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For theological federalism, see Covenant Theology. Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for

Political federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative big head. Political philosophy is the study of questions about the City, Government, Politics, Liberty, Justice, Property, Rights The term federalism is also used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces). For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Federalism is the system in which the power to govern is shared between the national and state governments, creating what is often called a federation. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" Proponents are often called federalists. The term " federalist " describes several political beliefs around the world

In Europe, "federalism" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a stronger federal government (for example, with governance under the European Union) and weaker provincial governments. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in In federal nations of Europe (such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland) or South America (such as Argentina or Brazil), the term "strong federalism" usually means sub-national states having more power than the national (federal) government, in contrast with a centralist system. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

In Canada, federalism means opposition to sovereigntist movements (usually that of Quebec). Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The same is historically true in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Advocates of a weaker federal government and stronger state government are those that generally favor confederation, often related to "anti-federalists". The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution The state or regional governments strive to cooperate with all the nations. The old statement of this position can be found in The Federalist, which argued federalism helps enshrine the principle of due process by limiting arbitrary action from the state. The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that a person has a right to receive notice and be heard in an orderly proceeding in order to protect his or her First, federalism can limit government power and infringe rights, since it allows the possibility that a legislature wishing to restrict liberties will lack the constitutional power. The level of government that possesses the power lacks the desire. Second, the legalistic decision making processes of federal systems limit the speed with which governments can act.

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India

Indian state governments led by various political parties as of 3 January 2008
Indian state governments led by various political parties as of 3 January 2008

The Government of India referred to as the Union Government or Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 7 union territories. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. The governance of India is based on a tiered system, wherein the Constitution of India appropriates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. The Constitution uses the Seventh Schedule to delimit the subjects under three categories namely the union list, the state list and the concurrent list. The Union government has the powers to enact laws on subjects under the union list, while the state governments have the powers to enact laws on subjects under the state list. Both the Union as well as the state governments can enact laws on subjects under the concurrent list. India has a multiparty system, necessitated by its large diversity in language, religion and ethnicity and its size in area and population. This multiparty system leads to further devolution of power to the states, while weakening the authority of the Union Government.

Europe

Several Federal systems exist in Europe, such as in Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Belgium and the European Union. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Germany and the EU,are the only examples in the world,where ,the upper federal house(Bundesrat in germany ,Council in EU),that represents the states,is neither elected nor appointed, is composed by the governments of the states. The Bundesrat ("federal council" or "upper house of German parliament" is the representation of the 16 Federal States ( Bundesländer) of The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU In Germany during the first part of the twentieth century, Adolf Hitler viewed federalism as an obstacle, and he wrote in Mein Kampf as follows: "National Socialism must claim the right to impose its principles on the whole German nation, without regard to what were hitherto the confines of federal states. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German " In Britain, federalism has long been proposed as a solution to the "Irish Problem", and more lately, the "West Lothian question"[1]

Following the end of World War II, several movements began advocating a European Federation, such as the Union of European Federalists or the European Movement, founded in 1948. The West Lothian Question was first posed on 14 November 1977 by Tam Dalyell, Labour Member of Parliament (MP for the Scottish constituency World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The European Movement is an international Lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and private individuals desiring to work towards the construction Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Those organizations were influential in the European unification process, but never in a decisive way.

The European Union includes many characteristics of federalism. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The European federalists campaigned in favour of a directly elected European Parliament (est. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU 1979), and were among the first to put a European Constitution on the agenda. Their opponents are both those in favor of a lesser role for the Union and those who wish the Union to be ruled by national governments rather than by an elected European government. Although federalism was mentioned both in the drafts of the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, it was never accepted by the representatives of the member countries. The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an unimplemented international Treaty intended

The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Belgium, and Italy, while those historically most strongly opposed have been France and the United Kingdom. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located However, in recent times the French and UK governments have become increasingly pro-European, and Poland and Austria have taken on the roles of primary opponents to a stronger EU. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

United States

Main article: Federalism in the United States

In the United States, federalism is the system of government in which power is divided between a central government and the government of each state. Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between U

Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U. S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section. However, it contains numerous mentions of the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials vis-à-vis the federal government. In English The most common use of the phrase in English means 'with regard to' or 'in relation to' The federal government has certain expressed powers (also called enumerated powers), including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the necessary-and-proper clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. The Necessary-and-Proper Clause (also known as the Elastic Clause, the Basket Clause, the Coefficient Clause, and the Sweeping Clause) is the Powers that the Constitution does not delegate to the federal government or forbid to the states—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states. [2] The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments-- as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

After this, the federal government has increased greatly in size and influence, both in terms of its influence on everyday life and relative to the state governments. There are several reasons for this, including the need to regulate businesses and industries that span state borders, attempts to secure civil rights, and the provision of social services. Although many people believe that the federal government has grown beyond the bounds permitted by the express powers, from 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause for over fifty years until United States v. Lopez overturned the power of the Federal government under the Commerce Clause (see also, challenging the Gun-Free School Zones Act). The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. United States v Lopez, was the first United States Supreme Court case since the Great Depression to set limits to Congress's power under the The Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 was enacted as section 1702 of the Crime Control Act of 1990 () on November 29[[ 990]] However, most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause. Article 1 Section 8 Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, known as the Commerce Clause, states that Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign The Commerce Clause is used by Congress to justify certain federal laws, but its applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years. The Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the aforementioned Lopez decision, and they also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision. The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 ( VAWA) is a United States federal law. United States v Morrison, is a United States Supreme Court decision that examined the limits of Congress's power to make laws under the Commerce Clause Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision. Gonzales v Raich (previously Ashcroft v Raich) 545 US 1 (2005 was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled on

