Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese maritime explorer
Born	Spring 1480 Sabrosa, Portugal
Died	April 27, 1521 Cebu, Philippines
Other names	pt: Fernão de Magalhães es: (F/H)ernando de Magallanes
Known for	Captained the first circumnavigational expedition; located the Magellanic Straits. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Introduction This is a list of notable maritime explorers throughout the History of Humanity. Spring is one of the four Temperate Seasons Spring marks the transition from Winter into Summer. Sabrosa ( pron sɐ'bɾɔzɐ is a municipality in the district of Vila Real in northern Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Cebu is one of the Provinces of the Philippines. It lies to the east of Negros Island; to the west of Leyte and to the southeast is Bohol The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The Straits of Magellan (rarely referred to as the Magellanic Straits) comprise a navigable sea route immediately south of mainland Chile and north of Isla Grande

Ferdinand Magellan (Spring 1480 – April 27, 1521, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines) was a Portuguese maritime explorer who, while in the service of the Spanish Crown, tried to find a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated This page refers to the island in Cebu. For the battle that happened here see Battle of Mactan, For the airport of this island see Mactan-Cebu International Cebu is one of the Provinces of the Philippines. It lies to the east of Negros Island; to the west of Leyte and to the southeast is Bohol The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west Introduction This is a list of notable maritime explorers throughout the History of Humanity. This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. This was the first successful attempt to circumnavigate the Earth in history. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Although he did not complete the entire voyage (he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines) fellow Basque-navigator Juan Sebastian Elcano completed the final westward voyage. The Battle of Mactan was fought in the Philippines on April 27 1521 Juan Sebastián del Cano, then Elcano ( Getaria, in the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, former Kingdom of Castile, Spain As Magellan traveled farther west than the Spice Islands, which he had visited on earlier voyages from the west, he became one of the first individuals to cross all the meridians of the globe. This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands This article is about the geographical concept For other uses of the word see Meridian. He was the first person to lead an expedition sailing westward from Europe to Asia and to cross the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Magellan should also be recognized as the first explorer to enter the Pacific from the eponymous Strait of Magellan, which he discovered. The Straits of Magellan (rarely referred to as the Magellanic Straits) comprise a navigable sea route immediately south of mainland Chile and north of Isla Grande He is also remembered as the first European to reach the archipelago of what is now known as the Philippines, which was unknown to the western world before his landing. Arab traders had established commerce within the archipelago centuries earlier.

Of the 237 men who set out on five ships to circumnavigate the earth, only 18 completed the circumnavigation of the globe and managed to return to Spain in 1522. ^[1][2] They were led by a Basque Juan Sebastián Elcano, who took over command of the expedition after Magellan's death. Juan Sebastián del Cano, then Elcano ( Getaria, in the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, former Kingdom of Castile, Spain 17 other men arrived later in Spain, 12 men captured by the Portugueses in Cape Verde some weeks later, and in 1525/1526 5 survivors of the Trinidad. The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia

Contents 1 Origins and first voyage 2 Spanish search of the Spice Islands 3 Journey 4 Death 5 Circumnavigation and return 6 Legacy 7 Survivors 7.1 Martino de Judicibus 8 See also 9 References and footnotes 10 Further reading 11 External links

Origins and first voyage

Called "Fernão de Magalhães" pronounced [fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ] in his native tongue, Magellan (because of his family's royal heritage) became a page to Queen Leonor at the royal court after the death of his parents during his tenth year. Very little is known about Magellan's background. He was the son of Rui de Magalhães (son of Pedro Afonso de Magalhães and wife Quinta de Sousa) and wife Alda de Mesquita, and brother of Duarte de Sousa, Diogo de Sousa and Isabel de Magalhães, but exactly how he is connected to the respective families it is unknown. He was married to Beatriz Barbosa and had two children: Rodrigo de Magalhães^[3] and Carlos de Magalhães, both of whom died at a young age.

