| Ferdinand Foch | |
|---|---|
| October 2, 1851–March 20, 1929 | |
 |
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| Place of birth | Tarbes, France |
| Place of death | Paris, France |
| Allegiance |  France |
| Service/branch | French Army |
| Years of service | 1871–1923 |
| Rank | Général de division |
| Battles/wars | Battle of the Frontiers, Spring Offensive, Meuse-Argonne Offensive |
| Awards | Marshal of France (1918) British Field Marshal (1919) Marshal of Poland (1920) Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur Médaille militaire Croix de guerre 1914-1918 Order of Merit (UK) Virtuti Militari (1st Class) Distinguished Service Medal (US) |
Ferdinand Foch OM GCB (October 2, 1851 – March 20, 1929) was a French soldier, military theorist, and writer credited with possessing "the most original and subtle mind in the French Army" in the early 20th century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tarbes is a French town and commune, in the département of Hautes-Pyrénées, of which it is the Préfecture This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest Divisional General is a rank used in many armies to denote a rank of general corresponding to command of a division The Battle of the Frontiers was a series of Battles fought along the eastern frontier of France and in southern Belgium shortly after the outbreak of The 1918 Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht ( Kaiser's Battle) and also known as the Ludendorff Offensive was a series of German attacks along the The Meuse-Argonn Offensive, also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I (and known as the Grand The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank Marshal of Poland ( Marszałek Polski) is the highest rank in the Polish Army. The Médaille militaire (Military Medal is a decoration of the French Republic which was first instituted in 1852. The Croix de guerre 1914-1918 (French for "Cross of War") is a French military decoration The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. The Order Virtuti Militari ( Latin for "For Military Virtue" is Poland 's highest Military decoration for valor in the face of This article concerns the United States Army Distinguished Service Medal The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. This is an incomplete list of people who have been created honorary Knights (or Dames by the British crown as well as those who have been raised to the two comparable Orders of Chivalry ( Order Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest The twentieth century of the Common Era began on [1] He served as general in the French Army during World War I and was made Marshal of France in its final year, 1918. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. Shortly after the start of the Spring Offensive, Germany's final attempt to win the war, Foch was chosen as supreme commander of the allied armies, a position that he held until November 11, 1918, when he accepted the German request for an armistice. The 1918 Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht ( Kaiser's Battle) and also known as the Ludendorff Offensive was a series of German attacks along the The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
He advocated peace terms that would make Germany unable to ever pose a threat to France again. His words after the Treaty of Versailles, "This is not a peace. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It is an armistice for 20 years" would prove prophetic.
Contents |
Early life
Foch was born in Tarbes, France as the son of a civil servant from Provence. Tarbes is a French town and commune, in the département of Hautes-Pyrénées, of which it is the Préfecture This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France He attended school in Tarbes, Rodez, and the Jesuit College in St. Etienne. Rodez ( Occitan: Rodés) is a city and commune in southern France, in the Aveyron département, of which it is The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Saint-Étienne ( Sant-Etiève in Arpitan) is a city in the central eastern part of France, 60 km (40 miles southwest of Lyon. His brother was later a Jesuit and this may initially have hindered Foch's rise through the ranks of the French Army (since the Republican government of France was anti-clerical). The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political "Foch" is a Breton name and is pronounced "Fosh".
Foch enlisted in the French 4th Infantry Regiment, in 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, and decided to stay in the army after the war. The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 In 1871, Foch entered the École Polytechnique and received his commission as a Lieutenant in the 24th Artillery Regiment, in 1873, despite not having the time to complete his course due to the shortage of junior officers. For other Écoles Polytechniques see École Polytechnique de Montréal and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine He rose through the ranks, eventually reaching the rank of Captain before entering the Staff College in 1885. In 1895, he was to return to the College as an instructor and it is for his work here that he was later acclaimed as "the most original military thinker of his generation". [2] Turning to history for inspiration, Foch became known for his critical analyses of the Franco-Prussian and Napoleonic campaigns and of their relevance to the pursuit of military operations in the new century. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions His re-examination of France's painful defeat in 1870 was among the first of its kind.
