Mohammad Fazlollah Zahedi (1897-1963) was an Iranian general, Prime Minister, and politician. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person
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Biography
Early Years
Born in Hamedan in 1896, Fazlollah Zahedi was the son of Abol Hassan "Bassir Diwan" Zahedi, a wealthy land owner at the city of Hamedan. Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) During his service at the Imperial Russian-trained Iranian Cossack Brigade, one of his comrades in arms (his superior in fact) was Reza Khan, the later Reza Shah Pahlavi. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya He was among the officers dispatched to Gilan who put an end to the Jangal movement of Gilan of Mirza Kuchak Khan. The Jangal (Jungle movement, in Gilan, was a rebellion against the monarchist rule of the Qajar central government of Iran. Mīrzā Kūchak Khān (میرزا كوچک خان (common alternative spellings Kouchek, Koochek, Kuchak, Kuchek, Kouchak, At the age of 23, as a company commander, Zahedi had led troops into battle against rebel tribesmen in the northern provinces. [1] Two year later Reza Shah promoted him to the rank of brigadier general. The alliance, forged between the two men, was to endure a lifetime and continued to bind their sons, personally as well as politically.
He was also involved in the overthrow of Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee's government in 1920. Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee ( 1888 – August 29, 1969)( Persian: سید It was Colonel Zahedi who arrested Sheikh Khaz'al Khan and brought him to Tehran. Sheikh Khaz'al Khan Ibn Haji Jabir Khan, GCIE, KCSI ( 18 August[[ 863]]?- 24 May[[ 936]] Muaz us-Sultana Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of
During Reza Shah's reign, General Zahedi was named (1926) military governor of Khuzestan province, holding the hub of Iran's oil industry, and in 1932 chief of national police, one of the nation's top internal posts. Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. During World War II he was appointed (1941) commanding general of the Isfahan Division. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Following the forced abdication of Reza Shah (1941), Zahedi was arrested by British forces in 1942 allegedly for his sympathy for Nazi Germany, and hoarding of grain with which he was "making huge sums" on the black market. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German [2] He was flown out of the country and interned in Palestine until the end of the war. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement
Return from Internment
Returned from internment in Palestine in 1945, during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah (Reza Shah's son and successor), General Zahedi became Inspector of military forces in southern Iran. He became once more chief of national police (Shahrbani) in 1949, when Mohammad Reza Shah appointed him as chief of the Shahrbani Police Forces, in order to counter the growing threat of Sepahbod Haj Ali Razmara. Sepahbod Haj Ali Razmara ( Persian: حاجیعلی رزمآرا Ḥājī`alī Razmāra) ( 1901 - March 7, 1951) was a military
1950s
After retiring from the army, he was named Senator in 1950. Zahedi was appointed Minister of the Interior (1951) in Hossein Ala''s administration, a post he would retain when Dr. Hosein Alā was a Prime Minister of Iran during 1951 He was born in 1882 in Tehran and spent his early years in London. Mohammad Mossadegh became Prime Minister. Mohammad Mosaddeq ( (, pronounced mosæddeq}} also Mosaddegh or Mossadegh) ( May 19 1882 – 5 March 1967) was a major This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Zahedi actively supported the new government's nationalisation of the oil industry, which had previously been owned by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, now BP. However, he was at odds with Mossadegh over his increasing tolerance for the outlawed communist party Tudeh, which had boldly demonstrated in favour of nationalisation. Formed in 1941 the Tudeh Party of Iran ("Party of the Masses of Iran" حزب توده ایران Hezb-e Tudeh Iran) is an Iranian Communist party Both of these moves naturally antagonised the Western Powers, especially the United Kingdom and the United States. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Zahedi was dismissed by Prime Minister Mossadegh after a bloody crackdown on anti-American protesters in mid 1951 in which 20 people killed and 2000 wounded. [3]
Zahedi finally broke with Mossadegh, with the latter accusing him of fostering plans for a coup. Meanwhile, sanctions levied by the Western Powers significantly curtailed Iranian oil exports, leading to an economic crisis. Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries on another for a variety of reasons Disorder among several ethnic groups in southern Iran and labour unrest among oil-field workers put further pressures on the government. The United States under President Eisenhower, citing Mossadegh's allegedly pro-Moscow inclination, came to view constitutional government as a strategic threat. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
1953 Coup
At the behest of the British and American government, and assured of their support, the Shah demanded Mossadegh's resignation in February of 1953. Mossadegh refused, bringing to head a crisis that would end the era of constitutional monarchy and would replace it by direct rule of the Shah. The newly-formed CIA, along with the British spy agency MI6, took an active role in the developments, terming their involvement Operation Ajax. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. The 1953 Iranian Coup d'état deposed the government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq and his cabinet, it was effected by Gen Fazlollah himself is reported to have "received more than $100,000 from the CIA," to be "Iran's new prime minister. " [4] Zahedi and his followers, financed and armed by the foreign intelligence services, organised supporters of the Shah onto the streets, calling for the Prime Minister's ousting. There were such riots in Tehran and other cities. Fearing his arrest, Zahedi went into hiding.
