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Fatimah (Arabic: فاطمة‎; fāṭimah c. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics See also Muhammad Family tree Note that direct lineage is marked in bold. For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title The Book of Fatimah, Mushaf of Fatimah or Fatimah's Mushaf is according to Shi'as tradition a book written by Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad The Hamsa (خمسة Khamsa, literally "five" חמסה Khamsa) is a symbol used in Amulets Charms and Jewelry to protect For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Fadak ( Arabic: فدك) was a tract of land in Khaybar, an oasis in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. Background The episode about the attack on Fatima’s house by Umar and his supporters is a subject of considerable debate between Sunnis and Shi’ites This is a sub-article of Fatima Zahra and Shi'a Islam. According to Shi'a and non-Muslim scholars Fatima Zahra was Muhammad 's only daughter Muslims express their love and devotion to pivotal figures in Islamic history by giving these figures titles The Fourteen Infallibles (Ma'asumin - معصومين are Twelver Shia Islam religious figures from between the 6th and 9th century AD who Twelver Shia For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری ‎ The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language 605^[1] or 615^[2] –632) was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. For the car see Peugeot 605. Events By Place Asia As a result of a quarrel between Numan III the Lakhmid Events By Place Europe The Edict of Paris grants extensive rights to the Frankish nobility Events By Place Europe Khan Kubrat starts to rule in Great Bulgaria. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Khadijah bint Khuwaylid or Khadijah al-Kubra The following is a NAMED REFERENCE ^[1] She is regarded by Muslims as an exemplar for men and women. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[3][4] She remained at her father's side through the difficulties suffered by him at the hands of the Quraysh of Mecca. Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored After migration to Medina, she married Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin, and was mother to four of his children. Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH She died a few months after her father, and was buried in Jannat al-Baqi in the city of Medina, though the exact location of her grave is unknown. Jannat al-Baqi ( جنة البقيع) (also spelt Jannat ul-Baqi) is a cemetery in Medina, Saudi Arabia, located across from the Masjid Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Most Shias believe that she was injured when defending Ali against the first Khalifa that this incident lead to her death in her very young age. ^[5]

She seems to have performed only three acts of political significance, each recorded in almost all sources, both Sunni and Shia, though in different versions. First, after the conquest of Mecca she refused her protection to Abu Sufyan; second, after the death of the Prophet she defended Ali's cause, opposed the election of Abu Bakr, and had violent disputes with him and particularly with Umar; third, she laid claim to the property rights of her father and challenged Abu Bakr's categorical refusal to cede them, particularly Fadak and a share in the produce of Khaybar. Mecca was conquered by the Muslims in January 630 AD (10th day of Ramadan[[ AH]] For the son of Harith see Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith. Sakhr ibn Harb (صخر بن حرب more commonly known as Abu Sufyan (560-650 For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Fadak ( Arabic: فدك) was a tract of land in Khaybar, an oasis in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. Khaybar ( Arabic,خيبر is the name of an Oasis some 95 miles to the north of Medina (ancient Yathrib) Saudi Arabia. ^[6]

Contents 1 Birth 2 Titles 3 Early life 4 Marriage 5 Descendants 6 Life before the death of Muhammad 6.1 Poverty 6.2 Offence Hadith 6.2.1 Context 6.3 In the battlefield 6.4 In the Quran 7 Life after the death of Muhammad 7.1 Caliphate of Abu Bakr 7.2 Inheritance 8 Death 9 Views 9.1 Shia view 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Shia sources

Birth

See also: Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters

Fatimah bint Muhammad (c. Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, had six children 605–632), the daughter of Muhammad, was born in Mecca to Khadija, the first wife of Muhammad. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Khadijah bint Khuwaylid or Khadijah al-Kubra The following is a NAMED REFERENCE There are differences of opinion on the exact date of her birth, but the widely accepted view is that she was born five years before the first Qur'anic revelations, during the time of the rebuilding of the Kaaba in 605,^[7][8] although this does imply she was over 18 at the time of her marriage which was unusual in Arabia. Wahy (وحي) is the Arabic word for revelation. In Islamic context it refers to the revelations and inspirations of God (Arabic Allah) to The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the ^[5] Shia sources, however, state that she was born either two or five years after the first Qur'anic revelations,^[9] but this timeline would imply her mother was over fifty at the time of her birth. ^[5]