In his career as instructor Foch created renewed interest in French military history, inspired confidence in a new class of French officers, and brought about "the intellectual and moral regeneration of the French Army". The military history of France encompasses an immense panorama of conflicts and struggles extending for more than 2000 years across areas including modern France, greater [3] His thinking on military doctrine was shaped by the unshakeable belief, uncommon at the time, that "the will to conquer is the first condition of victory. " Collections of his lectures, which reintroduced the concept of the offensive to French military theory, were published in the volumes "Des Principes de la Guerre" ("On the Principles of War") in 1903, and "De la Conduite de la Guerre" ("On the Conduct of War") in 1904. Sadly, while Foch advised "qualification and discernment" in military strategy and cautioned that "recklessness in attack could lead to prohibitive losses and ultimate failure,"[4] his concepts, distorted and misunderstood by contemporaries, became associated with the perverse offensive doctrines (l'offensive à outrance) of his successors. To Foch's regret, the cult of the offensive came to dominate military circles, and Foch's books were even cited in the development of Plan XVII, the disastrous French strategy for war with Germany that brought France so close to ruin in 1914. Cult of the offensive refers to a strategic military dilemma where leaders believe that offensive advantages are so great that a defending force would have no hope of repelling the attack Plan XVII was the name of the battle plan adopted by the French General Staff in 1913 to be put into effect by the French Army in the event of war between France and Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
Foch continued his initially slow rise through the ranks, being promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1898. Thereafter, his career accelerated and he returned to command in 1901, when he was posted to a regiment. A regiment is a Military unit, composed of a variable number of Battalions – commanded by a Colonel. He was promoted to become a Colonel in 1903, then Brigadier General (Général de Brigade) in 1907, returning to the Staff College as Commandant from 1907–1911. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country This article refers to the military rank For the Doctor Who character known as the Brigadier see Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. In 1911 he was promoted Major General (Général de Division) and then Lieutenant General (Général de corps d’Armée) in 1913, taking command of XXe Corps at Nancy. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries A Général de corps d'armée (General of Army Corps is a senior rank in the French Army. Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France
Foch and World War I
On the outbreak of the war, Foch was in command of XX Corps, part of the Second Army of General de Castelnau. The Second Army (IIe Armée was a Field army of the French Army during World War I and World War II. Noël Marie Joseph Édouard Vicomte de Curières de Castelnau ( 24 December, 1851 &ndash 19 March, 1944) was a French general in World On August 14 the corps advanced towards the Sarrebourg-Morhange line, taking heavy casualties in the Battle of the Frontiers. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Sarrebourg (Saarburg is a town in Lorraine, France. It lies in the département Morhange is a Village and commune in the Moselle département of north-eastern France. The Battle of the Frontiers was a series of Battles fought along the eastern frontier of France and in southern Belgium shortly after the outbreak of The defeat of XV Corps to its right forced Foch into retreat. Foch acquitted himself well, covering the withdrawal to Nancy and the Charmes Gap, before launching a counter-attack that prevented the Germans from crossing the Meurthe. Nancy (nɑ̃si archaic Nanzig Nanzeg is a city and commune in the Lorraine région of northeastern France Meurthe is a former département of France. Its Préfecture (capital was Nancy.
