The realization that dinosaurs are closely related to birds raised the obvious possibility of feathered dinosaurs. Deinonychus (daɪˈnɒnikəs ( Greek δεινος, 'terrible' and ονυξ/ονυχος, 'claw' was a Genus of carnivorous Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Fossils of Archaeopteryx include well-preserved feathers, but it was not until the early 1990s that clearly nonavian dinosaur fossils were discovered with preserved feathers. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Archaeopteryx, sometimes referred to by its German name Urvogel ("original bird" or "first bird" is the earliest and most primitive Bird Feathers are one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering or Plumage, on Birds They are considered the most complex integumentary structures The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Today there are more than a dozen genera of dinosaurs with fossil feathers, all of which are theropods. Theropods (ˈθɪərəpɒd theropoda /θiːˈrɒpədə/ 'beast feet' are a group of Bipedal Saurischian Dinosaurs Although they were primarily Most are from the Yixian formation in China. The Yixian Formation is a Geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that stems from the Early Cretaceous The fossil feathers of one specimen, Shuvuuia deserti, have even tested positive for beta-keratin, the main protein in bird feathers, in immunological tests. Shuvuuia is a Genus of bird-like Theropod Dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of Mongolia. β-keratin or beta-keratin (not to be confused with β-carotene) is in contrast to Alpha-keratin, a fibrous protein rich in Alpha helices, rich [1]
Contents |
Early hypotheses
Shortly after the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species, British biologist and evolution-defender Thomas Henry Huxley proposed that birds were descendants of dinosaurs. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species (published 24 November 1859) is a seminal work in Scientific literature and arguably the A biologist is a Scientist devoted to and producing results in Biology through the study of Organisms Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895 was an English Biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy He cited skeletal similarities, particularly among some saurischian dinosaurs, fossils of the 'first bird' Archaeopteryx and modern birds. Saurischia (sɔːˈrɪskiə, from the Greek sauros ( σαυρος) meaning 'lizard' and ischion ( ισχιον) meaning 'hip joint' Archaeopteryx, sometimes referred to by its German name Urvogel ("original bird" or "first bird" is the earliest and most primitive Bird In 1868 he published On the Animals which are Most Nearly Intermediate between Birds and Reptiles, making the case. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The leading dinosaur expert of the time, Richard Owen, disagreed, claiming Archaeopteryx as the first bird outside dinosaur lineage. Sir Richard Owen KCB ( Lancaster, July 20 1804 &ndash December 18 1892) was an English Biologist For the next century, claims that birds were dinosaur descendants faded, with more popular bird-ancestry hypotheses including 'crocodylomorph' and 'thecodont' ancestors, rather than dinosaurs or other archosaurs. Thecodont ("socket-toothed" reptile now considered an obsolete term was formerly used to describe a diverse range of early Archosaurs that first appeared in the Archosaurs ( Greek for 'ruling lizards' are a group of Diapsid Reptiles represented by Modern birds and Crocodilians This group also
In 1964, John Ostrom described Deinonychus antirrhopus, a theropod whose skeletal resemblance to birds seemed unmistakable. John H Ostrom ( February 18, 1928 &ndash July 16, 2005) was an American Paleontologist who revolutionized modern Deinonychus (daɪˈnɒnikəs ( Greek δεινος, 'terrible' and ονυξ/ονυχος, 'claw' was a Genus of carnivorous Theropods (ˈθɪərəpɒd theropoda /θiːˈrɒpədə/ 'beast feet' are a group of Bipedal Saurischian Dinosaurs Although they were primarily Ostrom has since become a leading proponent of the theory that birds are direct descendants of dinosaurs. Further comparisons of bird and dinosaur skeletons, as well as cladistic analysis strengthened the case for the link, particularly for a branch of theropods called maniraptors. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Maniraptora ("hand snatchers" is a Clade of Coelurosaurian Dinosaurs which includes the Birds and the dinosaurs that were more closely Skeletal similarities include the neck, the pubis, the wrists (semi-lunate carpal), the 'arms' and pectoral girdle, the shoulder blade, the clavicle and the breast bone. The neck is the part of the Body on many limbed Vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the Torso or trunk For the bone in many mammals often called the penis bone see Baculum The android pubic bone is the Ventral and Anterior In Human anatomy, the wrist is the flexible and narrower connection between the Forearm and the palm. In Tetrapods the carpus is the sole cluster of the Bones in the Wrist between the radius and Ulna and the Metacarpus In Anatomy, an arm is one of the Upper limbs of an animal The term arm can also be used for analogous structures such as one of the paired upper limbs The pectoral girdle is the set of bones which connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton on each side In Anatomy, the scapula, omo, or shoulder blade, is the Bone that connects the Humerus (arm bone with the Clavicle (collar The sternum (from Greek στέρνον sternon, "chest" or breastbone) is a long flat Bone located in the center of the thorax (chest In all, over a hundred distinct anatomical features are shared by birds and theropod dinosaurs.
