A feral cat is a free roaming, unowned and untamed domestic cat. WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic ^[1] In contrast, a stray cat (or alley cat), while unowned, still exhibits temperament similar to that of a pet. A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals In popular usage, these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Feral cats may be born in the wild and never socialized, or may be escaped pets that have reverted to a wild state. See also Wilderness Wildness is literally the quality of being wild or untamed, but further to this it has been defined as They should not be confused with wildcats, which are not descended from domestic cats. The Wildcat ( Felis silvestris) sometimes Wild Cat or Wild-cat, is a small felid native to Europe, the western part of Asia WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic

In Australia the term feral cat refers to cats living and breeding entirely in the wild. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Significant populations of wildlife in Australia, including marsupials, reptiles, and birds, poorly adapted to this efficient predator, have allowed the establishment of stable populations across most of the country. Marsupials are an Infraclass of Mammals characterized by a distinctive pouch (called the marsupium) in which females carry their young through Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and

Adult feral cats, that were never socialized with humans, can rarely be socialized. Feral kittens can sometimes be socialized to live with humans. The ideal time for capture is between six and eight weeks old. Taming at this age may only take a couple of days. Older kittens can be tamed - but it takes longer. Also, an older kitten may only bond with the person working with them, which can make adoption difficult, but not impossible.

Feral cats may live alone but are usually found in large groups called feral colonies. A feral cat colony is a population (or "clowder" of feral domestic cats (not to be confused with Wild cats. The average life span of a feral cat that survives beyond kittenhood is usually cited as being less than two years,^[2] while a domestic housecat lives an average of 12 to 16 years. Life expectancy is the average number of years of life remaining at a given age Kittens ( Old English Diminutive of Cat) are juvenile domesticated cats ( Felis catus) that are not fully-grown However, feral cats aged 19 (Cat Action Trust) and 26 (Cats Protection) have been reported where food and shelter are available.

Cities and North America are not native environments for cats. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status The domestic cat comes from temperate or hot, dry climates and was distributed throughout the world by humans. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Cats are extremely adaptable, and feral felines have been found in conditions of extreme cold and heat. They are more susceptible to cold, damp conditions than to cold alone. In addition, they are vulnerable to predators such as dogs, wolves, foxes, birds of prey, and coyotes. The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small Birds of prey are Birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing using their keen senses especially vision The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora

Feral cats have found a place in the popular imagination, perhaps due to the cat's reputation for being independent minded. For instance the famous television cartoon character Top Cat, a wily "alley cat" would always manage to get the better of the good-natured policeman, Officer Dibble. Top Cat is a Hanna-Barbera Prime time animated television series which ran from September 27, 1961 to April 18, T. S. Eliot's Jellicle Cats, who are now known throughout the world through Andrew Lloyd-Webber's hit musical Cats, were themselves inspired by a colony of black and white feral cats in London, England. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. The Jellicle cats, or simply the Jellicles, are a type of feline mentioned in T Andrew Lloyd Webber Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948 is a British Composer of Musical theatre, the elder son of William Lloyd Webber Cats is an award-winning musical composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by T London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Contents 1 Effects on wildlife 1.1 Feral cats and island restoration 1.1.1 Unintended consequences 2 Population control 3 Activism 4 Zoonotic risk 5 Feral cats in some other countries 5.1 Rome 5.2 Canada's Parliament 5.3 Crete 5.4 Philippines 6 Footnotes 7 Further reading 8 External links