He was then selected to command the newly formed Ninth Army, which he was to command during the First Battle of the Marne and the Race to the Sea. The Ninth Army (IXe Armée was a Field army of the French Army during World War I and World War II. The First Battle of the Marne (also known as the Miracle of the Marne) was a World War I battle fought from 5 September to 12 September 1914 The Race to the Sea was a name given to a period of World War I when on the Western Front, the two sides were still engaged in mobile warfare With his Chief of Staff Maxime Weygand, Foch managed to do this while the whole French Army was in full retreat. Maxime Weygand ( 21 January 1867 - 28 January 1965) (vɛgɑ̃ was a French military commander in World War I and World Only a week after taking command of 9th Army, he was forced to fight a series of defensive actions to prevent a German breakthrough. It was then that he spoke the famous words: "Hard pressed on my right. My center is yielding. Impossible to maneuver. Situation excellent. I attack. " His counter-attack was an implementation of the theories he had developed during his staff college days, and succeeded in stopping the German advance. A counterattack Foch received further reinforcements from the Fifth Army and, following another attack on his forces, counter-attacked again on the Marne. The Fifth Army (Ve Armée was a famous fighting force that participated in World War I. The Germans dug in before eventually retreating. On September 12 Foch regained Marne at Châlons and liberated the city. Châlons-en-Champagne is a city and commune in France. It is the administrative centre ( Préfecture) of both the département The people of Châlons greeted as a hero the man widely believed to have been instrumental in stopping the great retreat and stabilising the Allied position. The Great Retreat is the name given to the slow fighting retreat by Allied forces to the River Marne, on the Western Front early in World War Receiving thanks from the Bishop of Châlons, Foch piously replied, "non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed nomini tuo da gloriam. A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight "
Foch's successes gained him a further promotion, on October 4, when he was appointed assistant Commander-in-Chief with responsibility for co-ordinating the activities of the northern French armies, and liaising with the British forces. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas This was a key appointment as the so-called "Race to the Sea" was then in progress. Joffre had also wanted to nominate Foch as his successor "in case of accident", to make sure the job would not be given to Galliéni, but the French government would not agree to this. When the Germans attacked on October 13, they narrowly failed to break through the British and French lines. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 They tried again at the end of the month during the First Battle of Ypres; this time suffering terrible casualties. The First Battle of Ypres, also called the Battle of Flanders, was the last major battle of the first year of World War I (1914 Foch had again succeeded in co-ordinating a defence and winning against the odds. On 2 December 1914, King George V of the United Kingdom appointed him an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George [5] In 1915, his responsibilities by now crystallised into command of the Northern Army Group, he conducted the Artois Offensive, and, in 1916, the French part of the Battle of the Somme. The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme Offensive, fought from July to November 1916 was among the largest battles of the First World War He was strongly criticised for his tactics and the heavy casualties that were suffered by the Allied armies during these battles, and in December 1916 was removed from command, by General Joffre, and sent to command in Italy; Joffre was himself sacked days later. Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre (12 January 1852 - 3 January 1931 was a French General who was Commander-in-Chief of the French Army between Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
Just a few months later, after the failure of General Nivelle, General Pétain was appointed Chief of the General Staff; Foch hoped to succeed Pétain in command of Army Group Centre, but this job was instead given to General Fayolle. Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 &ndash 22 March 1924 was a French artillery officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion, and the First World War. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) The following month General Pétain was appointed Commander-in-Chief in place of Nivelle, and Foch was recalled and promoted to Chief of the General Staff. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain)
On March 26, 1918, Foch was appointed Allied Supreme Commander with the title of Généralissime ("supreme General") with the job of co-ordinating the activities of the Allied armies[6], forming a common reserve and using these divisions to guard the junction of the French and British armies and to plug the potentially fatal gap that would have followed a German breakthrough in the British Fifth Army sector. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. Despite being surprised by the German offensive on the Chemin des Dames, the Allied armies under Foch's command ultimately held the advance of the German forces during the great Spring Offensive of 1918 and at the Second Battle of Marne in July 1918. In France the Chemin des Dames, literally the "Ladies' Way" is part of the D18 and runs east and west in the département of Aisne, between in the west the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The 1918 Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht ( Kaiser's Battle) and also known as the Ludendorff Offensive was a series of German attacks along the The Second Battle of the Marne, or Battle of Reims ( July 15 to August 5, 1918) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front The celebrated phrase, "I will fight in front of Paris, I will fight in Paris, I will fight behind Paris," attributed both to Foch and Clemenceau, illustrated the Generalissimo's resolve to keep the Allied armies intact, even at the risk of losing the capital. Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist On 6 August 1918, Foch was made Marshal of France. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank.