In August of 1953, Mossadegh attempted to convince the Shah to leave the country. The Shah refused, and formally dismissed the Prime Minister, in accordance with the foreign intelligence plan. Mossadegh refused to resign, however, and when it became apparent that he was going to fight, the Shah, as a precautionary measure foreseen by the British/American plan, on 15th August fled first to Baghdad and then to Rome, Italy, after signing two decrees, one dismissing Mossadegh and the other naming Zahedi to replace him as Prime Minister. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Mossadegh again refused to step down.
Supported by the United Kingdom and the United States, and encouraged by the intelligence agents Kermit Roosevelt and Donald N. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Wilber, Zahedi staged a counter coup on the 19 August 1953, drawing supporters from the military as well as the public. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Relying for his legitimacy on the Shah's decrees, Zahedi sent out thousands of copies, along with the proclamation of himself as Prime Minister. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. The Shah returned triumphantly from exile on 22 August 1953. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return
Many contemporary sources attribute the coup, or counter coup, entirely to the U.S. American CIA (CIA Coup) and agents of the British MI6 who are reported to have organized and paid for it. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. [5] These sources point to many other coups in which the CIA was instrumental, such as those in Congo (1964), Chile (1973), and Algeria (1991). Supporters of the Shah, however, argue that the counter-coup was in fact a popular uprising, and that the foreign intelligence agencies' undeniable involvement was peripheral. At least some historians argue the coup could not have taken place without both CIA organizing and Iranian support. [6][7]
Final Exile
Having acquired an unprecedented power-base and, as a consequence, evoking increasing unease at home, the Premiership of General Zahedi ended in 1955. His final exile was sweetened by his last post, as Ambassador to the United Nations, in Geneva. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking
Ancestry
Zahedi's family descends from the Sufi mystics Sheikh Zahed Gilani (1216 - 1301) and Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ardebili, the eponym of the Safavid Dynasty. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity The mystic Taj Al-Din Ebrahim ibn Rushan Amir Al-Kordi Al- Sanjani (or Sinjani (1216 &ndash 1301 (تاج الدين ابراهيم الكردي السنجاني titled Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh Sheikh Safi-ad-din Is'haq Ardabili (of Ardabil) (1252-1334 ( Eponym of the Safavid dynasty, was the spiritual heir and son in law of the great Ardabil ( Persian and Azeri: اردبیل also known as Ardebil; Old Persian: Artavil The Safavids ( صفوی) were an Iranian ref>Helen Chapin Metz Through his mother, Djavaher Khanom, he traced his descent to the dynastic ruler Karim Khan Zand. Karim Khan Zand, ( کریم خان زند) (c 1705- 1779 also called Karim Khan the Great (Bozorg was the ruler and De facto Shah of Iran Married to Khadijeh Pirnia, daughter of Mirza Hussein Khan Pirnia (titled Motamen-ol-Molk), and granddaughter to Mozzafar-al-Din Shah Qajar (1853 - 1907), Fazlollah Zahedi had a son, Ardeshir, and a daughter, Homa. Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, KG ( 25 March 1853 &ndash 7 January 1907) ( was the fifth Qajar dynasty Shah of The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under Ardeshir Zahedi ( Persian: اردشیر زاهدی Ardeshīr Zāhedī) (born October 16 1928) was an important
Children
His son Ardeshir Zahedi, a later politician and diplomat, was to marry Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi, daughter of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from his first marriage to Princess Fawzia of Egypt, daughter to King Fuad I. Ardeshir Zahedi ( Persian: اردشیر زاهدی Ardeshīr Zāhedī) (born October 16 1928) was an important Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Queen Fawzia Bint Fuad of Egypt ( Arabic: فوزية بنت فؤاد الأول Persian: فوزیه فؤاد ( Alexandria, Egypt, November Fuad I, born Ahmed Fuad, ( Arabic: فؤاد الأول Fu'ād al-Awwal) ( March 26, 1868 - April 28, 1936 His daughter Homa Zahedi was a member of the Parliament.
See also
References used
- 'Alí Rizā Awsatí (عليرضا اوسطى), Iran in the past three centuries (Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh - ايران در سه قرن گذشته), Volumes 1 and 2 (Paktāb Publishing - انتشارات پاکتاب, Tehran, Iran, 2003). This is a list of Prime Ministers of Iran ( see Prime Minister of Iran) Heads of Government of Iran (1669-1989 Grand Viziers (Chief Ministers ISBN 9-649340-661 (Vol. 1), ISBN 9-649340-653 (Vol. 2).
- Encyclopædia Britannica
External links
- Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran -- A special report.; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79). The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc The New York Times, April 16, 2000.
- New york Times article of 20th August 1953
- Images of General Zahedi
- Good historical Picture source
| Preceded by Mohammed Mossadegh |
Prime Ministers of Iran 1953 August 19 – April 1955 |
Succeeded by Hossein Ala' |
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