Magellan made his first experience during the expedition on the sea at the age of 25 in 1505, when he was sent to India to install Francisco de Almeida as the Portuguese viceroy. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Dom Francisco de Almeida (fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku dɨ aɫˈmɐiðɐ also known as "the Great Dom Francisco" (born c The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. The voyage gave Magellan his first experience of battle when a local king, who had paid tribute to Vasco da Gama three years earlier, refused to pay tribute to Almeida, which resulted in the Battle of Diu in 1509. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca Background The Portuguese followed this battle by rapidly capturing key ports/coastal areas around the Indian Ocean like Mombasa, Socotra After taking leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour with Almeida and was also accused of trading illegally with the Moors. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Several of the accusations were subsequently proved and there were no further offers of employment after May 15, 1514. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Later on in 1515, Magellan had an employment offer as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this offer.

Spanish search of the Spice Islands

The aim of Christopher Columbus' voyage to the West was to reach the coasts of the Spice Islands (or the Indies) and to establish commercial relations between Spain and the several Asian kingdoms. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago The Spanish soon realized after Columbus' voyages that the lands of the Americas were not a part of Asia, but a new continent. Once Vasco da Gama and the Portuguese arrived in India in 1498, it became urgent for Spain to find a new commercial route to Asia. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca The Treaty of Tordesillas reserved for Portugal the routes that went around Africa. The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in The Spanish Crown then decided to send out exploration voyages in order to find a way to Asia by travelling westwards. Vasco Núñez de Balboa sailed the Pacific Ocean in 1513, and Juan Díaz de Solís died in Río de la Plata some years later trying to find a passage in South America. Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475&ndash January 15, 1519 was a Spanish Explorer, Governor, and Conquistador. Juan Díaz de Solís, (1470 – January 20 1516) was a Spanish Navigator and Explorer. The Río de la Plata ( Spanish: " Silver River" &mdash which is often referred to in English-speaking countries as the River Plate

When Magellan arrived at the Court of Spain, he presented King Charles V with a plan which would bring the ships of the Crown of Castile full access to the lands of the Spice Islands, after seeing that plan not approved by the Portuguese king, Manuel I. Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port

Journey

On August 10, 1519, five ships under Magellan's command – Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, and Santiago – left Seville and travelled from the Guadalquivir River to Sanlúcar de Barrameda at the mouth of the river, where they remained more than five weeks. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Victoria (or Nao Victoria, as well as Vittoria) was the first ship to successfully circumnavigate the world The Guadalquivir is the fifth longest River in Spain (after the Tagus, Ebro, Duero and Guadiana) and the longest in

Spanish authorities were wary of the Portuguese Magellan, almost prevented the admiral from sailing, and switched his crew from mostly Portuguese men to men of Spain. Nevertheless, Magellan set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda with about 270 men on September 20. King Manuel ordered a Portuguese naval detachment to pursue Magellan, but Magellan avoided them. Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port After stopping at the Canary Islands, Magellan arrived at Cape Verde, where he set course for Cape St. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia Augustine in Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld On November 27, the expedition crossed the equator; on December 6, the crew sighted South America. The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the

Since Brazil was Portuguese territory, Magellan avoided it, and on December 13 anchored near present-day Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil There the crew was resupplied, but bad conditions caused them to delay. Afterwards, they continued to sail south along South America's east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed would lead to the Spice Islands. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The fleet reached Río de la Plata on January 10, 1520. The Río de la Plata ( Spanish: " Silver River" &mdash which is often referred to in English-speaking countries as the River Plate Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.

On March 30, the crew established a settlement that they called Puerto San Julian. Puerto San Julián, also known historically as Port St Julian, is a natural harbour in Patagonia in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina located On April 2, a mutiny involving two of the five ship captains broke out, but it was unsuccessful because the crew remained loyal. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Juan Sebastián Elcano was one of those who were forgiven. Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian from Vicenza who paid to be on the Magellan voyage, related that Gaspar Quesada, the captain of Concepcion, was executed; Juan de Cartagena, the captain of San Antonio, and a priest named Padre Sanchez de la Reina were instead marooned on the coast. Antonio Pigafetta (c 1491 was an Italian Scholar born in Vicenza. Vicenza, a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region at the northern base of the Monte Berico A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Marooning is leaving someone behind on purpose in an uninhabited area such as an uninhabited island Another account states that Luis de Mendoza, the captain of Victoria, was executed along with Quesada. ^[4] Reportedly those killed were drawn and quartered and impaled on the coast; years later, their bones were found by Sir Francis Drake. To be hanged drawn and quartered was the penalty once ordained in England for the crime of High treason. Impalement is a term that refers to situations in which objects are driven through the body causing deep stabbing wounds Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician ^[5][6]