Fatimah is generally placed as the fourth of Muhammad's daughters after Zaynab, Ruqayya, and Umm Kulthum. This is a Sahaba of Muhammad While Sunnis and some Shi'a view Zainab (also spelled as Zainub and Zaynab) as Ruqayyah is viewed as the daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah bint Khuwaylid by Sunni Muslims Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad ( أم كلثوم بنت محمد) was the one of the daughters of Muhammad and his first wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid according ^[5] According to some Shi'a scholars, Fatimah was Muhammad's only daughter. ^[10]

Titles

See also: List of Shi'a titles for Fatima Zahra

Fatimah is given many titles by Muslims to show their admiration of her moral and physical characteristics. Muslims express their love and devotion to pivotal figures in Islamic history by giving these figures titles The most used title is "az-Zahra" (meaning "the shining one") and she is commonly referred to as Fatimah Zahra. ^[11][12] She was also known as Umm-ul-Abeeha (Mother of her Father) and "al-Batul" (the chaste and pure one) as she spent much of her time in prayer, reciting the Qur'an and in other acts of worship. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Arabic word ibadah (عبادة or ibada, usually translated "worship" is connected with related words literally meaning " Slavery " ^[11]

Muslims regard Fatimah as a loving and devoted daughter, mother, wife, a sincere Muslim, and an exemplar for women. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[3][13] It is believed that she was very close to her father and her distinction from other women is mentioned in many hadith. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic ^[14] After Khadijah, Muslims regard Fatimah as the most significant historical figure, considered to be the leader(Arabic: Sayyedih) of all women in this world and in Paradise. Jannah (جنّة is the Islamic conception of Paradise. The Arabic form Jannah is a shortened version meaning simply "Garden" ^[15][16][17] It is because of her moral purity that she occupies an analogous position in Islam to that Mary occupies in Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings She was the only wife of Ali, who was the fourth caliph and whom Shias consider the first infallible Imam, the mother of the second and third Imams, and the ancestor of all the succeeding Imams; indeed, the Fatimid dynasty is named after her. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. ^[18]

Early life

Following the birth of Fatimah, she was personally nursed by her mother contrary to local customs where the newborn were sent to "wet nurses" in surrounding villages. ^[19] She spent her early youth under the care of her parents in Mecca in the shadow of the tribulations suffered by her father at the hands of the Quraysh. ^[5]

According to tradition, on one occasion while Muhammad was performing the salah (prayer) in the Kaaba, Abu Jahl and his men poured Camel placenta over him. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Amr ibn Hishām (died March 17, 624) (عمرو بن هشام better known as Abu Jahl, was one of the Meccan leaders known for his hostility against Fatimah upon hearing the news rushed to her father and wiped away the filth while scolding the men. ^[20][5] On another occasion, she passed by Abu Jahl on the street who slapped her across the face. She went to Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Quraish and complained about Abu Jahl's behaviour. For the son of Harith see Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith. Sakhr ibn Harb (صخر بن حرب more commonly known as Abu Sufyan (560-650 Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش Abu Sufyan brought her to Abu Jahl and instructed her to slap him back which she did. When she narrated this incident to Muhammad, he had expressed satisfaction at Abu Sufyan's sense of justice. ^[21]

Following the death of her mother, Fatimah was overcome by sorrow and found it very difficult to come to terms with her death. She was consoled by her father who informed her that he had received word from angel Gabriel that God had built for her a palace in paradise. Gabriel ( Latin: Gabrielus; Greek:, Gabriēl; Arabic: جبريل Jibrīl or جبرائيل ^[5]

Marriage

Many of Muhammad's companions asked for Fatimah's hand in marriage including Abu Bakr and Umar. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Muhammad turned them all down saying that he was awaiting a sign of her destiny. ^[5] Ali ibn Abu Talib, Muhammad's cousin, also had a desire to marry Fatimah but did not have the courage to approach Muhammad due to his poverty. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Even when he mustered up the courage and went to see Muhammad, he could not vocalise his intention but remained silent. Muhammad understood the reason for his being there and prompted Ali to confirm that he had come to seek Fatimah in marriage. He suggested that Ali had a shield, which if sold, would provide sufficient money to pay the bridal gift (mahr). Mahr (مهر also transliterated mehr, meher, or mahrieh) is gift mandatory in Islam given by the groom to ^[1] Muhammad put forward the proposal from Ali to Fatimah who remained silent and did not protest which Muhammad took to be a sign of affirmation and consent. ^[5][22]