Effects on wildlife

Feral cats are often apex predators in local ecosystems, and their predation on small mammals and birds, particularly endangered ground-nesting birds, is of increasing concern. There is little doubt that feral cats are extremely effective at controlling or even eradicating small animal populations, and some cite the utility of cats in controlling populations of verminous rodent species. Vermin is a term applied to various animal species regarded as pests or nuisances and especially to those associated with the carrying of Disease. Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must This is one of the major justifications for the keeping of farm cats. Farm cats also known as barn cats, are Cats kept primarily for the purpose of catching the smaller Vermin found on farms and ranches However, conservationists argue that feral cats contribute greatly to the killing of songbirds and other endangered birds, with estimates that bird loss is at 100 million a year due to predation. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation Additionally, it is argued that in the United states, the resurgence of other small predators such as the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), fisher or pekan (Martes pennanti), coyote (Canis latrans), and bobcat (Lynx rufus) is a contributing factor in conserved bird deaths. The Gray Fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus) is a Mammal of the order Carnivora ranging throughout most of the southern half of North America The fisher is a North American Marten, a medium-sized Mustelid. The coyote (kaɪˈoʊti ˈkaɪoʊt ( Canis latrans) also known as the prairie wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora The Bobcat ( Lynx rufus) is a North American Mammal of the cat family Felidae.

Feral cats in Australia prey on a variety of wildlife. In arid and semi-arid environments introduced European rabbits and house mice are the dominant part of the diet; in forests and urbanised areas native marsupial prey forms the larger part of the diet (based on 22 studies summarised in Dickman 1996). An introduced species (also known as naturalized species or exotic species) is an Organism that is not indigenous to a given location but The European Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a species of Rabbit native to south west Europe (Spain and Portugal The House Mouse ( Mus musculus) is one of the most numerous species of the genus Mus commonly termed a Mouse. Marsupials are an Infraclass of Mammals characterized by a distinctive pouch (called the marsupium) in which females carry their young through In arid environments where rabbits do not occur native rodents are taken. Birds form a smaller part of the diet, mostly in forests and urbanised areas, reptiles also form just a small part of the diet. It has been suggested that feral cats have been present in Australia since before European settlement, and may have arrived with Dutch shipwrecks in the 17th century, or even prior to that; arriving from present-day Indonesia with Macassan fisherman and trepangers who frequented Australia's shores. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands A shipwreck can refer to a wrecked ship or to the event that caused the wreck such as the striking of something that causes the ship to sink the stranding of the ship on rocks As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Macassan Trepangers from the southwest corner of Sulawesi (formerly Cele bes visited the coast of northern Australia for hundreds of years to fish for trepang (also However historical records do not suggest this, instead dating the arrival of feral cats at around 1824. ^[3] Intentional releases were made in the late 19th century to control mice, rabbits and rats. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Cats had colonised their present range in Australia by 1890. Evidence for early predation by cats having caused major and widespread declines in native fauna is circumstantial and anecdotal and its credibility and significance is debated (Abbot 2002, Dickman 1996).

Numerous Australian environmentalists and conservationists claim that the feral cat has been an ecological disaster in Australia, inhabiting most ecosystems except dense rainforest, and being implicated in the extinction of several marsupial and placental mammal species (Robley et al 2004). Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Marsupials are an Infraclass of Mammals characterized by a distinctive pouch (called the marsupium) in which females carry their young through See also Evolution of mammals Eutheria ("true beast" are a group of Mammals consisting of Placental mammals plus all extinct Mammals In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Scientific evidence has been hard to come by to support this view and some researchers disagree with it (Abbot 2002). Sound evidence that feral cats exert a significant effect on native wildlife throughout the mainland is lacking (Dickman 1996; Jones 1989; Wilson et al. 1992). Difficulties in separating the effects of cats from that of foxes (also introduced) and environmental effects have hindered research into this. A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small Cats have co-existed with all mammal species in Tasmania for nearly 200 years. ^[3] The Western Shield program in Western Australia, involving broad-scale poisoning of foxes, has resulted in rapid recoveries of many species of native mammals in spite of the presence of feral cats throughout the baited area. ^[3] However in 2005 a study was published which for the first time found proof of feral cats causing declines in native mammals (Risbey et al 2005). an experiment conducted in Heirisson Prong compared small mammal populations in areas cleared of both foxes and cats, of foxes only, and a control plot. In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or Researchers found that mammal populations were lower in areas cleared of foxes only and in the control plots.

