Citizendia
Your Ad Here

An advertisement for The Federalist
An advertisement for The Federalist

The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. This is a list of the 85 Federalist Papers, which were key documents in the early political history of the United States. The United States Constitution was written in 1787 and it was then ratified and took effect all in 1788 which then replaced the Articles of Confederation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Seventy-seven of the essays were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788. A compilation of these and eight others, called The Federalist, was published in 1788 by J. and A. McLean. [1]

The Federalist Papers serve as a primary source for interpretation of the Constitution, as they outline the philosophy and motivation of the proposed system of government. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. [2] The authors of the Federalist Papers wanted to both influence the vote in favor of ratification and shape future interpretations of the Constitution. According to historian Richard B. Morris, they are an "incomparable exposition of the Constitution, a classic in political science unsurpassed in both breadth and depth by the product of any later American writer. Richard Brandon Morris (July 24 1904 - March 3 1989 was an American Historian best known for his pioneering work in colonial American legal history and the early history "[3]

The articles were written by Alexander Hamilton (nos. 1, 6–9, 11–13, 15–17, 21–36, 59–61, and 65–85), James Madison (nos. James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding 10, 14, 18–20, 37–58, and 62–63), and John Jay (2–5, and 64). John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court [1] They appeared under the pseudonym "Publius," in honor of Roman consul Publius Valerius Publicola. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC [4] Madison is generally credited as the father of the Constitution and became the fourth President of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by [5] Hamilton was an active delegate at the Constitutional Convention, and became the first Secretary of the Treasury. The Philadelphia Convention (now also known as the Constitutional Convention, the Federal Convention, or the " Grand Convention at Philadelphia The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until John Jay became the first Chief Justice of the United States. The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U

Federalist No. 10, which discusses the means of preventing faction and advocates for a large republic (and warns of the dangers of a democracy), is generally regarded as the most important of the 85 articles from a philosophical perspective. Federalist No 10 ( Federalist Number 10) is an Essay by James Madison and the tenth of the Federalist Papers, a series arguing [6] Federalist No. 84 is also notable for its opposition to a Bill of Rights. Federalist No 84 ( Federalist Number 84) an Essay entitled "Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered" is A Bill of Rights is a list or summary of rights that are considered important and essential by a group of people Federalist No. 78 is another important one, laying down groundwork that would eventually become judicial review. Federalist No 78 is an Essay by Alexander Hamilton, the seventy-eighth of the Federalist Papers. Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm Federalist No. 51 may be the clearest exposition of what has come to be called "Federalism. Federalist No 51 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-first of the Federalist Papers. Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing "

Contents

History

Alexander Hamilton, author of the majority of the Federalist Papers
Alexander Hamilton, author of the majority of the Federalist Papers

Origins

The states were sent the Constitution for ratification in late September 1787. Immediately, the Constitution became the target of numerous articles and public letters written by Anti-Federalists and other opponents of the Constitution. The Anti-Federalist Papers are a collection of articles written in opposition to the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution. For instance, the important Anti-Federalist authors "Cato" and "Brutus" debuted in New York papers on September 27 and October 18, respectively. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid [7] Hamilton began the Federalist Papers project as a response to the opponents of ratification, a response that would explain the new Constitution to the residents of New York and persuade them to ratify it. He wrote in Federalist No. 1 that the series would "endeavor to give a satisfactory answer to all the objections which shall have made their appearance, that may seem to have any claim to your attention. Federalist No 1 ( Federalist Number 1) is an Essay by Alexander Hamilton and the first of the Federalist Papers. "[8]

Hamilton recruited collaborators for the project. He enlisted Jay, who fell ill and was unable to contribute much to the series. Madison, present in New York as a delegate to the Congress, was recruited by Hamilton and Jay and became Hamilton's major collaborator. Gouverneur Morris and William Duer were also apparently considered; Morris turned down the invitation and Hamilton rejected three essays written by Duer. Gouverneur Morris ( January 31, 1752 November 6, 1816) was an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the [9] Duer later wrote in support of the three Federalist authors under the name "Philo-Publius," or "Friend of Publius. "