The actual date of the marriage is unclear, but it most likely took place in 623, the second year of the hijra, although some sources say it was in 622. The Hijra (هِجْرَة or withdrawal is the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 ( Common Era) Fatimah is reported to have been between the ages of 9 and 19 at the time of her marriage while Ali was between 21 and 25. ^[1][23] Muhammad told Ali that he had been ordered by God to give his daughter Fatimah Zahra to Ali in marriage. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. ^[24] Muhammad said to Fatima: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me. " ^[25] Ali sold his shield to raise the money needed for the wedding, as suggested by Muhammad. ^[5] However, Uthman, to whom the shield was sold, returned it back to Ali saying it was his wedding gift to Ali and Fatimah. Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans ^[11] Muhammad himself performed the wedding ceremony and two of his wives, Aisha and Umm Salama, prepared the wedding feast with dates, figs, sheep and other food donated by various members of the Medinan community. Aisha bint Abu Bakr (died 678 (Arabic ar عائشة Transliteration ʿāʾisha, ʕaːʔɪʃæh "she who lives" also transcribed as A'ishah, Ayesha Hind bint Abi Umayya (هند بنت أبي أمية (c 580 - 680 was a wife of Muhammad, and therefore a Mother of the Believers. ^[5] According to Seyyed Hussein Nasr, their marriage possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between the greatest saintly figures surrounding Muhammad. ^[24]

Their marriage lasted about ten years and ended when Fatima died. Although polygyny was permitted, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatimah was alive. Polygyny (which comes from neo- Greek: πολύ poly "many" + γυνή gyny "woman" is a specific form of Polygamy, ^[24]

Descendants

See also: Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib

Fatimah was survived by two sons, Hasan and Husayn, and two daughters, Zaynab and Umm Kulthum. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the fourth and final Rightly Guided Caliph of Islam. Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib ( ar الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (Fifteenth of Ramadhān, 3 AH – Seventh or Twenty-eighth of Safar Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina Zaynab bint Ali ( زينب بنت علي) was the daughter of the last caliph of Islam Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib and granddaughter of Islamic prophet Umm Kulthum bint Ali (Arabic أم كلثوم بنت على) was the fourth child of Ali ibn Abu Talib (the first Shi’a Imam and fourth Sunni Caliph and Fatima ^[5] Controversy surrounds the fate of her third son, Muhsin. Al Muhsin or Mohsin, in Shi'a belief was the unborn child of Fatima Al Zahra, the daughter of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad Shias say that she miscarried following an attack on her house by Abu Bakr and Umar,^[26] while Sunnis insist that Muhsin died in his infancy of natural causes. Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great ^[27]

Modern descendants of Muhammad trace their lineage exclusively through Fatimah, as she was the only surviving child of Muhammad. Muhammad had no sons who reached adulthood. ^[28]

Fatimah's descendants are given the honorific titles sharif (meaning noble), sayyid (meaning lord or sir) and respected by both Sunni and Shi'a, though the Shi'as place much more emphasis and value on the distinction. Sharīf ( Arabic: شريف is a traditional Arab tribal Title given to those who serve as the protector of the tribe and all tribal For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title ^{[29] [30]}

Life before the death of Muhammad

Poverty

After her marriage to Ali, the wedded couple led a life of abject poverty in contrast to her sisters who were all married to wealthy individuals. ^[11] Ali had built a house not too far from Muhammad's residence where he lived with Fatimah. However, due to Fatimah's desire to be closer to her father, a Medinan (Haritha bin al-Numan) donated his own house to them.