Cats may also play a further role in Australia's human altered ecosystems; with foxes they may be controlling introduced rabbits, particularly in arid areas, which themselves cause ecological damage (Robley et al 2004). Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world Cats are not believed to have been a factor in the extinction of the only mainland bird species to be lost since European settlement, the Paradise Parrot; their role in the loss of rare species on Australasian islands, however, has been significant. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The Paradise Parrot ( Psephotus pulcherrimus) was an unusually colourful medium-sized Parrot native to the grassy woodlands of the Queensland - New Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific

Australian Folklore holds that some feral cats in Australia have grown so large as to cause inexperienced observers to claim sightings of other species such as Puma etc. The cougar ( Puma concolor) also puma, mountain lion, or panther, depending on region is a Mammal of the Felidae family This folklore is however being shown to be more fact than fiction, with the recent shooting of an enormous Feline,^[4] in the Gippsland area of Victoria, subsequent DNA test showed the feline to be Felis silvestris catus. Gippsland is a large rural region in Victoria, Australia. It begins immediately east of the suburbs of Melbourne and stretches to the New South Wales border WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic ^[5] Subsequent news stories of large Feral Cats being sighted is almost monthly in Australia and the evidence is very good to suggest a breeding population of these enormous Felines in the south-eastern states of Victoria and New South Wales. ^[6]

Feral cats and island restoration

Feral cats introduced to islands with ecologically naive fauna - that is, species that have not evolved or have lost predator responses for dealing with cats (Moors & Atkinson 1984) - have had a devastating impact on these islands' biodiversity. An introduced species (also known as naturalized species or exotic species) is an Organism that is not indigenous to a given location but Island tameness is the tendency of many populations and Species of animals living on isolated Islands to lose their wariness of potential predators, particularly Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. They have been implicated in the extinction of several species and local extinctions, such as the huitas from the Caribbean, the Guadalupe Storm-petrel from Pacific Mexico, the Stephens Island Wren; in a statistical study they were significantly complicit in the extinction of 40% of the species studied. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Guadalupe Storm-petrel ( Oceanodroma macrodactyla) is a small Seabird of the storm-petrel family Hydrobatidae. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Stephens Island Wren ( Xenicus lyalli) is famous for being (erroneously considered the only known Species to be entirely wiped out by a single living being ^[7] Moors and Atkinson wrote, in 1984, "No other alien predator has had such a universally damaging effect. "

Feral cats continue to have a devastating impact on island ecosystems. Indeed, a ranger within a Hawaiian Island Wildlife Sanctuary witnessed a single feral cat kill 33 ground-nesting sea birds in a single incident. As well, he notes that cats killed 45 chicks out of 75 in one bird colony. ^[8]

Given the damage they cause, many conservationists working in the field of island restoration (literally restoring damaged islands through removal of introduced species and replanting and reintroducing native species) have worked to remove feral cats. The ecological restoration of islands, or island restoration, is the application of the principles of Ecological restoration to Islands and island groups As of 2004, 48 islands have had their feral cat populations removed, including New Zealand's network of offshore island bird reserves (Nogales et al, 2004), and Australia's Macquarie Island. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Macquarie Island lies in the southwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, about half-way between Australia and Antarctica. Larger projects have also been undertaken, including their complete removal from Ascension Island. Ascension Island is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, around from the coast of Africa The cats, introduced in the 19th century, caused a collapse in populations of nesting seabirds. Seabirds are Birds that have adapted to life within the marine environment The project to remove them from the island began in 2002, and the island was cleared of cats by 2004. Since then seven species of seabird which had not nested on the island for a hundred years have returned. [1].