Other researchers drew on these shared features and other aspects of dinosaur biology and began to suggest that at least some theropod dinosaurs were feathered. The first restoration of a feathered dinosaur was Sarah Landry's depiction of a feathered "Syntarsus" (now renamed Megapnosaurus or considered a synonym of Coelophysis), in Robert T. Bakker's 1975 publication Dinosaur Renaissance. Megapnosaurus (meaning "big dead lizard" from Greek μεγα = "big" 'απνοος = "not breathing" "dead" σαυρος Coelophysis (siːˈloʊfaɪsɨs see-LOH-fye-siss meaning "hollow form " in reference to its hollow Bones ( Greek κοιλος Robert T Bakker (born March 24, 1945, in Bergen County New Jersey) is an American Paleontologist who helped reshape modern theories about [2] Gregory S. Paul was probably the first paleoartist to depict maniraptoran dinosaurs with feathers and protofeathers, starting in the late 1980s.
By the 1990s, most paleontologists considered birds to be surviving dinosaurs and referred to 'non-avian dinosaurs' (those that went extinct), to distinguish them from birds (aves or avian dinosaurs). Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Direct evidence to support the theory was missing, however. Some mainstream ornithologists, including Smithsonian Institution curator Storrs L. Olson, disputed the links, citing the lack of fossil evidence for feathered dinosaurs. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of Storrs Lovejoy Olson (born April 3, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American biologist and ornithologist from the Smithsonian Institution
Fossil evidence
After a century of hypotheses without hard evidence, particularly well-preserved (and legitimate) fossils of feathered dinosaurs were discovered during the 1990s and 2000s. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 The fossils were preserved in a Lagerstätte — a sedimentary deposit exhibiting remarkable richness and completeness in its fossils — in Liaoning, China. A Lagerstätte ( German; literally place of storage; plural Lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossil Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The area had repeatedly been smothered in volcanic ash produced by eruptions in Inner Mongolia 124 million years ago, during the Early Cretaceous Period. Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of The fine-grained ash preserved the living organisms that it buried in fine detail. The area was teeming with life, with millions of leaves and the oldest known angiosperms, insects, fish, frogs, salamanders, mammals, turtles, lizards and crocodilians discovered to date. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. Salamander (orig from Persian: sām, "fire" and andarūn, "within" is the common name for a group of approximately 500 Species Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Turtles are Reptiles of the Order Testudines (all living turtles belong to the Crown group Chelonia) most of Lizards are a large and widespread group of Reptiles of the order Squamata, with nearly 5000 species and ranging across all continents except Crocodilia is an order of large Reptiles that appeared about 84 million years ago in the late Cretaceous Period ( Campanian stage
The most important discoveries at Liaoning have been a host of feathered dinosaur fossils, with a steady stream of new finds filling in the picture of the dinosaur-bird connection and adding more to theories of the evolutionary development of feathers and flight.
Norell et al (2007) reported quill knobs from an ulna of Velociraptor, and these are strongly correlated with large and well - developed secondary feathers. Velociraptor (vɨˈlɒsɨræptɚ meaning 'swift thief' 'swift plunderer' or 'swift bird of prey' is a Genus of Dromaeosaurid theropod [3]
Genuine feathers?