At the beginning they were extremely poor. For several years after her marriage, she did all of the work by herself. The shoulder on which she carried pitchers of water from the well was swollen and the hand with which she worked the handmill to grin corn where often covered with blisters. ^[31] Fatima vouched to take care of the household work, make dough, bake bread, and clean the house; in return, Ali vouched to take care of the outside work (such as) gathering firewood, and bringing food. ^[32] Ali worked to irrigate other peoples lands by drawing water from the wells which caused him to complain of chest pains. ^[11] Their circumstances were akin to many of the Muslims at the time and only improved following the Battle of Khaybar when the produce of Khaybar was distributed among the poor. The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, located 150 kilometers Khaybar ( Arabic,خيبر is the name of an Oasis some 95 miles to the north of Medina (ancient Yathrib) Saudi Arabia. When the economic situations of Muslims become better, Fatimah gained some maids but treated them like her family and performed the house duties with them. ^[5]

Another reference to their simple life comes to us from the "Tasbih of Fatima", a divine formula that was first given to Fatima when she asked her father for a kaneez (servant girl) in order to help her with household chores. Her father (Muhammad) asked her if she would like a gift instead that was better than a servant and worth more than everything in the world. Upon her ready agreement, he told her to recite to end every prayer with the Great Exaltation "Allahu Akbar" 34 times, the Statement of Absolute Gratitude "Alhamdu-LilLah" 33 times and the Invocation of Divine Glory "Subhaan Allah" 33 times, totalling 100. This collective prayer is called the Tasbih of Fatima. ^[33]

Offence Hadith

Muhammad is reported to have said, "Fatima is a part of me and whoever offends her offends me. " ^[34]

Context

It is reported in Bukhari that Fatimah had occasional disputes with her husband and often sought the intercedence of her father who showed signs of great satisfaction upon reconciling the couples differences. On one occasion, a member of the house of Hisham ibn al-Mughirah proposed that Ali marry a woman from their clan. Hisham ibn al-Mughirah was from the Banu Makhzum Sub-clan of the Quraish Tribe and was also one of Muhammads contemporary Ali did not immediately reject the proposal and when word reached Muhammad he said the Offence Hadith.

It is reported in Bukhari that Muhammad re-iterated his affection for Fatimah when he was made aware that Ali had proposed to a daughter of Abu Jahl. Amr ibn Hishām (died March 17, 624) (عمرو بن هشام better known as Abu Jahl, was one of the Meccan leaders known for his hostility against From the pulpit Muhammad pronounced, "she is indeed a part of me" and that Ali would have to first divorce Fatimah before the marriage could go ahead. A minbar ( Arabic: منبر also spelt mimbar) is a Pulpit in the Mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer stands to deliver sermons Ali was given the name of Abu Turab (the man of dust) by Muhammad. One of the explanations for this is linked to the disputes with Fatimah where, instead of arguing with Fatimah, Ali would go and put dust on his head. ^[35]

Shias assert that "Among the many fabricated stories told against Imam Ali was that he had asked for Abu Jahl's (the chief of infidels) daughter's hand in marriage. When this news reached Fatima (A), she rushed to her father who found out the falsity of the story. " ^[36]

In the battlefield

Following the Battle of Uhud, Fatimah tended to the wounds of her father and husband, and took it upon herself to regularly visit the graves of all those who died in the battle and pray for them. The Battle of Uhud (غزوة أحد) was fought on 23 March 625 (3 Shawwal 3 AH in the Islamic calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what Fatimah, along with her husband, was also called upon by Abu Sufyan to intercede on his behalf with Muhammad while attempting to make amends following the violation of the Treaty of Hudaybiyya. The Treaty of Hudaybiyya ( Arabic: صلح الحديبية) is the treaty that took place between the state of Medina and the Quraishi Abu Sufyan also asked for Fatimah's protection when she went to Mecca while it was under occupation which she refused under instruction from her father. ^[5]

In the Quran

See also: Ahl al-Bayt

Some verses in the Qur'an are associated to Fatimah and her household by classical exegetes, although she is not mentioned by name. See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Two of the most important verses include 33:33 and 3:61, J. D. McAuliffe states. ^[37] In the first verse, the phrase "people of the house" (ahl al-bayt) is ordinarily understood to consist of Muhammad, Fatima, her husband Ali and their two sons (Tabari in his exegesis also mentions a tradition that interprets "people of the house" as Muhammad's wives; for Ibn al-Jawzi, the order of these options is reversed). ^[37] The second verse refers to an episode in which Muhammad proposed an ordeal of mutual adjuration (mubāhala) to a delegation of Christians. Fatima, according to the "occasion for the revelation" of this verse, was among those offered by Muhammad as witnesses and guarantors. ^[37]