Hamilton also chose "Publius" as the pseudonym under which the series would be written. While many other pieces representing both sides of the constitutional debate were written under Roman names, Albert Furtwangler contends that "'Publius' was a cut above 'Caesar' or 'Brutus' or even 'Cato. Marcus Junius Brutus (85&ndash42 BC or Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus was a Roman senator of the late Roman Republic. Marcus Porcius Catō Uticensis (95 BC&ndash46 BC known as Cato the Younger ( Cato Minor) to distinguish him from his great-grandfather ( Cato the Elder ' Publius Valerius was not a late defender of the republic but one of its founders. His more famous name, Publicola, meant 'friend of the people. '"[10] It was not the first time Hamilton had used this pseudonym: in 1778, he had applied it to three letters attacking Samuel Chase. This article is about the signer of the Declaration of Independence

Publication

The Federalist Papers appeared in three New York newspapers: the Independent Journal, the New-York Packet, and the Daily Advertiser, beginning on October 27, 1787. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Between them, Hamilton, Madison and Jay kept up a rapid pace, with at times three or four new essays by Publius appearing in the papers in a week. Garry Wills observes that the pace of production "overwhelmed" any possible response: "Who, given ample time could have answered such a battery of arguments? And no time was given. "[11] Hamilton also encouraged the reprinting of the essay in newspapers outside New York state, and indeed they were published in several other states where the ratification debate was taking place. However, they were only irregularly published outside New York, and in other parts of the country they were often overshadowed by local writers. [12]

The high demand for the essays led to their publication in a more permanent form. On January 1, 1788, the New York publishing firm J. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap & A. McLean announced that they would publish the first thirty-six essays as a bound volume; that volume was released on March 2 and was titled The Federalist. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good New essays continued to appear in the newspapers; Federalist No. 77 was the last number to first appear in that form, on April 2. Federalist No 77 ( Federalist Number 77) is an Essay by Alexander Hamilton and the seventy-seventh of the Federalist Papers. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of A second bound volume containing the last forty-nine essays was released on May 28. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling The remaining eight papers were later published in the newspapers as well. [13]

A number of later publications are worth noting. A 1792 French edition ended the collective anonymity of Publius, announcing that the work had been written by "MM Hamilton, Maddisson E Gay," citizens of the State of New York. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In 1802 George Hopkins published an American edition that similarly named the authors. Hopkins wished as well that "the name of the writer should be prefixed to each number," but at this point Hamilton insisted that this was not to be, and the division of the essays between the three authors remained a secret. [14]

The first publication to divide the papers in such a way was an 1810 edition that used a list provided by Hamilton to associate the authors with their numbers; this edition appeared as two volumes of the compiled "Works of Hamilton. " In 1818, Jacob Gideon published a new edition with a new listing of authors, based on a list provided by Madison. The difference between Hamilton's list and Madison's form the basis for a dispute over the authorship of a dozen of the essays. [15]

Disputed essays

See also: List of Federalist Papers
James Madison, Hamilton's major collaborator, later President of the United States and "Father of the Constitution"
James Madison, Hamilton's major collaborator, later President of the United States and "Father of the Constitution"

The authorship of seventy-three of the Federalist essays is fairly certain. This is a list of the 85 Federalist Papers, which were key documents in the early political history of the United States. Twelve are disputed, though some newer evidence suggests Madison as the author. The first open designation of which essay belonged to whom was provided by Hamilton, who in the days before his ultimately fatal duel with Aaron Burr provided his lawyer with a list detailing the author of each number. This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician This list credited Hamilton with a full sixty-three of the essays (three of those being jointly written with Madison), almost three quarters of the whole, and was used as the basis for an 1810 printing that was the first to make specific attribution for the essays. [16]

Madison did not immediately dispute Hamilton's list, but provided his own list for the 1818 Gideon edition of The Federalist. Madison claimed twenty-nine numbers for himself, and he suggested that the difference between the two lists was "owing doubtless to the hurry in which [Hamilton's] memorandum was made out. " A known error in Hamilton's list—Hamilton incorrectly ascribed No. 54 to Jay, when in fact Jay wrote No. 64—has provided some evidence for Madison's suggestion. Federalist No 54 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-fourth of the Federalist Papers. Federalist No 64 is an essay by John Jay, the sixth-fourth of the Federalist Papers. [17]

Statistical analysis has been undertaken on several occasions to try to decide the authorship question based on word frequencies and writing styles. Nearly all of the statistical studies show that all twelve disputed papers were written by Madison. [18][19]