There had been claims that the supposed feathers of the Chinese fossils were a preservation artifact. [4] Despite doubts, the fossil feathers have roughly the same appearance as those of birds fossilized in the same locality, so there is no serious reason to think they are of different nature; moreover, no non-theropod fossil from the same site shows such an artifact, but sometimes show unambiguous hair (some mammals) or scales (some reptiles).
The Archaeoraptor fake
In 1999, a supposed 'missing link' fossil of an apparently feathered dinosaur named "Archaeoraptor liaoningensis", found in Liaoning Province, northeastern China, turned out to be a forgery. "Archaeoraptor" is the generic name informally assigned in 1999 to a Fossil from China in an article published in ''National Geographic'' ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Comparing the photograph of the specimen with another find, Chinese paleontologist Xu Xing came to the conclusion that it was composed of two portions of different fossil animals. Xu Xing ( is a famed Chinese paleontologist who has named many dinosaurs including the new Jurassic Ceratopsian Yinlong His claim made National Geographic review their research and they too came to the same conclusion. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural [5] The bottom portion of the "Archaeoraptor" composite came from a legitimate feathered dromaeosaurid now known as Microraptor, and the upper portion from a previously-known primitive bird called Yanornis. Microraptor (meaning "small thief" is a Genus of small Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur. Yanornis was an Early Cretaceous Bird, thought to be closely related to the common ancestor of all modern birds
Current knowledge
List of dinosaur genera preserved with evidence of feathers
.jpg/180px-Microraptor_gui_(dinos).jpg)
A number of non-avian dinosaurs are now known to have been feathered. Direct evidence of feathers exists for the following genera, listed in order of publication. In all examples, the evidence described consists of feather impressions, except those marked with an asterisk (*), which denotes genera known to have had feathers based on skeletal or chemical evidence, such as the presence of quill knobs or beta-keratin. β-keratin or beta-keratin (not to be confused with β-carotene) is in contrast to Alpha-keratin, a fibrous protein rich in Alpha helices, rich
- Avimimus* (1987)[6][7]
- Sinosauropteryx (1996)[8]
- Protarchaeopteryx (1997)[9]
- Caudipteryx (1998)[10]
- Rahonavis* (1998)[11]
- Shuvuuia* (1999)[1]
- Sinornithosaurus (1999)[12]
- Beipiaosaurus (1999)[13]
- Microraptor (2000)[14]
- Nomingia* (2000)[15]
- Epidendrosaurus (2002)[16]
- Cryptovolans (2002)[17]
- Scansoriopteryx (2002)[18]
- Yixianosaurus (2003)[19]
- Dilong (2004)[20]
- Pedopenna (2005)[21]
- Jinfengopteryx (2005)[22][23]
- Sinocalliopteryx (2007)[24]
- Velociraptor* (2007)[3]
Primitive feather types
The evolution of feather structures is thought to have proceeded from simple hollow filaments through several stages of increasing complexity, ending with the large, deeply rooted, feathers with strong pens (raches), barbs and barbules that birds display today. Avimimus (ˌeɪvɨˈmaɪməs AY-vi-MYE-mus meaning "bird mimic" because it resembled a Bird ( Latin avis = bird + mimus Sinosauropteryx (meaning "Chinese lizard-wing" is the first and most primitive Genus of Dinosaur found with the fossilized impressions of Protarchaeopteryx is a Genus of turkey -sized feathered Theropod Dinosaur from China Caudipteryx (which means "tail feather" is a Genus of Peacock -sized Theropod Dinosaurs that lived in the Barremian Rahonavis is a Genus of Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous ( Campanian ? 