Muslim exegesis of the Qur'anic verse 3:42, links the praise of Mary, the mother of Jesus, with that of Fatima based on a quote attributed to Muhammad that lists the outstanding women of all time as Mary, Asiya (the wife of Pharaoh), Khadija and Fatima (the Shia commentaries insists upon the absolute superiority of Fatima). Asiya (one who tends to the weak one who heals is considered to be one of four great noble and pious Women in Islam Pharaoh is the title given in modern parlance to the ancient Egyptian kings of all periods ^[37]

Life after the death of Muhammad

Caliphate of Abu Bakr

Main article: Succession to Muhammad

See also: Umar at Fatimah's house

For the few months that she survived following the death of her father, Fatimah found herself indirectly at the center of political disunity. For the book by Wilferd Madelung, see The Succession to Muhammad. Background The episode about the attack on Fatima’s house by Umar and his supporters is a subject of considerable debate between Sunnis and Shi’ites Differing accounts of the events surrounding the commencement of the caliphate exist which were the cause of the Shia and Sunni split. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The majority of Muslims at the time of Muhammed's death favoured Abu Bakr as the Caliph while a portion of the population supported Fatimah's husband, Ali. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah ^[5] Fatimah courageously defended Ali's, fiercely opposed the election of Abu Bakr, and had violent disputes with him and particularly with Omar. ^[6]

Following his election to the caliphate after a meeting in Saqifah, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other companions headed to Fatimah's house to obtain homage from Ali and his supporters who had gathered there. Saqifah, also known as "Saqifa Bani Saeda" or Saqifat Bani Sa'ida was a roofed building used by the tribe or banu of Sa'ida of the faction of the Khazraj, of the Then Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu Bakr. ^[38] There isn't consensus among the sources about what happened next.

Some sources say upon seeing them, Ali came out with his sword drawn but was disarmed by Umar and their companions. Fatimah, in support of her husband, started a commotion and threatened to "uncover her hair", at which Abu Bakr relented and withdrew. ^[5]

Some Shia historians hold that Umar called for Ali and his men to come out and swear allegiance to Abu Bakr. When they did not, Umar broke in, resulting in Fatimah's ribs being broken by being pressed between the door and the wall causing her to miscarry Muhsin which led to her eventual death. ^[39] Another version of the events says that Umar sent a force led by his slave-boy Qunfud to Fatimah's house instructing them to bring Ali to the mosque. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Arriving at the house, Qunfud requested permission to enter, which was refused by Ali causing Qunfud to return to Abu Bakr and Umar and relate the events, who instructed them to go back and enter the house by force if necessary. Qunfud and his men returned but were this time refused permission by Fatimah which caused Qunfud to send his men back to Abu Bakr and Umar for further instructions who told them to burn the house down if necessary in order to bring Ali to them. ^[40]

Although historians cannot give a precise description of the actual events, and even though the various views have been mixed with legendary accounts, it was undoubtedly a key motivation for the hatred born by the Shias towards Umar and his supporters. ^[5]

Inheritance

Main article: Fadak

After the death of her father, Fatimah approached Abu Bakr and asked him to relinquish her share of the inheritance from Muhammad's estate. Fadak ( Arabic: فدك) was a tract of land in Khaybar, an oasis in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. Fatimah expected the land of Fadak (situated 30 miles from Medina^[41]) and a share of Khaybar would be passed onto her as part of her inheritance. However, Abu Bakr rejected her request citing a narration where Muhammad stated that prophets do not leave behind inheritance and that all their possessions become sadaqa to be used for charity. Sadaqa is voluntary Islamic charity as opposed to Zakat, or obligatory charity Fatimah was upset at this flat refusal by Abu Bakr and did not speak to him until her death ( some Sunni sources claim she had reconciled her differences with Abu Bakr before she died). ^[5] Shias contend that Fadak had been gifted to Fatimah by Muhammad and Abu Bakr was wrong in not allowing her to take possession of it. ^[42]

Death

Following the farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad summoned Fatimah and informed her that he would be passing away soon but also informed her that she would be the first of his household to join him. This is a sub-article to Muhammad after the conquest of Mecca and the Succession to Muhammad. ^[11][5] Some days after this discussion, Muhammad died, following which Fatimah was grief stricken and remained so for the remainder of her life until she died less than five months later, in the month of Ramadhan. Ramadan or Ramadhan or Ramazan ( Arabic: ar رمضان is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. ^[11] A few sources report that Fatimah reconciled her differences with Abu Bakr prior to her death, although the majority belief affirms her anger with him until her death,^[43] and maintains that Fatimah was buried in secret at her request, to prevent Abu Bakr and Umar whom she considered to be her father's true enemies from attending the funeral^[44]. (see Fadak and Shi'a view of Abu Bakr)

There are two distinct views on the manner of her death between the Shias and Sunnis. Fadak ( Arabic: فدك) was a tract of land in Khaybar, an oasis in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. See also Abu Bakr This article is about the Shi'a view of Abu Bakr, the first Sunni Caliph. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Shias maintain that Fatimah died after Umar had led a party of armed men against Ali's house in Medina and called for Ali and his men to come out and swear allegiance to Abu Bakr, who they had decided would take power in the meeting at Saqifah. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Saqifah, also known as "Saqifa Bani Saeda" or Saqifat Bani Sa'ida was a roofed building used by the tribe or banu of Sa'ida of the faction of the Khazraj, of the Umar and Khalid ibn Walid threatened to burn the house down if they did not submit. Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642 ( خالد بن الوليد) also known by Sunnis as Sayf-'ullah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God, God's Withdrawn They broke in, resulting in Fatimah's ribs being broken between the broken door and the wall, and she miscarrying an unborn son named Muhsin^{[45][46][47][48][49][50]}. Al Muhsin or Mohsin, in Shi'a belief was the unborn child of Fatima Al Zahra, the daughter of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad According to other sources, Umar ordered the beating of Fatimah ^{[51][52][53][54][55][56][57]}, some saying Umar personally kicked Fatimah in the stomach, causing her miscarriage ^[58]. Muhammad appeared in a dream and informed Fatimah that she would be passing away the next day. Fatimah informed her husband Ali and asked him not to allow those who had done injustice to her, to be involved in her janazah (prayer performed in congregation after the death of a Muslim) or take part in the burial. Salat al-Janazah ( صلاة الجنازة) is the Funeral Prayer held by Muslims before the Burial but after the Shrouding ^[59]

The next day when she died, her two sons were the first family members to learn of her death and immediately proceeded to the mosque to inform their father who, upon hearing the news, fell unconscious. When he regained consciousness, Ali, according to Fatimah's wishes, performed the janazah and buried her during the night on 3rd Jumada al-thani 11 AH (632) making out three other false graves to ensure her real grave could not be identified. With him were his family and a few of his close companions. ^[60]

The Sunnis, however, state that on the morning of her death, she took a bath, put on new clothes and lay down in bed. She asked for Ali and informed him that her time to die was very close. Upon hearing this news, Ali began to cry but was consoled by Fatimah who asked him to look after her two sons and for him to bury her without ceremony. After her death, Ali followed her wishes and buried her without informing the Medinan people. ^[11]

Views

Shia view

Main article: Shi'a view of Fatimah

See also: The Fourteen Infallibles

Fatimah, regarded as "the Mother of the Imams", plays a special role in Shia piety. This is a sub-article of Fatima Zahra and Shi'a Islam. According to Shi'a and non-Muslim scholars Fatima Zahra was Muhammad 's only daughter The Fourteen Infallibles (Ma'asumin - معصومين are Twelver Shia Islam religious figures from between the 6th and 9th century AD who Twelver Shia Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. She has a unique status as Muhammad's only surviving child, the wife of Ali, their first Imam, and the mother of Hassan and Husain. She is believed to have been immaculate, sinless and a pattern for Muslim women. Infallibility, from Latin origin ('in' not + 'fallere' to deceive is a term with a variety of meanings related to knowing Truth with Certainty. Although leading a life of poverty, the Shia tradition emphasizes her compassion and sharing of whatever she had with others. ^[61]

According to Mahmoud Ayoub, the two main images of Fatima within the Shia tradition is that of "Eternal Weeper" and "the Judge in the hereafter". ^[62] According to Shia tradition, the suffering and death of Fatimah was the first tragedy of Islam. She spent her last days mourning at the death of her father. Fatimah eternally weeps at the death of her two sons, who were murdered by the Ummayads. Shias believe they share in Fatimah's suffering by weeping for her sorrows. The tears of the faithful is also believed to console Fatimah. ^[63] Shias hold that Fatimah will play a redemptive role as the mistress of the day of judgment in the hereafter as a reward for her suffering in this world. ^[64]