Feral cats, along with rabbits, some sea birds and sheep, form the entire large animal population of the remote Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean. The Kerguelen Islands (in French: commonly Îles Kerguelen or Archipel de Kerguelen but officially Archipel des Kerguelen or Archipel The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface

Unintended consequences

In other instances the removal of cats has had unintended consequences, such as on Macquarie Island where the removal of cats caused an explosion in the number of rabbits and rats which have also harmed native seabirds. Unintended consequences are outcomes that are not (or not limited to what the actor intended in a particular situation Macquarie Island lies in the southwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, about half-way between Australia and Antarctica. ^[9][10] The removal of the rats and rabbits is scheduled for 2007 and is expected to take up to seven years. ^[11]

Population control

In the United States, there is debate about how to deal with feral cat populations - many municipalities make it legal to kill them and classify them as vermin or pests. Some advocate culling feral cat populations by hunting, arguing that it is the most cost-effective method of population control. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. Population control is the practice of limiting population increase usually by reducing the Birth rate. However, a proposal in the U.S. state of Wisconsin to legalize the hunting of feral cats in an attempt to reduce their population (April 2005) was blocked by the state's lawmakers. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States South Dakota and Minnesota allow wild cats to be shot. South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers The U. S. spends over $50 million a year to shelter some of these cats.

Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs are facilitated by many volunteers and organizations in the United States. Trap-Neuter-Return ( TNR) also known as Trap-Test-Vaccinate-Alter-Release (TTVAR is a method being promoted as a humane alternative to euthanasia for managing and These organizations trap feral cats, sterilize them through neutering before releasing them. Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is a surgical technique leaving a male or female unable to reproduce. Neutering, from the Latin neuter (of neither sex is the removal of an animal's Reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part Variations of the program may include inoculation against rabies and other viruses and sometimes long-lasting flea treatments. Inoculation is the placement of something to where it will grow or reproduce and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum Vaccine, or antigenic substance Rabies (from rabies “madness rage fury” Also known as “ hydrophobia ” is a viral Zoonotic neuroinvasive disease that Flea is the Common name for any of the small wingless Insects of the order Siphonaptera (some authorities use the name Aphaniptera Frequently, attending veterinarians cut the tip off one ear during spay/neuter surgery to mark the individual as being previously caught. A veterinarian ( American English) or a Veterinary surgeon ( British English) often shortened to vet, is a Physician The ear is the sense organ that detects Sounds The Vertebrate ear shows a common biology from Fish to Humans with variations Volunteers often continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives. Many animal care experts believe that it is prohibitively difficult if not often impossible to domesticate and adopt a feral cat unless it is trapped and socialized before six weeks of age. However there is some evidence that many people have adopted and domesticated adult feral cats successfully. Also, some feral cat organizations offer techniques to do this. ^[12]

In Australia, control programs are difficult to devise due to the nocturnal and solitary nature of the feral cats, broad distribution in the landscape and continuous additions to the population from abandoned domestic cats. As an Animal behavior, nocturnality describes sleeping during the Daytime and being active at Night - the opposite of the diurnal Due to the danger posed to humans handling the animal, captured feral cats are almost always killed. Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a Species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's Health Although trap neuter and return programs such as those in the United States are not prevalent in Australia, they are now being introduced in some urban and suburban areas such as Adelaide. Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a More recently, such programs have been introduced in Sydney by the "World League for Protection of Animals". Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4

Activism

Feral cat colonies often arise from stray or abandoned unsterilized cats. A feral cat colony is a population (or "clowder" of feral domestic cats (not to be confused with Wild cats. The cats breed rapidly and have multiple-kit litters.

The conditions lived in by feral cats vary immensely. Some live short, dangerous, unhealthy, desperate lives, in deplorable conditions. Others are welcomed as working cats around factories and farms, some living over 10 years. Cat Action Trust has encountered ferals up to 19 years old; the record age for a feral is 26. Because of the perceived dangers to humans, other species, and the cats themselves,some people, including celebrities such as Bob Barker, campaign to encourage people to spay and neuter their pets and support the humane control of feral cats. A celebrity is a widely-recognized or famous person who commands a high degree of public and media attention Robert William Barker (Born December 12 1923) is a nineteen-time Emmy Award -winning former American Television Game show

Some animal rights organizations believe that feral cats are wild animals and should not be judged by pet animal standards. These organizations often favor the "trap, neuter and release" approach, as opposed to euthanasia.

Zoonotic risk

There is increasing concern about the role feral cat colonies play as a vector of disease, particularly toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, camplylobacter, and other diseases and parasites that can infect both domestic cats and humans. Toxoplasmosis is a Parasitic disease caused by the Protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Giardiasis — popularly known as beaver fever or backpacker's diarrhea — is a disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia ^[13] Cats are the primary reservoir of toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is a Parasitic disease caused by the Protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. ^[14] Indeed, there has recently been a major crash in sea otter populations on the California coast -- these otters are often found to have toxoplasmosis infections, and although researchers say that "there is no direct evidence that cats or their feces have a part in spreading the single-celled parasite that causes the disease in shellfish- eating otters", they speculate that infected fecal waste from feral cats could enter local watersheds due to surface runoff or domestic cat feces through the sewage system. The sea otter ( Enhydra lutris) is a Marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Toxoplasmosis is a Parasitic disease caused by the Protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows ^[15][16]

Feral cats in some other countries

Rome

Rome, Italy is perhaps the city with the largest feral cat population in the world; its population has been estimated to be between 250,000 and 350,000, organized in about 2,000 colonies, some of them living in famous ancient places such as the Colosseum. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio [2] Some historians believe the Romans' affection for cats dates from the Roman Empire's conquest of Egypt, where royalty kept cats. Others believe that Rome was spared from devastating outbreaks of the bubonic plague by the city's feral cat population, which kept Rome's rat population low thus reducing key plague carrying vector. Whatever the case, Rome's affection for stray felines remains strong.

Canada's Parliament

Main article: Canadian Parliamentary Cats

For many years (tradition associates them with a British garrison of the 1850s), a feral cat colony has existed on Canada's Parliament Hill in Ottawa. The Parliamentary Cats are a collection of stray cats living in the precinct of Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. Parliament Hill (colloquially The Hill, French Colline du Parlement) is a scenic location on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. In recent years, living structures have been built for them, and they are fed by a volunteer who is given a stipend by the House of Commons. Veterinary services are donated by doctors in the city, and most of the cats are sterilized. At any given time, about fifteen cats live in the colony. The present Canadian Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, is a cat fan and takes feral kittens into his home to socialize them before they are put up for adoption in Ottawa's shelters. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC Visitors to his official residence can expect to be asked if they have room in their homes for a cat.

Crete

On the island of Crete, in Greece, there are also many feral cats. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία In fact, there is a charity to help them, Cretan Cat Care (CCC).

Philippines

They are also known as "Pusang Kalye" (or Street Cat), but don't share the same treatment as the Askal or Stray Dog. Angeles City (Lungsod ng Angeles Kapampangan: Ciudad ning Angeles) geographically located within the province of Pampanga in the Philippines The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP An askal is a mixed-breed (mongrel dog in the Philippines. The name is a Tagalog -derived contraction

Footnotes

Further reading

• Tabor, Roger, Arrow Books (1983). The Wild Life of the Domestic Cat. ISBN 0-09-931210-7
• Moors, P. J. ; Atkinson, I. A. E. (1984). "Predation on seabirds by introduced animals, and factors affecting its severity. ". In Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. Cambridge: ICBP. ISBN 0-946888-03-5.
• Nogales, Manuel et al (2004). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "A review of feral cat eradication on islands". Conservation Biology. 18(2): 310-319.
• Risbey, Danielle A.  ; Calver, Michael C.  ; Short, Jeff ; Bradley J. Stuart and Ian W. Wright (2005) The impact of cats and foxes on the small vertebrate fauna of Heirisson Prong, Western Australia. II. A field experiment Wildlife Research 27(3): 223-235
• Robley, A. , Reddiex, B. , Arthur T. , Pech R. , and Forsyth, D. , (2004). "Interactions between feral cats, foxes, native carnivores, and rabbits in Australia". Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.
• Dickman, C. (1996) "Overview of the Impact of Feral Cats on Australian Fauna" Australian Nature Conservation Agency ISBN 0-642-21379-8

External links

• Feral cat resources at the Humane Society of the United States
• Resource center at Alley Cat Allies
• Articles on the feral cats in Portsmouth Naval Yard

The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS) is a Washington D

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