83 Shuvuuia is a Genus of bird-like Theropod Dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of Mongolia. Sinornithosaurus (derived from a combination of Latin and Greek, meaning 'Chinese bird-lizard' is a Genus of feathered Dromaeosaurid Beipiaosaurus is a genus of therizinosauroid Theropod Dinosaur. Microraptor (meaning "small thief" is a Genus of small Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur. Nomingia is a Genus of Caenagnathid Theropod Dinosaur hailing from the Late Cretaceous Bugin Tsav Beds. Epidendrosaurus (ˌɛpɨˌdɛndroʊˈsɔːrəs "upon-tree lizard" is a Genus of mid- Mesozoic (see "Provenance") maniraptoran Cryptovolans (meaning 'hidden flyer' is a genus of feathered, Dromaeosaurid, dinosaur represented by a 90 cm long individual preserved in 3 fossils Scansoriopteryx ("climbing wing" is a Genus of Maniraptoran Dinosaur. Yixianosaurus (meaning " Yixian lizard" was a Maniraptoran Dinosaur Genus from the Early Cretaceous ( Dilong (which means 'emperor dragon' is a Genus of small tyrannosauroid Dinosaur. Pedopenna ("foot feather" is a Genus of small feathered Maniraptoran Dinosaur from the Daohugou Beds in China Jinfengopteryx (from Jinfeng, 'golden phoenix' the queen of birds in Chinese folklore and Ancient Greek πτερυξ pteryx, meaning 'feather' Sinocalliopteryx (meaning 'Chinese beautiful feather' is a Genus of Compsognathid Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Velociraptor (vɨˈlɒsɨræptɚ meaning 'swift thief' 'swift plunderer' or 'swift bird of prey' is a Genus of Dromaeosaurid theropod Raches (Ράχες is a municipality on the island of Icaria, Samos Prefecture, Greece. [25]
It is logical that the simplest structures were probably most useful as insulation, and that this implies homeothermy. In Biology, a warm-blooded Animal species is one whose members maintain thermal Homeostasis; that is they keep their body temperature at a roughly constant Only the more complex feather structures would be likely candidates for aerodynamic uses.
It is not known with certainty at what point in archosaur phylogeny the earliest simple “protofeathers” arose, or if they arose once or, independently, multiple times. Archosaurs ( Greek for 'ruling lizards' are a group of Diapsid Reptiles represented by Modern birds and Crocodilians This group also Filamentous structures are clearly present in Pterosaurs, and long, hollow quills have been reported in a specimen of Psittacosaurus from Liaoning. For other meanings see Pterodactyl (disambiguation. Pterosaurs (ˈtɛrəsɔr from the Greek πτερόσαυρος pterosauros Psittacosaurus ( or, from the Greek for ' Parrot Lizard ' is a Genus of Psittacosaurid Ceratopsian ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. [26] It is thus possible that the genes for building simple integumentary structures from beta keratin arose before the origin of dinosaurs, possibly in the last common ancestor with pterosaurs – the basal Ornithodire. Ornithodira is a Clade within the larger group Archosauria In 1986 Jacques Gauthier coined the name for a node clade containing the last common
Most of the theropods known to have feathers are maniraptorans. Maniraptora ("hand snatchers" is a Clade of Coelurosaurian Dinosaurs which includes the Birds and the dinosaurs that were more closely Only a few non - maniraptoran theropods are known to have them as well. Maniraptora ("hand snatchers" is a Clade of Coelurosaurian Dinosaurs which includes the Birds and the dinosaurs that were more closely At present, the most primitive (known) theropod dinosaur with integumentary filaments is Sinosauropteryx, a compsognathid (Jurassic/Cretaceous, 150-120 mya), whose body was covered with feather-like structures that look like hollow tubes, or hairs. Sinosauropteryx (meaning "Chinese lizard-wing" is the first and most primitive Genus of Dinosaur found with the fossilized impressions of Compsognathidae is a family of small carnivorous Dinosaurs generally conservative in form from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". They may or may not have had barbs, like downy (plumulaceous) feathers. Another very primitive theropod, Dilong paradoxus (Early Cretaceous), an ancestor of Tyrannosaurus rex, had similar simple feather structures. Dilong (which means 'emperor dragon' is a Genus of small tyrannosauroid Dinosaur. Tyrannosaurus ( or, meaning 'tyrant lizard' is a Genus of Theropod Dinosaur. The alvarezsaurid Shuvuuia is sometimes found to be outside the maniraptora, but consensus right now places it as a maniraptoran. The Alvarezsauridae are an enigmatic family of small long-legged running Dinosaurs Although originally thought to represent the earliest known flightless Shuvuuia is a Genus of bird-like Theropod Dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of Mongolia. Maniraptora ("hand snatchers" is a Clade of Coelurosaurian Dinosaurs which includes the Birds and the dinosaurs that were more closely
The first dinosaur fossils from the Yixian formation found to have true flight-structured feathers (pennaceous feathers) were Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx (135-121 mya). Microraptor (meaning "small thief" is a Genus of small Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most The Yixian Formation is a Geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that stems from the Early Cretaceous Pennaceous feathers are also known as contour Feathers and are present in most modern Birds and in some species of Maniraptoran Dinosaurs Protarchaeopteryx is a Genus of turkey -sized feathered Theropod Dinosaur from China Caudipteryx (which means "tail feather" is a Genus of Peacock -sized Theropod Dinosaurs that lived in the Barremian Due to the size and proportions of these animals it is more likely that their feathers were used for display rather than for flight. Subsequent dinosaurs found with pennaceous feathers include Pedopenna and Jinfengopteryx. Several specimens of Microraptor, described by Xu et al. Microraptor (meaning "small thief" is a Genus of small Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur. in 2003, show not only pennaceous feathers but also true asymmetrical flight feathers, present on the fore and hind limbs and tail. Asymmetrical feathers are considered important for flight in birds. Before the discovery of Microraptor gui, Archaeopteryx was the most primitive known animal with asymmetrical flight feathers.
Phylogeny and the inference of feathers in other dinosaurs
Feathered dinosaur fossil finds to date, together with cladistic analysis, suggest that many types of theropod may have had feathers, not just those that are especially similar to birds. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry In particular, the smaller theropod species may all have had feathers and possibly even the larger theropods (for instance T. rex) may have had feathers, in their early stages of development after hatching. Whereas these smaller animals may have benefitted from the insulation of feathers, large adult theropods are unlikely to have had feathers, since inertial heat retention would likely be sufficient to manage heat. Retention of internal heat may even have become a problem, had these very large creatures been feathered.
Fossil feather impressions are extremely rare; therefore only a few feathered dinosaurs have been identified so far. However, through a process called phylogenetic bracketing, scientists can infer the presence of feathers on poorly-preserved specimens. Phylogenetic bracketing is a method of Inference used in biological sciences. All fossil feather specimens have been found to show certain similarities. Due to these similarities and through developmental research almost all scientists agree that feathers could only have evolved once in dinosaurs. Feathers would then have been passed down to all later, more derived species (although it is possible that some lineages lost feathers secondarily). If a dinosaur falls at a point on an evolutionary tree within the known feather-bearing lineages, scientists assume it too had feathers, unless conflicting evidence is found. This technique can also be used to infer the type of feathers a species may have had, since the developmental history of feathers is now reasonably well-known. [25]
The scientists who described the (apparently unfeathered) Juravenator performed a genealogical study of coelurosaurs, including distribution of various feather types. Juravenator is a Genus of small (70 cm long Coelurosaurian Dinosaur, which lived in the area which would someday become the Jura Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Based on the placement of feathered species in relation to those that have not been found with any type of skin impressions, they were able to infer the presence of feathers in certain dinosaur groups. The following simplified cladogram follows these results, and shows the likely distribution of plumaceous (downy) and pennaceous (vaned) feathers among theropods. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry [27] Note that the authors inferred pennaceous feathers for Velociraptor based on phylogenetic bracketing, a prediction later confirmed by fossil evidence. Velociraptor (vɨˈlɒsɨræptɚ meaning 'swift thief' 'swift plunderer' or 'swift bird of prey' is a Genus of Dromaeosaurid theropod Phylogenetic bracketing is a method of Inference used in biological sciences. [3]