See also

• Ahl al-Bayt
• Book of Fatimah
• Fatima the Gracious
• Genealogy of Khadijas daughters

Notes

link Shia Website HusainiChannel.com

References

Books and jourals

• Al-Bukhari, Muhammad. Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, popularly known as Al-Bukhari ( البخاري) or Imam Bukhari (810-870 was a famous Sunni Sahih Bukhari, Book 4, 5, 8.  
• Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1987 to 1996). Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري was one of the earliest most prominent and famous Persian Historians History of the Prophets and Kings , V. The History of the Prophets and Kings (Persian تاریخ طبری, Arabic تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly known Tarikh al-Tabari 2. SUNY Press.  
• Armstrong, Karen (1993). Karen Armstrong (born 14 November 1944 in Wildmoor Worcestershire) is a British author of numerous works on Comparative religion, who first rose to prominence with Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 0-06-250886-5.  
• Ashraf, Shahid (2005). Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. . ISBN 8126119403.  
• Ayoub, Mahmoud (1978). Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of (Ashura) in Twelver Shi'Ism.  
• Esposito, John (1990). John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940 Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. 978-0195107999.  
• Esposito, John (1998). John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940 Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University Islam: The Straight Path, 3rd, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195112344.  
• Fadlullah, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn. Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh (محمد حسين فضل الله (also Muhammad Husayn Fadl-Allāh or Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fatimah al-Ma`sumah (as): a role model for men and women. London: Al-Bakir Cultural & Social Centre.  
• Ghadanfar, Mahmood Ahmad. Great Women of Islam. Darussalam. 9960897273.  
• Ibn Hisham, Abdul Malik (1955). TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Muhammad 'Abd al-Malik bin Hisham (أبو محمد عبدالمالك بن هشام or Ibn Hisham Al Seerah Al Nabaweyah (Biography of the Prophet). Mustafa Al Babi Al Halabi(Egypt).  (In Arabic)
• Madelung, Wilferd (1997). Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung (born 26 December 1930) is a scholar of Islam. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521646960.  
• Ordoni, Abu Muhammad; Muhammad Kazim Qazwini (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Fatima The Gracious (Arabic Fatimah Zahra) is the name of a book written by Shi'a scholar Abu Muhammad Ansariyan Publications. ISBN B000BWQ7N6.  
• Parsa, Forough (فروغ پارسا) (2006). "Fatima Zahra Salaamullah Alayha in the works of Orientalists" (فاطمهٔ زهرا سلامالله علیها در آثار خاورشناسان)". Nashr-e Dānesh 22 , No. 1. 0259-9090.  (In Persian)
• Tahir-ul-Qadri, Muhammad (2006). Virtues of Sayyedah Fatimah. Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications. ISBN 9693202252.  

Encyclopedias

• Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. .  
• Amin, Hassan (1968-73). Islamic Shi'ite Encyclopedia. Beirut: SLIM Press.  
• Vacca, V. "Fāṭima". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Ed. P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. Clifford Edmund Bosworth (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is an English historian and orientalist, specializing van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.  
• MSN Encarta.  
• "Fāṭima". Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an 1st Edition, 5 vols. The Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an ( EQ) is a scholarly work with essays on the most important themes and subjects and an encyclopaedic dictionary of Qur'an terms concepts plus index. . (2001-2006). Ed. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen et al. . Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISSN 90-04-14743-8.  
• Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English language Encyclopedia about the history culture and Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 1568590504.  

External links

• Fatimah, article at Enyclopaedia Britannica Online
• Fatimah by Jean Calmard, article at Enyclopaedia Iranica

Shia sources

• The Life of Fatimah
• Fatimah al-Ma`sumah (as): a role model for men and women by Ayatullah Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
• The world’s most outstanding Lady: Fatima az-Zahra’ by Ayatullah Makarem Shirazi
• Fatima is Fatima by Ali Shariati
• Fatima (S.A) The Gracious by Abu Muhammad Ordoni

Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh (محمد حسين فضل الله (also Muhammad Husayn Fadl-Allāh or Sayyed Muhammad Hussein TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi is one of the most influential Ayatollahs Ali Shariati ( علی شريعتی‎) ( November 23, 1933 &ndash 1977 was an Iranian sociologist and Revolutionary, well

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