Influence on the ratification debates

The Federalist Papers were written to support the ratification of the Constitution, specifically in New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Whether they succeeded in this mission is questionable. Separate ratification proceedings took place in each state, and the essays were not reliably reprinted outside of New York; furthermore, by the time the series was well underway, a number of important states had already ratified it, for instance Pennsylvania on December 12. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian New York held out until July 26; certainly The Federalist was more important here than anywhere else, but Furtwangler argues that it "could hardly rival other major forces in the ratification contests"--specifically, these forces included the personal influence of well-known Federalists, for instance Hamilton and Jay, and Anti-Federalists, including Governor George Clinton. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus This page is for the US Vice President For others of that name see George Clinton. [20] Further, by the time New York came to a vote, ten states had already ratified the Constitution and it had thus already passed — only nine states had to ratify it for the new government to be established among them; the ratification by Virginia, the tenth state, placed pressure on New York to ratify. In light of that, Furtwangler observes, "New York's refusal would make that state an odd outsider. "[21]

As for Virginia, which only ratified the Constitution at its convention on June 25, Hamilton writes in a letter to Madison that the collected edition of The Federalist had been sent to Virginia; Furtwangler presumes that it was to act as a "debater's handbook for the convention there," though he claims that this indirect influence would be a "dubious distinction. The Virginia Ratifying Convention was a convention of 168 delegates from Virginia who met in 1788 to ratify or reject the United States Constitution, which Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians "[22] Probably of greater importance to the Virginia debate, in any case, were George Washington's support for the proposed Constitution and the presence of Madison and Edmund Randolph, the governor, at the convention arguing for ratification. Edmund Jenings Randolph ( August 10, 1753 September 12, 1813) was an American attorney, Governor of Virginia

Structure and content

In Federalist No. 1, which served as the introduction to the series, Hamilton listed six topics to be covered in the subsequent articles:

  1. "The utility of the UNION to your political prosperity" – covered in No. Federalist No 1 ( Federalist Number 1) is an Essay by Alexander Hamilton and the first of the Federalist Papers. 2 through No. 14
  2. "The insufficiency of the present Confederation to preserve that Union"—covered in No. 15 through No. 22
  3. "The necessity of a government at least equally energetic with the one proposed to the attainment of this object"—covered in No. 23 through No. 36
  4. "The conformity of the proposed constitution to the true principles of republican government"—covered in No. 37 through No. 84
  5. "Its analogy to your own state constitution"—covered in No. 85
  6. "The additional security which its adoption will afford to the preservation of that species of government, to liberty and to prosperity"—covered in No. 85. [23]

Furtwangler notes that as the series grew, this plan was somewhat changed. The fourth topic expanded into detailed coverage of the individual articles of the Constitution and the institutions it mandated, while the two last topics were merely touched on in the last essay.

The papers can be broken down by author as well as by topic. At the start of the series, all three authors were contributing; the first twenty papers are broken down as eleven by Hamilton, five by Madison and four by Jay. The rest of the series, however, is dominated by three long segments by a single writer: No. 21 through No. 36 by Hamilton, No. 36 through 58 by Madison, written while Hamilton was in Albany, and No. 65 through the end by Hamilton, published after Madison had left for Virginia. [24]

Opposition to the Bill of Rights

The Federalist Papers (specifically Federalist No. 84) are notable for their opposition to what later became the United States Bill of Rights. Federalist No 84 ( Federalist Number 84) an Essay entitled "Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered" is In the United States the Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known The idea of adding a bill of rights to the constitution was originally controversial because the constitution, as written, did not specifically enumerate or protect the rights of the people, rather it listed the powers of the government and left all that remained to the states and the people. Alexander Hamilton, the author of Federalist No. 84, feared that such an enumeration, once written down explicitly, would later be interpreted as a list of the only rights that people had.

However, Hamilton's opposition to the Bill of Rights was far from universal. Robert Yates, writing under the pseudonym Brutus, articulated this view point in the so-called Anti-Federalist No. 84, asserting that a government unrestrained by such a bill could easily devolve into tyranny. Robert Yates (1738-1801 was a United States Politician well known for his Anti-Federalist stances The Anti-Federalist Papers are a collection of articles written in opposition to the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution. Other supporters of the Bill argued that a list of rights would not and should not be interpreted as exhaustive; i. e. , that these rights were examples of important rights that people had, but that people had other rights as well. People in this school of thought were confident that the judiciary would interpret these rights in an expansive fashion. The matter was further clarified by the Ninth Amendment. Amendment IX (the Ninth Amendment) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, addresses rights of the people that are