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References
- ^ a b Schweitzer, Mary Higby, Watt, J. For the prehistoric gliding reptile see Coelurosauravus. Coelurosauria (sɨˌljʊərəˈsɔriə is defined as the clade containing all Theropod Albertosaurus (ælˌbɝtoʊˈsɔrəs meaning "Alberta lizard" is a Genus of Tyrannosaurid Theropod Dinosaur that lived Tyrannosaurus ( or, meaning 'tyrant lizard' is a Genus of Theropod Dinosaur. Compsognathidae is a family of small carnivorous Dinosaurs generally conservative in form from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods Compsognathus ( Greek kompsos/κομψος; "elegant" "refined" or "dainty" and gnathos/γναθος; "jaw" Sinosauropteryx (meaning "Chinese lizard-wing" is the first and most primitive Genus of Dinosaur found with the fossilized impressions of Huaxiagnathus is a Genus of Theropod Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Juravenator is a Genus of small (70 cm long Coelurosaurian Dinosaur, which lived in the area which would someday become the Jura Ornithomimosaurs (meaning ' Bird mimic lizards' or members of the Clade Ornithomimosauria are Theropod Dinosaurs like Maniraptora ("hand snatchers" is a Clade of Coelurosaurian Dinosaurs which includes the Birds and the dinosaurs that were more closely Ornitholestes (meaning "bird robber" was a small Theropod Dinosaur of the late Jurassic of Western Laurasia (the area that The Alvarezsauridae are an enigmatic family of small long-legged running Dinosaurs Although originally thought to represent the earliest known flightless Patagonykus was an enigmatic Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Shuvuuia is a Genus of bird-like Theropod Dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of Mongolia. Mononykus (məˈnɒnɨkəs muh-NON-i-kus sometimes MON-o-NYE-kus (meaning "one claw" was a Theropod Dinosaur from late Cretaceous Oviraptorosaurs ("egg thief lizards" are a group of feathered Maniraptoran Dinosaurs from the Cretaceous Period of what are now Caudipteryx (which means "tail feather" is a Genus of Peacock -sized Theropod Dinosaurs that lived in the Barremian Conchoraptor (meaning " Conch thief" was an oviraptorid Dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of what is now Citipati (ˈtʃiːt̪ipəːt̪i in Sanskrit, for 'funeral pyre lord' is a Genus of Oviraptorid Theropod Dinosaur from Troodontidae is a family of Bird -like theropod Dinosaurs In previous decades troodontid fossils were few and scrappy and they have therefore Dromaeosauridae is a family of Bird -like Theropod Dinosaurs They were small to medium-sized feathered Carnivores that flourished in the Microraptor (meaning "small thief" is a Genus of small Dromaeosaurid Dinosaur. Velociraptor (vɨˈlɒsɨræptɚ meaning 'swift thief' 'swift plunderer' or 'swift bird of prey' is a Genus of Dromaeosaurid theropod Sinornithosaurus (derived from a combination of Latin and Greek, meaning 'Chinese bird-lizard' is a Genus of feathered Dromaeosaurid Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Archaeopteryx, sometimes referred to by its German name Urvogel ("original bird" or "first bird" is the earliest and most primitive Bird Confuciusornis is a genus of crow-sized primitive Birds from the Early Cretaceous of China, approximately 120 million years ago A. , Avci, R. , Knapp, L. , Chiappe, L, Norell, Mark A. , Marshall, M. (1999). "Beta-Keratin Specific Immunological reactivity in Feather-Like Structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti Journal of Experimental Biology (Mol Dev Evol) 255:146-157
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- ^ Qiang, J. , . Currie, P. J. , Norell. , M. A. & Shu-An, J. , 1998. Two feathered dinosaursfrom northeastern China. Nature 393 753-761.
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See also
External links
- Downy Dinos on EvoWiki
- DinoBuzz, dinosaur-bird controversy explained, by UC Berkeley. The origin of birds has been a contentious topic within Evolutionary biology for many years but more recently a scientific consensus has emerged which holds that Birds
- Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology, with many articles on dinosaur-bird links.
- Life-like images of feathered dinosaurs
- Feathered dinosaurs at the American Museum of Natural History
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