Along with the British commander Field Marshal Haig, Foch planned the Grand Offensive, opening on September 26, 1918, which led to the defeat of Germany. Field Marshal Douglas Haig 1st Earl Haig, KT, GCB, OM, GCVO, The Grand Offensive is a common if informal term for the series of attacks by the Allies and Associated Powers on the Western Front, commencing on September Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Foch accepted the German cessation of hostilities in November, after which he refused to shake the hand of the German signatory. The armistice treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918 On the day of the armistice, he was elected to the Académie des Sciences. The French Academy of Sciences ( French: Académie des sciences) is a Learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the Ten days later, he was unanimously elected to the Académie française. L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language.
Paris Peace Conference
In January 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference Foch presented a memorandum to the Allied plenipotentiaries in which he stated:
Henceforward the Rhine ought to be the Western military frontier of the German countries. The word plenipotentiary (from the Latin, plenus + potens, full + power has two meanings The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A frontier is a Political and Geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature Henceforward Germany ought to be deprived of all entrance and assembling ground, that is, of all territorial sovereignty on the left bank of the river, that is, of all facilities for invading quickly, as in 1914, Belgium, Luxembourg, for reaching the coast of the North Sea and threatening the United Kingdom, for outflanking the natural defences of France, the Rhine, Meuse, conquering the Northern Provinces and entering the Parisian area. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Meuse (møːz is a department in northeast France, named after the Meuse River. [7]
In a subsequent memorandum, Foch argued that the Allies should take full advantage of their victory by permanently weakening German power in order to prevent her from threatening France again:
What the people of Germany fear the most is a renewal of hostilities since, this time, Germany would be the field of battle and the scene of the consequent devastation. This makes it impossible for the yet unstable German Government to reject any demand on our part if it is clearly formulated. The Entente, in its present favourable military situation, can obtain acceptance of any peace conditions it may put forward provided that they are presented without much delay. Flag of the United Kingdomsvg|right|70px]] The Entente cordiale is a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom All it is has to do is to decide what they shall be. [7]
However the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and the American President Wilson objected to the detachment of the Rhineland from Germany, but agreed to Allied military occupation for fifteen years, which Foch thought insufficient to protect France. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. The Rhineland ( Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany.
Foch considered the Treaty of Versailles to be "a capitulation, a treason" because he believed that only permanent occupation of the Rhineland would grant France sufficient security against a revival of German aggression. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. [8] As the treaty was being signed Foch said: "This is not peace. A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. It is an armistice for 20 years". [9]
Post-war career
Foch was made a British Field Marshal in 1919,[10] and, for his advice during the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920, as well as his pressure on Germany during the Great Poland Uprising, he was awarded with the title of Marshal of Poland in 1923. This is a list of Field Marshals of the United Kingdom, with their respective years of appointment The Greater Poland Uprising of 1918&ndash1919, or Wielkopolska Uprising of 1918&ndash1919 ( Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918&ndash19 roku; Marshal of Poland ( Marszałek Polski) is the highest rank in the Polish Army.
On November 1, 1921 Foch was in Kansas City to take part in the groundbreaking ceremony for the Liberty Memorial that was being constructed there. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages The Liberty Memorial, located in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, is called a National Symbol for World War I and houses the The National World Also present that day were Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium, Admiral David Beatty of Great Britain, General Armando Diaz of Italy and General John J. Pershing of the United States. Admiral of the Fleet David Beatty 1st Earl Beatty GCB, OM, GCVO, DSO (17 January 1871 – 11 March 1936 was an Admiral Armando Diaz ( December 5, 1861 &ndash February 29, 1928) was an Italian general and a Marshal of Italy. John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB ( September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army One of the main speakers was Vice President Calvin Coolidge of the United States. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 In 1935 bas-reliefs of Foch, Jacques, Diaz and Pershing by sculptor Walker Hancock were added to the memorial. Walker Kirtland Hancock (born June 28, 1901, St Louis Missouri, died December 30, 1998, Gloucester Massachusetts
Foch died on March 20th, 1929, and was interred in Les Invalides, next to Napoleon and many other famous French soldiers and officers. Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing Museums and monuments all relating
A statue of Foch was set up at the Compiègne Armistice site when the area was converted into a national memorial. Compiègne is a commune in the Oise département of France, of which it is a Sous-préfecture. This statue was the one item left undisturbed by the Germans following their defeat of France in June, 1940. Following the signing of France's surrender on June 21, the Germans ravaged the area surrounding the railway car in which both the 1918 and 1940 surrenders had taken place. The statue was left standing, to view nothing but a wasteland.