Modern approaches and interpretations

Judicial use

John Jay, author of five of the Federalist Papers, later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
John Jay, author of five of the Federalist Papers, later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Federal judges, when interpreting the Constitution, frequently use the Federalist Papers as a contemporary account of the intentions of the framers and ratifiers. [25] They have been applied on issues ranging from the power of the federal government in foreign affairs (in Hines v. Davidowitz) to the validity of ex post facto laws (in the 1798 decision Calder v. Bull, apparently the first decision to mention The Federalist). Calder v Bull, 3 US 386 ( 1798) is a famous case in which the United States Supreme Court examined its authority to review State legislature [26] As of the year 2000, The Federalist had been quoted 291 times in Supreme Court decisions. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. [27]

The amount of deference that should be given to the Federalist Papers in constitutional interpretation has always been somewhat controversial. As early as 1819, Chief Justice John Marshall noted in the famous case McCulloch v. Maryland, that "the opinions expressed by the authors of that work have been justly supposed to be entitled to great respect in expounding the Constitution. John Marshall (September 24 1755 – July 6 1835 was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power McCulloch v Maryland,, was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. No tribute can be paid to them which exceeds their merit; but in applying their opinions to the cases which may arise in the progress of our government, a right to judge of their correctness must be retained. "[28] Madison himself believed not only that The Federalist Papers were not a direct expression of the ideas of the Founders, but that those ideas themselves, and the "debates and incidental decisions of the Convention," should not be viewed as having any "authoritative character. " In short, "the legitimate meaning of the Instrument must be derived from the text itself. "[29]

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Jackson, Kenneth T. The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. p. 194.
  2. ^ Furtwangler, 17.
  3. ^ Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union: 1781-1789 (1987) p. 309
  4. ^ Furtwangler, 51.
  5. ^ See, e. g. Irving Brant, James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787-1800. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company (1950).
  6. ^ Wills, x.
  7. ^ Furtwangler, 48-49.
  8. ^ Gunn, Giles B. (1994). Early American Writing. Penguin Classics, 540. ISBN 0140390871.  
  9. ^ Furtwangler, 51-56.
  10. ^ Furtwangler, 51.
  11. ^ Wills, xii.
  12. ^ Furtwangler, 20.
  13. ^ The Federalist timeline at www.sparknotes.com.
  14. ^ Adair, 40-41.
  15. ^ Adair, 44-46.
  16. ^ Adair, 46-48.
  17. ^ Adair, 48.
  18. ^ Mosteller and Wallace.
  19. ^ Fung, Glenn, The disputed federalist papers: SVM feature selection via concave minimization, New York City, ACM Press, 2003. (9 pg pdf file)
  20. ^ Furtwangler, 21.
  21. ^ Furtwangler, 22.
  22. ^ Furtwangler, 23.
  23. ^ This scheme of division is adapted from Charles K. Kesler's introduction to The Federalist Papers (New York: Signet Classic, 1999) pp. 15-17. A similar division is indicated by Furtwangler, 57-58.
  24. ^ Wills, 274.
  25. ^ Lupu, Ira C. ; "The Most-Cited Federalist Papers. " Constitutional Commentary (1998) pp 403+; using Supreme Court citations, the five most cited were Federalist No. 42 (Madison) (33 decisions), Federalist No. 78 (Hamilton) (30 decisions), Federalist No. 81 (Hamilton) (27 decisions), Federalist No. 51 (Madison) (26 decisions), Federalist No. 32 (Hamilton) (25 decisions). Federalist No 42 ( Federalist Number 42) is an Essay by James Madison and the forty-second of the Federalist Papers. Federalist No 78 is an Essay by Alexander Hamilton, the seventy-eighth of the Federalist Papers. Federalist No 81 ( Federalist Number 81) is an Essay by Alexander Hamilton and the eighty-first of the Federalist Papers. Federalist No 51 is an essay by James Madison, the fifty-first of the Federalist Papers. Federalist No 32 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the thirty-second of the Federalist Papers.
  26. ^ See, among others, a very early exploration of the judicial use of The Federalist in Charles W. Pierson, "The Federalist in the Supreme Court," The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 33, No. 7. (May, 1924), pp. 728-735.
  27. ^ Chernow, Ron. "Alexander Hamilton. " Penguin Books, 2004. (p. 260)
  28. ^ Arthur, John (1995). Words That Bind: Judicial Review and the Grounds of Modern Constitutional Theory. Westview Press, 41. ISBN 0813323495.  
  29. ^ Madison to Thomas Ritchie, September 15, 1821. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Quoted in Furtwangler, 36.

Further reading

External links


Text of the Federalist Papers

Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic