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Female education is a catch-all term for a complex of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education and health education in particular) for females. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Australia See also Education Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing Health education is defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion maintenance or restoration of Health Female (♀ is the Sex of an Organism, or a part of an organism which produces ova (egg cells It includes areas of gender equality and access to education, and its connection to the alleviation of poverty. Gender equality (also known as gender equity, gender egalitarianism, or sexual equality) is the goal of the Equality of the Genders Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Also involved are the issues of single-sex education and religious education, in that the division of education along gender lines, and religious teachings on education, have been traditionally dominant, and are still highly relevant in contemporary discussion of female education as a global consideration. Single-sex education ( SSE) is the practice of conducting Education where male and female students attend separate classes or in separate buildings In Secular usage religious education is the Teaching of a particular Religion (although in England the term religious instruction would refer Gender comprises a range of differences between men and women extending from the biological to the social

While the feminist movement has certainly promoted the importance of the issues attached to female education, discussion is wide-ranging and by no means confined to narrow terms of reference: it includes for example AIDS. The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes [1]


Contents

European history

Medieval period

In medieval Europe, education for girls and women was at best patchy, and was controversial in the light of pronouncements of some religious authorities. [2] Shulamith Shahar writes[3], of the situation in the nobility, that Among girls there was an almost direct transition from childhood to marriage, with all it entails.

Education was also seen as stratified in the way that society itself was: in authors such as Vincent of Beauvais, the emphasis is on educating the daughters of the nobility for their social position to come. The Dominican friar Vincent of Beauvais ( Vincentius Bellovacensis) (c

Early modern period, humanist attitudes

In early modern Europe, the question of female education had become a standard commonplace, in other words a literary topos for discussion. The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) Topos (literally "a place" pl topoi) referred in the context of classical Greek Rhetoric to a standardised method of constructing Around 1405 Leonardo Bruni wrote De studies et letteris[4], addressed to Baptista di Montefeltro, the daughter of Antonio II da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino; it commends the study of Latin, but warns against arithmetic, geometry, astrology and rhetoric. Leonardo Bruni (or Leonardo Aretino) (c 1369 &ndash March 9 1444) was a leading humanist, Historian and a Chancellor The Duchy of Urbino was a sovereign state of northern Italy The first lords of Urbino were the Montefeltro who obtained the title of counts from Emperor Frederick In discussing the classical scholar Isotta Nogarola, however, Lisa Jardine[5] notes that (in the middle of the fifteenth century), ‘Cultivation’ is in order for a noblewoman; formal competence is positively unbecoming. Isotta Nogarola (1418 &ndash 1466 was a writer and intellectual born into a well-to-do family in Verona, Italy. Lisa Anne Jardine CBE (born 12 April 1944) née Lisa Anne Bronowski, is a British Historian of the Early modern period Christine de Pisan's Livre des Trois Vertus is contemporary with Bruni's book, and sets down the things which a lady or baroness living on her estates ought to be able to do[6]. Christine de Pizan ( also seen as de Pisan) (1363–c1434 was a writer of the Medieval era who strongly challenged Misogyny and stereotypes that

Erasmus wrote at length about education in De pueris instituendis (1529, written two decades before); not mostly concerned with female education[7], in this work he does mention with approbation the trouble Thomas More took with teaching his whole family[8]. Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained In 1523 Juan Luis Vives, a follower of Erasmus, wrote in Latin his De institutione foeminae Christianae[9], translated[10] for the future Queen Mary of England as Education of a Christian Woman. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death This is in line with traditional didactic literature, taking a strongly religious direction[11]. Didacticism is an artistic philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in Literature and other types of Art.

Elizabeth I of England had a strong humanist education, and was praised by her tutor Roger Ascham[12]. Roger Ascham (c 1515 - 23 December 1568) English scholar and didactic writer famous for his prose style his promotion of the vernacular She fits the pattern of education for leadership, rather than for the generality of women. Schooling for girls was rare; the assumption was still that education would be brought to the home environment. Comenius was an advocate of formal education for women. John Amos Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský Ján Amos Komenský Johann Amos Comenius Jan Amos Komeński Comenius Ámos János latinized: Iohannes Amos Comenius [13]

Modern period

The issue of female education in the large, as emancipatory and rational, is broached seriously in the Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Mary Wollstonecraft is a writer who dealt with it in those terms. Mary Wollstonecraft (ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft 27 April 1759 – 10 September

Actual progress in institutional terms, for secular education of women, began in the West in the nineteenth century, with the founding of colleges offering single-sex education to young women. These appeared in the middle of the century. The Princess: A Medley, a narrative poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, is a satire of women's education, still a controversial subject in 1848, when Queen's College first opened in London. Alfred Tennyson 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892 was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets Queen's College is an all-girls English Independent school located in Harley Street, London. Emily Davies campaigned for women's education in the 1860s, and founded Girton College in 1869. This article is about the women's education advocate For the pottery decorator whose married name was Emily Grace Davies see Grace Barnsley Sarah Emily Girton College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England.

