| Fenugreek | ||||||||||||||
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| Trigonella foenum-graecum L.[1] |
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Fabaceae or Leguminosae is a large and economically important family of Flowering plants which is commonly known as the legume family, pea It is commonly known as methi (Hindi,Nepali, Urdu, Bangla, Marathi), Menthyada soppu (Kannada), venthayam (Tamil), menthulu (Telugu), Hilbeh (Arabic), or ulluva (Malayalam). Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Fenugreek is used both as an herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed). A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant in the family Fabaceae. It is cultivated worldwide as a semi-arid crop. It is frequently used in curry. Curry is the English description of any of a general variety of spicy dishes best known in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan
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History
The name fenugreek or foenum-graecum is from Latin for "Greek hay". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Zohary and Hopf note that it is not yet certain which wild strain of the genus Trigonella gave rise to the domesticated fenugreek but believe it was brought into cultivation in the Near East. B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century Charred fenugreek seeds have been recovered from Tell Halal, Iraq, (radiocarbon dating to 4000 BC) and Bronze Age levels of Lachish, as well as desiccated seeds from the tomb of Tutankhamen. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Radiocarbon dating is a Radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring Radioisotope Carbon-14 (14C to determine the age of The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Lachish (לכיש was a town located in the Shephelah, or maritime plain of Philistia ( Joshua 103 5 1211 Tomb KV62 in Egypt 's Valley of the Kings is the Tomb of Tutankhamun, which became famous for the wealth of Treasure it contained [2] Cato the Elder lists fenugreek with clover and vetch as crops grown to feed cattle (De Agri Cultura, 27). Marcus Porcius Cato ( Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO (234 BC Tusculum &ndash149 BC was a Roman statesman surnamed the Censor Alsike redirects here Alsike Sweden is also a town in the Knivsta Municipality, Sweden. Vicia ( Vetches) is a large genus of about 140 species of Flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to Europe, De Agri Cultura ( On Farming or On Agriculture) written by Cato the Elder, is the oldest surviving work of Latin prose
Use
The rhombic yellow to amber colored fenugreek seed, commonly called methi, is frequently used in the preparation of pickles, curry powders, and pastes, and is often encountered in the cuisine of the Indian subcontinent. In Geometry, a rhombus (from Ancient Greek ῥόμβος - rrhombos “rhombus spinning top” (plural rhombi or rhombuses Cuisine (from French cuisine, "cooking culinary art kitchen" ultimately from Latin coquere, "to cook" is a specific set This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The young leaves and sprouts of fenugreek are eaten as greens, and the fresh or dried leaves are used to flavor other dishes. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Sprouting is the practice of soaking draining and then rinsing seeds at regular intervals until they Germinate, or sprout Leaf vegetables, also called potherbs, greens, or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a Vegetable, sometimes accompanied The dried leaves (called kasuri methi) have a bitter taste and a strong characteristic smell.
In India, fenugreek seeds are mixed with yogurt and used as a conditioner for hair. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a It is one of the three ingredients of idli and dosa (Tamil). It is also one of the ingredients in the making of khakhra, a type of bread. Khakhra is a popular roasted Gujarati Indian bread or snack item made from wheat flour and oil It is used in injera/taita, a type of bread unique to Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine. Injera ( Ge'ez እንጀራ ɨndʒǝra sometimes transliterated enjera) or taita is a Pancake -like Bread made out of Teff ( Can't see the fonts? Ethiopian cuisine characteristically consists of spicy vegetable and meat dishes usually in the form of wot (With a hard 't' noise, a thick The main traditional food in Eritrean cuisine are tsebhi s (stews served with Injera /taita (flatbread made from Teff, The word for fenugreek in Amharic is abesh, and the seed is reportedly also often used in Ethiopia as a natural herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Amharic (አማርኛ amarəñña) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc It is also sometimes used as an ingredient in the production of clarified butter (Amharic: qibé, Ethiopian and Eritrean Tigrinya: tesme), which is similar to Indian ghee. Clarified butter is Butter that has been rendered to separate the milk solids and water from the Butter fat. Tigrinya ( Ge'ez: ትግርኛ tigriññā) also spelled Tigrigna, Tigrina, less commonly Tigrinian, Tigrinyan, is Ghee ( Hindi घी ghī, Urdu گھی ghī, Punjabi ਘਿਉ/گھیو ghiu, Kashmiri ग्याव/گیاو In Turkey, fenugreek gives its name, çemen, to a hot paste used in pastirma. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Pastırma or bastırma is a highly seasoned air-dried cured beef in the cuisines of the former Ottoman countries The same paste is used in Egypt for the same purpose. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Arabic word hulba حلبة (Helba in Egypt) for the seed resembles its Mandarin Chinese counterpart hu lu ba. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In Yemen it is the main condiment and an ingredient added to the national dish called saltah. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Saltah (Arabic سلطة is one of the main dishes widely eaten in Yemen and it is mainly served for lunch Fenugreek, or Şambélilé in Persian, is also one of four herbs used for the Iranian recipe Ghormeh Sabzi. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. A recipe is a set of instructions that show how to prepare or make something especially a culinary dish. Qormeh sabzi ( or khoresht-e-sabsi ( is an Iranian Stew. It is an important element of Persian cuisine, often said to
In Egypt, fenugreek seeds are prepared as tea, by being boiled then sweetened. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market This is a popular winter drink served in coffee shops. In other parts of the Middle East fenugreek is used in a variety of sweet confections. A cake dessert known as Helba in the Islamic world is a tasty treat during Islamic holidays. This is a semolina cake covered in sugar or maple-like syrup, and sprinkled with fenugreek seeds on top.
Jews customarily eat the fenugreek during the meal of the first and/or second night of Rosh Hashana (The New Year). Rosh Hashanah (ראש השנה literally "head of the year" Biblical: ˈɾoʃ haʃːɔˈnɔh Israeli haʃaˈna Yiddish: hɑˈʃɔnə is a Jewish It is green and is similar to the verb ירבו (to increase) in Hebrew, which symbolically signifies a prayer that their merits will increase.
Seeds
Fenugreek seeds are a rich source of the polysaccharide galactomannan. Polysaccharides are relatively complex Carbohydrates They are Polymers made up of many Monosaccharides joined together by Glycosidic bonds Galactomannans are Polysaccharides consisting of a Mannose backbone with Galactose side groups (more specifically a (1-4-linked beta-D-mannopyranose backbone They are also a source of saponins such as diosgenin, yamogenin, gitogenin, tigogenin, and neotigogens. Saponins are a class of chemical compounds one of very many Secondary metabolites found in natural sources with saponins found in particular abundance in various plant Diosgenin, a steroid sapogenin is the product of hydrolysis by acids strong bases or enzymes of Saponins, extracted from the Tubers of Dioscorea Other bioactive constituents of fenugreek include mucilage, volatile oils, and alkaloids such as choline and trigonelline. Mucilage is a gooey polar Glycoprotein; an exopolysaccharide; a Polymer produced by most plants and some microorganisms An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Choline is an Organic compound, classified as a water-soluble Essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex Trigonelline is an Alkaloid with Chemical formula 772 It is an Inner salt formed by the addition of a Methyl
A side effect of consuming even small amounts of fenugreek (even as just an infusion in water) is a maple syrup or curry smell in the eater's sweat and urine, which is caused by the potent aroma compound sotolone. Maple syrup is a sweetener made from the sap of Maple trees In Canada and the United States it is most often eaten with waffles and pancakes Curry is the English description of any of a general variety of spicy dishes best known in Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. Sotolon (also known as sotolone, caramel furanone, sugar lactone and fenugreek lactone) is a Lactone and an extremely powerful Fenugreek is frequently used in the production of flavoring for artificial syrups. Alternate meanings Seasoning (cast iron; Seasoning (wood; Seasoning (slave Seasoning is the process of imparting or improving The taste of toasted fenugreek is additionally based on substituted pyrazines, as is cumin. In a substitution reaction, a Functional group in a particular Chemical compound is replaced by another group Pyrazine is a Heterocyclic Aromatic Organic compound. Pyrazine is a symmetrical molecule with Point group D2h By itself, it has a somewhat bitter taste. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses
Fenugreek is mainly used as a digestive aid. Fenugreek seed is widely used as a galactagogue (milk producing agent) by nursing mothers to increase inadequate breast milk supply. A galactagogue is a substance that induces Lactation. The most commonly cited galactagogues are herbal Fenugreek, Brewer's yeast, blessed thistle Breast milk refers to the Milk produced by a mother to feed her baby Studies have shown that fenugreek is a potent stimulator of breastmilk production and its use was associated with increases in milk production of as much as 900%. [3] It can be found in capsule form in many health food stores. [4]
Supplements of fenugreek seeds were shown to lower serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein in human patients and experimental models of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia (Basch et al. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian (more properly known as, TAG or triacylglyceride) is Glyceride in which the Glycerol is Esterified with three Fatty acids It is the A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both Proteins and Lipids The lipids or their derivatives may be covalently or non-covalently bound Hypercholesterolemia (literally high blood cholesterol is the presence of high levels of Cholesterol in the blood. In Medicine, hypertriglyceridemia (or "Hypertriglyceridaemia" denotes high ( hyper-) blood levels ( -emia) of Triglycerides the most , 2003). Several human intervention trials demonstrated that the antidiabetic effects of fenugreek seeds ameliorate most metabolic symptoms associated with type-1 and type-2 diabetes in both humans and relevant animal models (Basch et al. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes Type I diabetes T1D T1DM IDDM juvenile diabetes is a form of Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus type 2 or Type 2 Diabetes (formerly called non - Insulin -dependent Diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or adult-onset diabetes is a metabolic , 2003; Srinivas, 2005). Fenugreek is currently available commercially in encapsulated forms and is being prescribed as dietary supplements for the control of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes by practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine.
In recent research, fenugreek seeds were experimentally shown to protect against cancers of the breast (Amin et al. The breast is the upper Ventral region of an animal’s Torso, particularly that of Mammals including Human beings. , 2005) and colon (Raju et al. The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of Water and salts from Feces. , 2006). The hepatoprotective properties of fenugreek seeds have also been reported in experimental models (Raju and Bird, 2006; Kaviarasan et al. Hepatoprotection or antihepatotoxicity is the ability to prevent damage to the Liver. , 2006; Thirunavukarrasu et al. , 2003).
It is very helpful for reducing heat in the human body.
References
- ^ Trigonella foenum-graecum information from NPGS/GRIN. www. ars-grin. gov. Retrieved on 2008-03-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
- ^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 122.
- ^ http://www.breastfeeding.org/articles/fenugreek.html
- ^ http://www.breastfeeding.com/all_about/all_about_fenugreek.html
Bibliography
- A. Amin et al. (2005). "Chemopreventive activities of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) against breast cancer". Cell Biol Int 29 (8): 687-94. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- E. Basch et al. (2003). "Therapeutic applications of fenugreek". Altern Med Rev 8 (1): 20-27.
- S. Kaviarasan et al. (2006). "Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed extract prevents ethanol-induced toxicity and apoptosis in Chang liver cells". Alcohol Alcohol 41 (3): 267-273.
- J. Raju and R. P. Bird et al. (2006). "Alleviation of hepatic steatosis accompanied by modulation of plasma and liver TNF-alpha levels by Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seeds in Zucker obese (fa/fa) rats". International Journal of Obesity 30 (8): 1298-1307. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- J. Raju et al. (2004). "Diosgenin, a steroid saponin of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek), inhibits azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in F344 rats and induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13 (8): 1392-1398.
- K. Srinivasan et al. (2005). "Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: spices as beneficial antidiabetic food adjuncts". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 56 (6): 399-414. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- V. Thirunavukkarasu et al. (2003). "Protective effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds in experimental ethanol toxicity". Phytother Res 17 (7): 737-743. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
External links
- Gernot Katzer's spice dictionary - Fenugreek
- Ghormeh Sabzi, an Iranian recipe using fenugreek leaves
- http://www.kellymom.com/herbal/milksupply/fenugreek.html
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center - About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products
- Encyclopedia of Spices
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