The journey resumed. The Santiago was sent down the coast on a scouting expedition and was wrecked in a sudden storm. All of its crew survived and made it safely to shore. Two of them returned overland to inform Magellan of what had happened, and bring rescue to their comrades. After this experience, Magellan decided to wait for a few weeks more before again resuming the voyage.

At 52°S latitude on October 21, the fleet reached Cape Virgenes and concluded they had found the passage, because the waters were brine and deep inland. Capes in the Americas Cape Virgenes ( Cabo Virgenes, Cape Virgins is the southeastern tip of South America. Brine (lat saltus) is Water saturated or nearly saturated with Salt (NaCl Four ships began an arduous trip through the 373-mile (600 km) long passage that Magellan called the Estrecho (Canal) de Todos los Santos, ("All Saints' Channel"), because the fleet travelled through it on November 1, or All Saints' Day. For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often The strait is now named the Strait of Magellan. The Straits of Magellan (rarely referred to as the Magellanic Straits) comprise a navigable sea route immediately south of mainland Chile and north of Isla Grande Magellan first assigned Concepcion and San Antonio to explore the strait, but the latter, commanded by Gomez, deserted and returned to Spain on November 20. On November 28, the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific. Magellan named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness. ^[7] Magellan was the first European to reach Tierra del Fuego just east of the Pacific side of the strait. Tierra del Fuego ( Spanish for " Land of Fire " in English tiˈɛərə dɛl ˈfweɪgoʊ] Spanish ˈtjerað̞elˈfweɰo is an Archipelago

Death

Heading northwest, the crew reached the equator on February 13, 1521. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed On March 6, they reached the Marianas and Guam. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated Magellan called Guam the "Island of Sails" because they saw a lot of sailboats. They renamed it to "Ladrones Island" (Island of Thieves) because many of Trinidad's small boats were stolen there. On March 16, Magellan reached the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, with 150 crew left, and became the first European to reach the Philippines. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Homonhon Island is an island in the province of Eastern Samar, Philippines, on the west side of Leyte Gulf.

Magellan was able to communicate with the native peoples because his Malay interpreter, Enrique, could understand their language. Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast This article discusses the slave and interpreter of Ferdinand Magellan. Enrique was indentured by Magellan in 1511 right after the sacking of Malacca (See: European colonization of Melaka), and was at his side during the battles in Africa, during Magellan's disgrace at the King's court in Portugal, and during Magellan's successful raising of a fleet. An indentured servant is a form of Debt bondage worker The Laborer is under Contract of an Employer for some period of time usually three to They traded gifts with Rajah Siaiu of Mazaua, who guided them to Cebu on April 7. For other uses see Raja (disambiguation and Rajah (disambiguation. Cebu is an island of the Philippines. It is the main island of Cebu Province in Visayas. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor

Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly to Magellan, and he and his queen, Juana, even accepted Christianity. Afterward, Humabon and his rival Datu Zula convinced Magellan to go kill their enemy, Lapu-Lapu, on Mactan. Lapu-Lapu is also the name of the Grouper fish in the Philippines Magellan had wished to convert Lapu-Lapu to Christianity, as he had Rajah Humabon, a proposal to which Lapu-Lapu was dismissive. On the morning of April 17, 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan with an army of men. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. During the resulting Battle of Mactan against indigenous forces led by Lapu-Lapu, Magellan was killed.

Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided the only extant eyewitness accounts of the events culminating in Magellan's death:

“

When morning came, forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two cross-bow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, [the natives] had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred people. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries. . . The musketeers and crossbow-men shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly. . . Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice. . . A native hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the native's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best we could, to the boats, which were already pulling off. [8]

”

Magellan provided in his will that Enrique, his interpreter, was to be freed upon his death. However, after Mactan, the remaining ships' masters refused to free Enrique. Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1, with the aid of Rajah Humabon, amid the deaths of almost 30 crewmen. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. However, Pigafetta had been jotting down words the Bisayan language, both Butuanon and Cebuano--which he started at Mazaua on Friday, March 29 and grew to a total of 145 words--and was apparently able to continue communications during the rest of the voyage. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King The Spaniards offered the natives with merchandises in exchange for Magellan's body, but they were declined and his body was never recovered. ^[9]

Circumnavigation and return

The casualties suffered in the Philippines left the expedition with too few men to sail the three remaining ships. Accordingly, on May 2, they abandoned Concepción and burned the ship to ensure it could not be used against them. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. The fleet, reduced to Trinidad and Victoria, fled westward to Palawan. Palawan is an Island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region. They left that island on June 21, and were guided to Brunei, Borneo by Moro pilots who could navigate the shallow seas. Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Moro are a Multilingual ethnic group and the largest mainly non-Christian ethnic group in the Philippines, comprising about 5 They anchored off the Brunei breakwater for 35 days, where Pigafetta, an Italian from Vicenza, recorded the splendour of Rajah Siripada's court (gold, two pearls the size of hens' eggs, etc. Vicenza, a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region at the northern base of the Monte Berico Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 A pearl is a hard roundish object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled Mollusk. ). In addition, Brunei boasted tame elephants and armament of 62 cannons, more than 5 times the armament of Magellan's ships, and Brunei disdained cloves, which were to prove more valuable than gold, upon the return to Spain. Elephants ( family: Elephantidae) are large land Mammals of the order Proboscidea. This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. Pigafetta mentions some of the technology of the court, such as porcelain and eyeglasses (both of which were not available or only just becoming available in Europe). Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures Glasses, also called eyeglasses or spectacles, are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the Eyes normally for vision correction,

After reaching the Maluku Islands (the Spice Islands) on November 6, 115 crew were left. The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with They managed to trade with the Sultan of Tidore, a rival of the Sultan of Ternate, who was the ally of the Portuguese. Tidore is an island in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, just west of the larger island of Halmahera. Ternate is an island and town in the Maluku Islands (Moluccas of eastern Indonesia, located off the west coast of the larger island of Halmahera.

The two remaining ships, laden with valuable spices, attempted to return to Spain by sailing west. However, as they left the Spice Islands, Trinidad began to take on water. The crew tried to discover and repair the leak, but failed. They concluded that Trinidad would need to spend considerable time being overhauled, but the small Victoria was not large enough to accommodate all the surviving crew. As a result, Victoria with some of the crew sailed west for Spain. Several weeks later, Trinidad departed and attempted to return to Spain via the Pacific route. This attempt failed. Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese, and was eventually wrecked in a storm while at anchor under Portuguese control.

Victoria set sail via the Indian Ocean route home on December 21, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian By May 6, the Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope, with only rice for rations. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Twenty crewmen died of starvation before Elcano put into Cape Verde, a Portuguese holding, where he abandoned 13 more crew on July 9 in fear of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices (cloves and cinnamon). Juan Sebastián del Cano, then Elcano ( Getaria, in the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, former Kingdom of Castile, Spain The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum, synonym C zeylanicum) is a small Evergreen Tree 10–15 metres (32

On September 6, 1522, Elcano and the remaining crew of Magellan's voyage arrived in Spain aboard the last ship in the fleet, Victoria, almost exactly three years after they departed. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Magellan had not intended to circumnavigate the world, only to find a secure way through which the Spanish ships could navigate to the Spice Islands; it was Elcano who, after Magellan's death, decided to push westward, thereby completing the first voyage around the entire Earth.

Maximilianus Transylvanus interviewed the surviving members of the expedition when they presented themselves to the Spanish court at Valladolid in the autumn of 1522, and wrote the first account of the voyage, which was published in 1523. Maximilianus Transylvanus (Transilvanus Transylvanianus, also Maximilianus of Transylvania and Maximilian (Maximiliaen von Sevenborgen ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region The account written by Pigafetta did not appear until 1525, and was not wholly published until 1800. This was the Italian transcription by Carlo Amoretti of what we now call the Ambrosiana codex. Carlo Amoretti was an Erudite Ecclesiastic, Scholar, Writer, and Scientist. The expedition eked out a small profit, but the crew was not paid full wages.