"Dual federalism" holds that the federal government and the state governments are co-equals, each sovereign. Dual federalism is the belief that having separate but equal Branches of government is the best option In this theory, parts of the Constitution are interpreted very narrowly, such as the Tenth Amendment, the Supremacy Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Commerce Clause. The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, In this narrow interpretation, the federal government has jurisdiction only if the Constitution clearly grants such. In this case, there is a very large group of powers belonging to the states, and the federal government is limited to only those powers explicitly listed in the Constitution. [3]

However this theory also holds the federal government as the final judge of its own powers. Understanding the constitutional role of Native American governments (Indian country), separate and distinct from state and federal governments, exercising limited powers of Tribal sovereignty, has given rise to the concept of "tri-federalism. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau Tribal sovereignty refers to the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves "

Canada

Main article: Canadian federalism

In Canada, the system of federalism is delineated (described) by the division of powers between the federal parliament and the country's provincial governments. Canadian federalism is one of the three pillars of the constitutional order along with Responsible government and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Under the Constitution Act (previously known as the British North America Act) of 1867, specific powers of legislation are allotted. The Constitution Act 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act 1867, and still known informally as the BNA Act) constitutes a major part of The British North America Acts 1867&ndash1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the Constitution of Canada. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Section 91 of the constitution gives rise to federal authority for legislation, whereas section 92 gives rise to provincial powers. For matters not directly dealt with in the constitution, the federal government retains residual powers; however, conflict between which level of government has legislative jurisdiction over various matters has been a longstanding and evolving issue. Areas of contest include legislation with respect to regulation of the economy, taxation, and natural resources.

Australia

On 1 January 1901 the Australian nation emerged as a federation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, though through a Westminster system. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United

Brazil

The fall of Brazilian monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature Field Marshal Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca, pron. mɐnu'ɛw deo'dɔɾu da fõ'sekɐ ( August 5, 1827 - August 23, 1892 Aided by well-known jurist Rui Barbosa, Fonseca stablished federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. Ruy Barbosa de Oliveira, current spelling Rui, ( November 5 1849 &mdash March 1 1923) was an important Brazilian Because of its troubled political history Brazil has had a number of constitutions The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas. Federal intervention (Intervención federal is an attribution of the federal government of Argentina, by which it takes control of a province in certain Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (ʒeˈtulju doɾˈnɛlis vaɾgɐs April 19, 1882 – August 24, 1954) served as president of

The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 introduced a new component to the ideas of federalism, including local governments as federal entities. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. Brazilian cities are now invested with some of the traditional powers usually granted to states in federalism, and although they are not allowed to have a Constitution, they are structured by an organic law. An organic law or Fundamental law is a Law or system of laws which forms the foundation of a Government, Corporation or other organization's

Federalism with two components

In Belgium, the state structure is formally a federation, but because it exists in fact of only two component parts, the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking populations who are relatively equal in strength, one could speak of a special case of federalism. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those In such cases, resembling a marriage, it is difficult to think that one 'partner' (the bigger of the two) could force a majority-decision on the other, but also that the other (the smaller of the two) could block indefinitely such a majority. When the differences of opinion nest on the cleavage between both 'partners', decisions on those subjects, even trivial ones, can only be taken by a compromise between both 'partners'. As such, federalism with only two 'partners' resembles in practice more a confederation.

This was also the case in Czechoslovakia until the Czech Republic and Slovakia separated in 1993 and in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 (in 2003 it became a confederation: State Union of Serbia and Montenegro which ended when in 2006 Montenegro declared its independence). Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The 1960 Constitution of Cyprus was based on the same ideas, but the 'marriage' of Greeks and Turks failed. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Also, Tanzania, which is the union of Tanganika and Zanzibar. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Similar power-sharing arrangements between two 'communities' can be found in Fiji, Saint Kitts and Nevis, in Northern Ireland (the Belfast Agreement) and in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol ( Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige; German: Trentino-Südtirol; Ladin: Trentin-Adesc Aut  

Christian Church

Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the Church (disambiguation Christian Church and the word church are used to denote both a Christian association of people and a Place of worship For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity An elder (in Greek, πρεσβυτερος; see Presbyter) in Christianity is a person valued for his Wisdom who accordingly holds a particular In Christian churches, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church or religious organization to perform clergy functions such as teaching of beliefs Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly. Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members. In this governmental structure, each component has some level of sovereignty over itself. As in political federalism, in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty.

Other ecclesiologies also have significant representational and federalistic components, including the more democratic congregational ecclesiology, and even in more hierarchical episcopal ecclesiology. Congregationalist polity, often known as congregationalism is a system of Church governance in which every Local church congregation is independent Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek

Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and to many, prescribed) in the New Testament. Church (disambiguation Christian Church and the word church are used to denote both a Christian association of people and a Place of worship This is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem, described in Acts chapter 15, where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church, and elders being such for the local church. Council of Jerusalem (or Apostolic Conference) is a name applied subsequently to a meeting described in Acts of the Apostles chapter and probably referred to The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e An elder (in Greek, πρεσβυτερος; see Presbyter) in Christianity is a person valued for his Wisdom who accordingly holds a particular To this day, elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.

See also

This entry is related to, but not included in the Political ideologies series or one of its sub-series. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Other related articles can be found at the Politics Portal.

References

  1. ^ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/82358.stm UK Politics: Talking Politics The West Lothian Question]. BBC News (1998-06-01). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince
  2. ^ THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA With Explanatory Notes. U. S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince
  3. ^ Constitutional Topic: Federalism. The U. S. Constitution Online. Retrieved on 2008-02-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince

External links

Dictionary

federalism

-noun

  1. A system of national government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of regions with delimited self-governing authority.
  2. Advocacy of such a system.
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