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Supplement given with the Weekly Freeman of October 1883
Supplement given with the Weekly Freeman of October 1883

The name Fenians was first applied by John O'Mahony to the members of the Irish nationalist organization which he started in America in 1858. For other people called John O'Mahony see John O'Mahony (disambiguation. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Irish nationalism (Náisiúnachas Éireannach refers to political and sociological movements and sentiment that embodies a love for Irish ancestry, culture and language and The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1858 ( MDCCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [1] The Fenians, both the Fenian Brotherhood and Irish Republican Brotherhood, were fraternal organisations dedicated to the establishment of an independent Irish Republic in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish Republican organization founded in the United States in 1850s by John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny. The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic Republic" in the mid nineteenth O'Mahony, who was a Celtic scholar, named the American wing of the movement after the Fianna, the legendary band of Irish warriors led by Fionn mac Cumhaill. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts In early Ireland, fianna (singular fian) were small semi-independent warrior bands who lived apart from society in the forests as Fionn mac Cumhaill (ˈɸʲiːn̪ˠ mˠak ˈkũw̃aːlʲ in Irish, ˈfɪn mə ˈkuːl in English) (earlier Finn or Find mac Cumail or mac

The term is still used today, especially in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Scotland, where its original meaning has continued and expanded to include all supporters of Irish nationalism. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Irish Nationalists themselves, while honouring the 19th-century Fenians, commonly use other designations for themselves such as "Nationalist" or "Republican", terms also used by the Fenians themselves. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Contents

Fenianism

Fenianism is a term first used by the British political establishment in the 1860s for any form of mobilization among the lower classes or those who expressed any Irish nationalist sentiments. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting They warned people about this threat to turn decent civilized society on its head such as that posed by trade unionism to the existing social order in England. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [2] Fenianism, according to O'Mahony is symbolized by two principles: firstly, that Ireland had a natural right to independence, and secondly, that that right could be won only by an armed revolution. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively [3]

Ireland

James Stephens, one of the "Men of 1848," (a participant in the 1848 revolt) had established himself in Paris, and was in correspondence with John O'Mahony in the United States and other advanced nationalists at home and abroad. James Stephens (1824 - 28 April 1901) was an Irish Republican and the founding member of the Fenian movement in Dublin in 1858 later to become The Young Irelander Rebellion (sometimes called "Famine Rebellion" of 1848 as it took place during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849) was a failed Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city For other people called John O'Mahony see John O'Mahony (disambiguation. This would include the Phoenix National and Literary Society, with Jeremiah Donovan (afterwards known as O'Donovan Rossa) among its more prominent members, had recently been formed at Skibbereen. Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa (September 1831 - June 29 1915 a family of tenant farmers Skibbereen ( Irish: An Sciobairín) is a town in Ireland. The name "Skibbereen" (often shortened to "Skibb" means "little boat Along with Thomas Clarke Luby, John O'Leary and Charles Kickham he founded the Irish Republican Brotherhood on 17 March 1858 in Lombard Street, Dublin. Thomas Clarke Luby ( 16 January 1822 &ndash 29 November 1901) was an Irish revolutionary author Journalist and one of the founding John O'Leary may refer to John O'Leary (Fenian (1830&ndash1907 Irish poet who was imprisoned in England during the nineteenth century John Charles Joseph Kickham ( 9 May 1828 – 22 August 1882) was an Irish revolutionary novelist poet journalist and one of the most prominent The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic Republic" in the mid nineteenth Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland.

United States

The Fenian Brotherhood the Irish Republican Brotherhood's U. The Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish Republican organization founded in the United States in 1850s by John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny. S. branch was founded by John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny, both of whom had been "out" in 1848. For other people called John O'Mahony see John O'Mahony (disambiguation. Michael Doheny ( May 22 1805 - April 1 1863) was an Irish writer and member of the Young Ireland movement The Young Irelander Rebellion (sometimes called "Famine Rebellion" of 1848 as it took place during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849) was a failed In the face of nativist suspicion, it quickly established an independent existence, although it still worked to gain Irish-American support for armed rebellion in Ireland. Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánach are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in Ireland. Initially, O'Mahony ran operations in the USA, sending funds to Stephens and the IRB in Ireland, disagreement over O'Mahony's leadership led to the formation of two Fenian Brotherhoods in 1865. The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic Republic" in the mid nineteenth Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world O'Mahony is a Surname, and may refer to Daniel O'Mahony, author Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The U. S. chapter of the movement was also sometimes referred to as the IRB. After the failed invasion of Canada, it was replaced by Clan na Gael. The Fenian raids were attacks by members of the Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States, on British army forts customs posts and other targets in For the Celtic Rock band formerly known as Clan na Gael see Seven Nations.

Canada

In Canada, Fenian is used to designate a group of Irish radicals, a. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page k. a. the American branch of the Fenian Brotherhood in the 1860s. The Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish Republican organization founded in the United States in 1850s by John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny. They made several attempts (1866, 1870, etc. ) to invade some parts of southern Canada which was a British dominion at the time. The ultimate goal of the Fenian raids was to hold Canada hostage and therefore be in a position to ask the United Kingdom to give Ireland its independence. The Fenian raids were attacks by members of the Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States, on British army forts customs posts and other targets in Because of the invasion attempts, support and/or collaboration for the Fenians in Canada became very rare even amongst the Irish. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate

A suspected Fenian, Patrick Whelan was hanged in Ottawa for the assassination of Irish-Canadian politician , Thomas D'Arcy McGee in 1868, who had been a member of the Irish Confederation in the 1840s. Patrick James Whelan ( c 1840 &ndash February 11 1869) a Tailor and alleged Fenian sympathizer was convicted of the Assassination Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Irish Canadians are immigrants and descendants of immigrants who origninated in Ireland. Thomas D'Arcy McGee, PC, ( April 13, 1825 &ndash April 7, 1868) was a Canadian journalist, Father of Confederation See Confederate Ireland for the period of Irish self-government between 1641 and 1649

Contemporary usage

Northern Ireland

In Northern Ireland, Fenian is used by some as a term for Roman Catholics or Irish nationalists (often inaccurately seen to be synonymous). Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of

In 1984, the Unionist politician and UVF member George Seawright caused outrage at a meeting of the Belfast Education and Library Board by saying that Catholics who objected to the flying of the Union Flag were "just Fenian scum who have been indoctrinated by the Catholic church". Unionism in Ireland, is a belief in the desirability of a full constitutional and institutional relationship between Ireland and Great Britain based on the terms and The Ulster Volunteer Force (more commonly referred to as the UVF) is a Loyalist group in Northern Ireland. George Seawright (died 3 December 1987 was a controversial Unionist politician in Northern Ireland who was killed in the Troubles. The Union Flag, also known as the Union Jack, is the national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. "Fenian scum" was also one of the insults shouted at the parents of Catholic schoolgirls by Loyalist protesters in the Holy Cross dispute. This article is about Catholic schools in general for specific schools named Catholic High School, see Catholic High School (disambiguation. Ulster loyalism is a militant unionist ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. The Holy Cross dispute occurred in 2001 and 2002 in the Ardoyne area of Belfast, Northern Ireland [4]

Scotland

John Keegan 'Leo' Casey (1846 – March 17, 1870), known as the Poet of the Fenians
John Keegan 'Leo' Casey (1846 – March 17, 1870), known as the Poet of the Fenians

The term Fenian is used similarly in Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. During Scottish football matches it is often aimed at some supporters of other clubs, particularly Celtic F.C. supporters. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Celtic Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the east end of Glasgow, which currently plays in the Scottish Premier League. [5] Celtic F. C. has its roots in Glasgow's immigrant Catholic Irish population and the club has thus been traditionally associated with Irish nationalism. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Irish migration to Britain (also known as the Br[[Irish people|irish]]) has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of and complex relationship between In a bid to eradicate "discriminatory chanting", Rangers F. C. have attempted to encourage the singing of more traditional songs such as Wolverhampton Town,[6] however, this has met with limited success.

Although it is considered to be an insult against Roman Catholics, many maintain that it does not refer to Roman Catholics in general, but to supporters of Irish nationalism or as a pejorative term for Celtic supporters. [7] Protestant Celtic players such as Jock Stein, Kenny Dalglish, Danny McGrain, Davie Provan and Paul Lambert have not been spared this name from opposing supporters. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. John 'Jock' Stein CBE (5 October 1922 &ndash 10 September 1985 was one of the most notable managers in British football history Kenneth Mathieson 'Kenny' Dalglish MBE (born 4 March 1951 in Dalmarnock, Glasgow) is a former Scottish international football For the former Clyde FC footballer see Danny McGrain (footballer born 1953 Daniel Fergus "Danny" McGrain (born in Glasgow Davie Provan (born 8 May 1956 in Gourock, Scotland) is a former Scottish footballer. Paul Lambert (born 7 August 1969) is a Scottish football manager and former player currently in charge of Colchester United Recently, Celtic supporters have been reported as ironically deriding current Roman Catholic Rangers player Chris Burke with the phrase "Who's the Fenian in the blue?". Christopher Burke (born 2 December, 1983 in Glasgow) is a Scottish professional footballer currently playing for Rangers [8]

Australia

In Australia Fenian is used as a pejorative term for those members of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) who have Australian Nationalist views similar to those of the Irish Catholic supporters of Irish independence. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Michael Atkinson, Attorney General of South Australia, spoke of those members of the ALP who wished to remove the title Queen's Counsel and other references to the crown as 'Fenians and Bolsheviks' in a speech given at the ALP Convention in Adelaide on 15 October 2006. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Irish Catholics have been traditional supporters of the ALP and have influenced the party's platform regarding the monarchy. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy


Footnotes

  1. ^ Ryan, pg. 317
  2. ^ McGee, pg. 13-14
  3. ^ Ryan, pg. 318
  4. ^ ::: u.tv :::
  5. ^ BBC SPORT | Football | Europe | Ibrox chant ruling goes to appeal
  6. ^ BBC NEWS | Scotland | Glasgow and West | Rangers revive traditional songs
  7. ^ http://www.sundayherald.com/57582
  8. ^ BBC - Off The Ball - Ill Informer

References

See also

External links

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