Four crewmen of the original 55 on Trinidad finally returned to Spain in 1525; 51 of them had died in war or from disease. In total, approximately 232 Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, English and German sailors died on the expedition around the world with Magellan. ^[10]

Legacy

Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe and the first to navigate the strait in South America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Magellan's crew observed several animals that were entirely new to European science, including a "camel without humps", which could have been a llama, guanaco, vicuña, or alpaca. Camels are Even-toed ungulates within the Genus Camelus. The Dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel has a single hump and the The llama ( Lama glama) is a South American Camelid, widely used as a Pack animal by the Incas and other natives of the Andes The guanaco ( Lama guanicoe) is a Camelid animal native to South America that stands between 107 and 122 centimeters (3 The vicuña ( Vicugna vicugna) is one of two wild South American Camelids along with the Guanaco, which live in the high alpineous areas of the The Alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American Camelid. A black "goose" that had to be skinned instead of plucked was a penguin. Goose (plural geese) is the English name for a considerable number of Birds belonging to the family Anatidae. Penguins ( order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless Birds living almost

Two of the closest galaxies, the Magellanic Clouds, were discovered by crew members in the southern hemisphere. A galaxy is a massive gravitationally bound system consisting of Stars an Interstellar medium of gas and dust, and Dark matter History The Magellanic Clouds were certainly known since the earliest times by the ancient Middle Eastern peoples Southern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is South of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' The full extent of the Earth was also realized, since their voyage was 14,460 leagues (69,800km or 43,400mi). The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States

Finally, the need for an International Date Line was established. Upon returning they found their calendars were a day behind, even though they had faithfully maintained the ship's log. However, they did not have clocks accurate enough to observe the very slight lengthening of each day during which they were underway on the journey (and since they traveled west, after circumnavigation they had rotated about the earth's axis exactly one time less, hence experiencing one less night, than if they had remained in Spain). ^[11] This caused great excitement at the time and a special delegation was sent to the Pope to explain the oddity to him.

The course that Magellan charted was followed by other navigators, all of whom met with failure until the voyage of Sir Francis Drake some fifty years afterwards in 1577. Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician

Survivors

When Victoria, the only surviving ship, returned to the harbor of departure after completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth. On board the small ship only 18 men out of the original 237 men were onboard.

18 men returned to Seville aboard Victoria in 1522:

Name	Rating
Juan Sebastián Elcano, from Getaria	Master
Francisco Albo, from Rodas (in Tui, Galicia)	Pilot
Miguel de Rodas (in Tui, Galicia)	Pilot
Juan de Acurio, from Bermeo	Pilot
Antonio Lombardo (Pigafetta), from Vicenza	Supernumerary
Martín de Judicibus, from Genoa	Chief Steward
Hernándo de Bustamante, from Alcántara	Mariner
Nicholas the Greek, from Nafplion	Mariner
Miguel Sánchez, from Rodas (in Tui, Galicia)	Mariner
Antonio Hernández Colmenero, from Huelva	Mariner
Francisco Rodrigues, Portuguese from Seville	Mariner
Juan Rodríguez, from Huelva	Mariner
Diego Carmena, from Baiona (Galicia)	Mariner
Hans of Aachen, (Holy Roman Empire)	Gunner
Juan de Arratia, from Bilbao	Able Seaman
Vasco Gómez Gallego, from Baiona (Galicia)	Able Seaman
Juan de Santandrés, from Cueto (Cantabria)	Apprentice Seaman
Juan de Zubileta, from Barakaldo	Page

Martino de Judicibus

Among the survivors there were only two Italians, Antonio Pigafetta and Martino de Judicibus. Juan Sebastián del Cano, then Elcano ( Getaria, in the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, former Kingdom of Castile, Spain Captain is the traditional customary title given to the person in charge in command of a Ship at sea Tui is a town located in Galicia (Spain, in the province of Pontevedra. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. A pilot is a Mariner who guides Ships through dangerous or congested waters such as Harbours or River mouths Legally the master remains Bermeo is a town and Municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, which lies in Northern Antonio Pigafetta (c 1491 was an Italian Scholar born in Vicenza. Vicenza, a city in northern Italy, is the capital of the eponymous province in the Veneto region at the northern base of the Monte Berico Supernumerary is an additional member of an organization A supernumerary is also non-regular member of a staff a member of the staff or an employee who works in a public office who Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Alcántara is a municipality (pop 1769 in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain, on the Tagus, near Portugal. Nafplion (Ναύπλιο in the Peloponnese in Greece, is a seaport town that has expanded up the hillsides near the north end of the Argolic Gulf Huelva is a city in southwestern Spain, the capital of the province of Huelva in the autonomous region of Andalusia. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Huelva is a city in southwestern Spain, the capital of the province of Huelva in the autonomous region of Andalusia. Baiona ( Galician: Baiona; Spanish: Bayona) is a municipality in Galicia, Spain, in the province of Pontevedra ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Gunner ( Gnr) is a rank equivalent to Private in the British Army Royal Artillery and the Artillery Corps of Bilbao, (also Bilbo) in the North of Spain, is the largest city in the Basque Country and the capital of the province of Biscay (Basque Royal Navy In the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century the term Able Seaman (abbreviated AB) referred to a Seaman with at Cueto ( is a town in the municipality of Santander ( Cantabria, Spain) north of the capital Cantabria is a Spanish province and Autonomous community with Santander as its capital city Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill Barakaldo (not to be confused with the Cuban and Guinean cities called Baracaldo) is an industrial river-port municipality in the Basque Country in Spain A page or page boy is a traditionally young male servant. The medieval page In medieval times, a page was an attendant to a Knight Antonio Pigafetta (c 1491 was an Italian Scholar born in Vicenza.

Martino de Judicibus (Spanish: Martín de Judicibus) was a Genoese or Savonese^[12] Chief Steward. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English See also Seafarer's professions and ranks A Chief Steward is the senior unlicensed crew member working in the Steward's Department of a ship He served with Ferdinand Magellan on his historical voyage to find a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia^[13]. This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. His history is preserved in the nominative registers at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The family name is referred to with the exact Latin patronymic, "de Judicibus".

He was initially assigned to the caravel Concepción, one of five ships of the small Spanish fleet of Magellan. Martino de Judicibus embarked on the expedition with the rank of merino.

See also

• Military history of the Philippines
• History of the Philippines
• Exploration of Asia
• Age of Exploration
• Portuguese Empire
• Spanish Empire

References and footnotes

Further reading

• Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, New York: HarperCollins, [2003] ISBN 0-06-621173-5.
• Charles McKew Parr. So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1953) LOC: 53-7525
• Stefan Zweig, Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan, 1938 (original title: Magellan. Stefan Zweig ( November 28, 1881, Vienna, Austria &ndash February 22, 1942, Petrópolis, Brazil) Der Mann und seine Tat), a biography by the Austrian writer
• Lord Stanley of Alderley, The first voyage round the world, by Magellan, London: Hakluyt, [1874], six contemporary accounts of his voyage

External links

• Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines from History House. Henry Edward John Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley and 2nd Baron Eddisbury ( 11 July 1827 – 10 December 1903) was
• Lists of crew members :
  • 107 people
    • The 18 arriving on Victoria
  • Encyclopaedia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan
  • A picture of the 1522 disembarkment with names of the 18

Persondata
NAME	Magellan, Ferdinand
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Magalhães, Fernão de (Portuguese); Magallanes, Fernando de (Spanish)
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Sea explorer
DATE OF BIRTH	Spring 1480
PLACE OF BIRTH	Sabrosa, Portugal
DATE OF DEATH	April 27, 1521
PLACE OF DEATH	Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines

Sabrosa ( pron sɐ'bɾɔzɐ is a municipality in the district of Vila Real in northern Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated This page refers to the island in Cebu. For the battle that happened here see Battle of Mactan, For the airport of this island see Mactan-Cebu International Cebu is one of the Provinces of the Philippines. It lies to the east of Negros Island; to the west of Leyte and to the southeast is Bohol The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

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