W. S. Gilbert parodied the poem and treated the themes of women's higher education and feminism in general with The Princess in (1870) and Princess Ida in 1883. Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 &ndash 29 May 1911 was an English Dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his fourteen The Princess is a Blank verse farcical play in five scenes with music by W Princess Ida, or Castle Adamant, is a Comic opera with music by Arthur Sullivan and Libretto by W Once women began to graduate from institutions of higher education, there steadily developed also a stronger academic stream of schooling, and the teacher training of women in larger numbers, principally to provide primary education. Teacher education refers to the policies and procedures designed to equip Teachers with the Knowledge, Attitudes Behaviours and Skills Women's access to traditionally all-male institutions took several generations to become complete.

The Catholic tradition

In the Roman Catholic tradition, concern for female education has expressed itself in the foundation of religious orders, with ministries addressing the area. A religious order is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion usually These include the Ursulines (1535) and the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (1849)[14]. The Ursulines are a Roman Catholic Religious order founded at Brescia, Italy by Saint Angela de Merici in November 1535 primarily The Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (known in the United States as the RSHM and in other parts of the world as RSCM) are an international global A convent education is an education for girls by nuns, within a convent building. A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church This idea arose in France in the seventeenth century, and spread world-wide. Contemporary convent schools are not restricted to Catholic pupils. Students in contemporary convent education may be boys (particularly in India).

References

Historical literature

Contemporary

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Robert J. Barry Turner is a British Author, editor, Journalist. Turner started his career as a teacher then became a journalist with The Observer Mixed-sex education, (or just Mixed education) also known as Coeducation, is the integrated education to males and females at the same school facilities The Edinburgh Association for the University Education of Women ( EAUEW) originally known as the Edinburgh Ladies' Educational Association ( ELEA) campaigned The following is a timeline of Women's colleges in the United States. The Nations Girls’ Education Initiative''' (UNGEI is an initiative launched by the United Nations in 2000 at the World Education Forum in Dakar. The second United Nations Millennium Development Goal is to achieve Universal Primary Education, more specifically to “ensure that by 2015 children everywhere boys and girls The Girls' Day School Trust (GDST is a group of 29 Independent schools in England and Wales, catering for pupils aged 3 to 18 Brent, Does female education prevent the spread of HIV-AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa? Applied Economics, 2006, vol. 38, issue 5, pages 491-503
  2. ^ medieval women
  3. ^ The Fourth Estate: A history of women in the Middle Ages (1983), p. 141.
  4. ^ Online English text
  5. ^ Women Humanists: Education for What?, pp. 48-81 in Feminism and Renaissance Studies (1999), edited by Lorna Hudson.
  6. ^ Eileen Power, The Position of Women, p. Eileen Power (1899-1940 was an important British Economic historian and medievalist 418, in The Legacy of the Middle Ages (1926), edited by G. C. Crump and E. F. Jacob. Ernest Fraser Jacob (12th September 1894 - 7th October 1971 was a British medievalist and scholar
  7. ^ J. K. Sowards, Erasmus and the Education of Women Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Winter, 1982), pp. 77-89.
  8. ^ See The Erasmus Reader (1990), edited by Erika Rummel, p. 88.
  9. ^ Gloria Kaufman, Juan Luis Vives on the Education of Women, Signs, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Summer, 1978), pp. 891-896. In print as The Instruction of a Christian Woman, edited by Virginia Walcott Beauchamp, Elizabeth H. Hageman and Margaret Mikesell, ISBN-13: 978-0-252-02677-5, ISBN-10: 0-252-02677-2.
  10. ^ In 1524, by Richard Hyrde; excerpt
  11. ^ PDF, p. 9.
  12. ^ Kenneth Charleton, Education in Renaissance England (1965), p. 209.
  13. ^ [1]
  14. ^ Others are Society of the Holy Child Jesus, the Sisters of St. Joseph, Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, School Sisters of Notre Dame, Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco. The Society of the Holy Child Jesus is an international community of women religious that was founded in England in 1846 by Philadelphia-born Cornelia Connelly. for the order of the same name founded in Alsace in 1845 see Sisters of St The Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, ( Soeurs des Saints Noms de Jésus et de Marie) is a teaching order founded at Longueuil, Québec, School Sisters of Notre Dame is a worldwide order of Roman Catholic nuns devoted to primary, secondary, and Post-secondary education The Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, is the name of a Roman Catholic order of religious sisters dedicated to providing education to the poor The Salesian Sisters of St John Bosco or Daughters of Mary Help of Christians are the sister order of the Salesians of Don Bosco.

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