.jpg/165px-Ferdinand_Foch_statue_(Victoria,_London).jpg)
A heavy cruiser and a full-size aircraft carrier were named in his honour, as well as an early district of Gdynia, Poland. Combat History 1977 Gdynia (Gdingen (until 1939 Gotenhafen (1939-1945 Gdiniô is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important Seaport The latter was, however, renamed by the Communist government after World War II. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nevertheless, one of the major avenues of the town of Bydgoszcz, located in then in the Polish corridor, holds his name -as sign of gratitude for campaigning for Free Poland. Bydgoszcz (Bromberg Bydgostia is a city in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers with Background Giving Poland access to the sea was one of the guarantees proposed by the United States President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen A street in Paris is named after him, Avenue Foch, one in Lyon, one in Krakow, one in Grenoble, Boulevard Marechal Foch, as are Mariscal Foch in Quito, Ecuador, Rue Foch - a luxury shopping street in downtown Beirut, Lebanon, Marshall Foch Street in the Lakeview neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, the Marshall Foch Square in Leuven and Foch Avenue in Milltown, New Jersey, USA. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Avenue Foch is a street in Paris, France, named after Ferdinand Foch in 1929 ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Grenoble is a city and commune in south-east France situated at the foot of the Alps where the Drac joins the Isère River. Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Lakeview is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. A subdistrict of the Lakeview District Area its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Leuven ( French: Louvain, often used in English German: Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the . Fochville in South Africa was also named in his honor. Fochville is a Gold mining Town situated in North West Province of South Africa and makes out a part of the Merafong Municipal District which The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa A statue of Foch stands near to Victoria Station in London.
Bibliography
- Des Principes de la Guerre (On the Principles of War) (1903)
- De la Conduite de la Guerre (On the Conduct of War) (1904)
- Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la guerre 1914-1918 (The Memoirs of Marshal Foch) (Posthumous, 1931)
Notes
- ^ Shirer, p. 81
- ^ Michael Carver (editor), The War Lords: Military Commanders of the Twentieth Century, (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976), p. Field Marshal Richard Michael Power Carver Baron Carver GCB, CBE, DSO & Bar, MC ( 24 April 1915 - 9 December 123. ISBN 0-297-77084-5
- ^ Shirer, p. 81
- ^ Shirer, p. 80
- ^ London Gazette: no. 29044, page 601, 19 January 1915. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ Keegan, John, "The First World War" (Vintage Books, 1998), p. 403.
- ^ a b Ernest R. Troughton, It's Happening Again (John Gifford, 1944), p. 17.
- ^ Anthony Adamthwaite, Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914-40 (Hodder Arnold, 1995), p. 57.
- ^ Ruth Henig, Versailles and After, 1919-33 (Routledge, 1995), p. 52.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31481, page 9809, 29 July 1919. The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Retrieved on 2008-05-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
See also
External links
- Unjustly Accused: Marshal Ferdinand Foch and the French 'Cult of the Offensive'
- Biography on FirstWorldWar.com
- Foch's Biography in French on the Immortals page of the Académie française
- Foch the Man, by Clara E. Laughlin, available at Project Gutenberg. The Army Manoeuvres of 1912 was the last exercise of its kind conducted by the British army before the outbreak of the First World War The Foch Line was a temporary Demarcation line between Poland and Lithuania proposed by the Entente in the aftermath of World War I Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
| Preceded by Melchior de Vogüé |
Seat 18 Académie française 1918–1929 |
Succeeded by Philippe Pétain |