wilson. Some of the high voltage transmission lines carrying power through the laboratory's land are built to echo the Greek letter π. A transmission line is the material medium or structure that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy IMPORTANT NOTICE Please note that Wikipedia is not a database to store the millions of digits of π please refrain from adding those to Wikipedia as it could cause technical problems One can also find structural examples of the DNA double-helix spiral and a nod to the geodesic sphere. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known A geodesic dome is an almost spherical shell structure based on a network of Great circles ( Geodesics lying approximately on the surface of a Sphere
Several large pieces of sculpture found on Fermilab and designed by Wilson include Tractricious, a free-standing arrangement of steel tubes near the Industrial Complex constructed from parts and materials recycled from the Tevatron collider, and the soaring Broken Symmetry, which greets those entering the campus via the Pine Street entrance. Crowning the Ramsey Auditorium is a representation of the Möbius strip with a diameter of more than eight feet. This article is about the mathematical object See Mobius Band (music group for the music group
Working at Fermilab
Fermilab won the 2006 Golden Family Award from the Society of Women Engineers. Fermilab offers equal employment; women represent more than 40% of the work force and most of them are spouses or daughters of scientists and physicists. Golden Family Award stated, "For outstanding support of family issues your facilities, your benefits, your programs, and your approach encourage balance for employees and their families[. . . ]". [3]
There are two cases of gender bias in the Fermilab workplace: the separate federal lawsuits filed by Katharine Weber and Irene Hofmann. Both formerly worked at Fermilab, and both alleged they were retaliated against after complaining of repeated episodes of sexual harassment and discrimination to the Fermilab Equity Office. A summary judgment was granted in favor of URA on both of Weber's claims. Weber filed an appeal at the end of April, 2008 and the case is still ongoing. [4] [5]
There is also evidence of widespread endemic gender bias at the laboratory; in April,2008 a detailed statistical study revealed significant gender inequities in conference presentations allocated by the laboratory to postdoctoral research scientists based at Fermilab. Based on productivity, males received three times the conference presentations relative to their female peers. Conference presentation allocations are important to the career advancement prospects of young particle physicists. [6] [7]
Current developments
Financial situation
The Fermilab budget has been continuously below inflation over the last several years, and Fermilab failed to attract more funding sources and this resulted in reducing staff levels (by 100 in 2005). [8] The new director of the lab and the new management are working hard to bring the International Linear Collider (ILC) to Fermilab. The International Linear Collider ( ILC) is a proposed Linear particle accelerator. However, the decision by Congress to fund the ILC at only a quarter of the requested $60 million significantly reduces the chances that Fermilab or any other U. S. research facility will host the ILC. Fermilab's financial situation is dire, and on December 20, 2007 director Piermaria Oddone announced the planned layoffs of 10% of Fermilab's staff.
CERN
As of 2008, the Tevatron will no longer be the highest energy collider in the world. In Summer of 2008 CERN plans to make its Large Hadron Collider operational. The European Organization for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire known as CERN It is expected that the initial center-of-momentum of 10 TeV, with full energy to follow in 2009. This particle accelerator will have a 27km circumference, and will accelerate particles to a total collision energy of 14 TeV, 7 times the energy at Fermilab. Although Fermilab will continue to play an important role in the future of physics, as of 2008 it is expected to lose its prestigious title of the world's highest energy collider.
New management
On November 1, 2006, the Department of Energy announced that the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA) will manage Fermilab for five years starting January 1, 2007. The FRA is a partnership between the Universities Research Association (URA) and the University of Chicago. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Based on its performance, the FRA may be entitled to renew this contract without competition for up to 20 years. [9]
Failure of magnets
On March 27, 2007, a magnet designed and built by Fermilab for CERN's Large Hadron Collider suffered a catastrophic failure. The 14-meter long part called a quadrupole magnet broke after supports that held the magnet in place inside a cylinder of liquid helium snapped. Quadrupole magnets consist of groups of four Magnets laid out so that in the Multipole expansion of the field the dipole terms cancel and where the lowest significant [10] The solution to this failure was developed within 3 months. Full current of 11. 4 kilo-amps was achieved in one of these repaired magnets on April 24, 2008[11].
The Letter
At some undisclosed time, last year, Fermilab received a letter written in code, apparently by hand, which they paid little further notice to. Recently, however, the letter was posted on Slashdot. org[12], where two people, apart from each other, cracked two thirds of the code in approximately two days. The third part of the letter remains unsolved however, and attempts to decipher it are still in progress.
Notes and references
Location: 41°49'55"N, 88°15'26"W
- ^ United States Department of Energy (2005). Safety and the Environment at Fermilab. Retrieved on 2006-01-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ Fermilab - Before Weston
- ^ United States Department of Energy (2006). Jobs at Fermilab: Employer Awards. Retrieved on 2006-01-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ Weber v. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1:05-cv-05607 (US District Court, Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division 28 September 2005). Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Hofmann v. Fermilab, 1:01-cv-08077 (US District Court, Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division 19 October 2001). Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Nature (doi:101038/4529189) (2008). Data show extent of sexism in physics. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ S. Towers (2008). A Case Study of Gender Bias at the Postdoctoral Level in Physics, and its Resulting Impact on the Academic Career Advancement of Females. Retrieved on 2008-04-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at
- ^ United States Department of Energy (2005). Fermilab Today: Director's Corner. Retrieved on 2006-01-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ United States Department of Energy (2006). U.S. Department of Energy Awards Contract for Management and Operation of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to the Fermi Research Alliance, LLC. Retrieved on 2006-11-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
- ^ "Particle Collider Magnet Failure Blamed on Faulty Engineering", Scientific American, 2007-04-03. Scientific American is a Popular science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly since August 28, 1845, making it Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Retrieved on 2008-04-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ "Fermilab Today, Director's Corner", 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ "Fermilab Today, Director's CorCoded Fermilab letter", 2008-05-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
See also
External links
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
- Fermilab Today Daily newsletter
- Other Fermilab online publications
- A collection of fermilab facts and trivia
- Fermilab Virtual Tour
- Architecture at the Fermilab campus
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic