A fanzine (see also: zine) is a nonprofessional publication produced by fans of a particular cultural phenomenon (such as a literary or musical genre) for the pleasure of others who share their interest. A zine (an abbreviation of the word Fanzine, or magazine ziːn "zeen" is most commonly a small circulation non-commercial Publication Fans in Little Italyjpg|thumb|right|Fans in Little Italy Manhattan celebrating the victory of the Italian association football team after the 2006 FIFA World Cup]][[Image Wm-oly-de-cr The term was coined in an October 1940 science fiction fanzine by Russ Chauvenet and first popularized within science fiction fandom, from whom it was adopted by others. A science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi-professional magazine published by members of Science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day Louis Russell "Russ" Chauvenet ( February 12, 1920 – June 24, 2003) was one of the founders of Science fiction fandom, Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community of people actively interested in Science fiction and Fantasy literature, and in contact with one another

Typically, publishers, editors and contributors to fanzines receive no financial compensation. Fanzines are traditionally circulated free of charge, or for a nominal cost to defray postage or production expenses. Copies are often offered in exchange for similar publications, or for contributions of art, articles, or letters of comment (LoCs), which are then published.

Some fanzines have evolved into professional publications (sometimes known as "prozines"), and many professional writers were first published in fanzines; some continue to contribute to them after establishing a professional reputation. The term fanzine is sometimes confused with "fan magazine", but the latter term most often refers to commercially-produced publications. A fan magazine is a professionally written and published Magazine intended for the amusement of fans of the Popular culture subject matter which it covers

Contents 1 Origin 2 Genres 2.1 Science fiction fanzines 2.2 Comics and graphic arts fanzines 2.3 Horror film fanzines 2.4 Rock & Roll music fanzines 2.5 Punk fanzines 2.6 Mod fanzines 2.7 Local music fanzines 2.8 Role-playing fanzines 2.9 Sport 3 Recent developments 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Origin

The origins of amateur "fan" publications are obscure, but can be traced at least back to 19th century literary groups in the United States which formed amateur press associations to publish collections of amateur fiction, poetry and commentary. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An Amateur Press Association or APA is a group of people who produce individual pages or Magazines that are sent to a Central Mailer for collation and distribution to all These publications were produced first on small tabletop printing presses, often by students. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image

As professional printing technology progressed, so did the technology of fanzines. Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a manual typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques (e. A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium g. , the spirit duplicator or even the hectograph). A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Ditto machine or Banda machine) was a low-volume printing method used mainly by schools and churches The hectograph or gelatin duplicator or jellygraph is a Printing process which involves transfer of an original prepared with special inks to a pan of Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, so circulation was extremely limited. The use of mimeograph machines enabled greater press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Today, thanks to the advent of desktop publishing and self-publication, there is often little difference between the appearance of a fanzine and a professionally produced magazine. Desktop publishing (also known as DTP) combines a Personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout Software to create Publication Documents Self-publishing is the Publishing of Books and other media by the Authors of those works rather than by established Third-party Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally

Genres

Science fiction fanzines

Main article: Science fiction fanzines

When Hugo Gernsback published the first scientifiction magazine, Amazing Stories in 1926, he allowed for a large letter column which printed reader's addresses. A science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi-professional magazine published by members of Science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day Hugo Gernsback ( August 16 1884 – August 19 1967) born Hugo Gernsbacher, was a Luxembourg American Inventor Amazing Stories was an American Science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback 's Experimenter Publishing. By 1927 readers, often young adults, would write to each other, bypassing the magazine. Science fiction fanzines had their beginnings in Serious & Constructive (later shortened to sercon) correspondence. Sercon is a word used to denote "Serious and Constructive" Science fiction criticism as well as the Fanzines in which such criticism is published Fans finding themselves writing the same letter to several correspondents sought to save themselves a lot of typing by duplicating their letters.

Early efforts included simple carbon copies but that proved insufficient. Carbon copying, often abbreviated to cc, is the technique of using Carbon paper to produce one or more copies simultaneously during the creation of paper documents The first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago and edited by Raymond A. Palmer and Walter Dennis. The Comet was the first Science fiction fanzine, and was first published in May 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Raymond Arthur Palmer (1910-1977 was the influential editor of Amazing Stories from 1938 through 1949 when he left publisher Ziff-Davis to ^[1] The term "fanzine" was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the October 1940 edition of his fanzine Detours. Louis Russell "Russ" Chauvenet ( February 12, 1920 – June 24, 2003) was one of the founders of Science fiction fandom, "Fanzines" were distinguished from "prozines," (a term Chauvenet also invented): that is, all professional magazines. Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Prior to that, the fan publications were known as "fanmags" or "letterzines. "

Science fiction fan magazines used a variety of printing methods. Typewriters, school dittos, church mimeos and (if they could afford it) multi-color letterpress or other mid-to-high level printing. Some fans wanted their news spread, others reveled in the artistry and beauty of fine printing.

The hectograph, introduced around 1876, was so named because it could produce (in theory) up to a hundred copies. The hectograph or gelatin duplicator or jellygraph is a Printing process which involves transfer of an original prepared with special inks to a pan of Hecto used an aniline dye, transferred to a tray of gelatin, and paper would be placed on the gel, one sheet at a time, for transfer. Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N Messy and smelly, the process could create vibrant colors for the few copies produced . The easiest aniline dye to make is purple (technically indigo) and the next step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin. Indigo is the Color on the Electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in Wavelength, placing it between Blue and violet A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Ditto machine or Banda machine) was a low-volume printing method used mainly by schools and churches Introduced by Ditto Corporation in 1923, these machines were known for the next six decades as Ditto Machines and used by fans because they were cheap to use and could (with a little effort) print in color.

The mimeograph machine, which forced ink through a wax paper stencil cut by the keys of a typewriter, was the standard for many decades. A second-hand mimeo in your parents' basement could print hundreds of copies and (with more than a little effort) print in color. The electronic stencil cutter (shortened to "electrostencil" by most) could add photographs and illustrations to a mimeo stencil. A mimeo'd zine could look terrible or look beautiful, depending more on the skill of the mimeo operator than the quality of the equipment. Only a few fans could afford more professional printers, or the time it took them to print, until photocopying became cheap and ubiquitous in the 1970s. With the advent of computer printers and desktop publishing in the 1980s, fanzines began to look far more professional. The rise of the internet made correspondence cheaper and much faster, and the world wide web has made publishing a fanzine as simple as coding a web page. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.

The means of printing affected the style of writing. For example, there were alphanumeric contractions which are actually precursors to "leet-speak. Leet or Eleet (sometimes rendered l33t, 1337, or 31337) also known as Leetspeak, is an Alphabet used primarily on the " A well-known example is the "initials" used by Forrest J. Ackerman in his fanzines from the 30s and 40s, namely "4sj. Forrest J Ackerman (born November 24, 1916) is an American collector of Science fiction books and movie memorabilia and a science fiction " Fans around the world knew Forry Ackerman by two-letters: "4e. " Fanspeak is rich with abbreviations, concatenations and in-jokes. Fanspeak is the Slang or Jargon current in science fiction and fantasy fandom, especially those terms in use among readers and writers of science fiction Where teenagers labored to save typing on ditto masters, they now save strokes when text messaging. 4e invented nonstoparagraphing: When the typist comes to the end of a paragraph, they simply move the platen down one line: a space-saving measure that is easy on a typewriter and difficult in html. A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure

As mentioned above, fanzines did not originate in science fiction fandom, although the term did. Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community of people actively interested in Science fiction and Fantasy literature, and in contact with one another Never commercial enterprises, most science fiction fanzines were (and many still are) available for "the usual," meaning that a sample issue will be mailed on request; to receive further issues, a reader sends a "letter of comment" (LoC) about the fanzine to the editor. A science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi-professional magazine published by members of Science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day The LoC might be published in the next issue: some fanzines consisted almost exclusively of letter columns, where discussions were conducted in much the same way as they are in internet newsgroups and mailing lists today, though at a relatively glacial pace. A newsgroup is a Repository usually within the Usenet system for messages posted from many users in different locations A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients Often fanzine editors ("faneds") would simply swap issues with each other, not worrying too much about matching trade for trade, somewhat like being on one another's friends list. LiveJournal (often abbreviated LJ) is a Virtual community where Internet users can keep a Blog, Journal or Diary. Without being closely connected with the rest of fandom, a budding faned could read fanzine reviews in prozines; and fanzines reviewed other fanzines. Recent technology has changed the speed of communication between fans and the technology available, but the basic concepts developed by science fiction fanzines in the 1930s can be seen online today. Blogs -- with their threaded comments, personalized illustrations, shorthand in-jokes, wide variety in quality and wider variety of content -- follow the structure developed in science fiction fanzines, without (usually) realizing the antecedent. A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of

Since 1937, science fiction fans have formed amateur press associations (APAs); the members contribute to a collective assemblage or bundle that contains contributions from all of them, called apazines and often containing mailing comments. An Amateur Press Association or APA is a group of people who produce individual pages or Magazines that are sent to a Central Mailer for collation and distribution to all Some APAs are still active, and some are published as virtual "e-zines," distributed on the Internet. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

For additional information on specific science fiction fanzines and fanwriters, one can see: separate articles on David Langford (writer/editor of Ansible), Cheryl Morgan (Emerald City), Alison Scott, Steve Davies and Mike Scott (Plokta), Mike Glyer (File 770), Richard and Nicki Lynch, (Mimosa), Steven H Silver (Argentus), Steve Green and Martin Tudor (Critical Wave), Peter Weston (Prolapse) and Christopher J. David Rowland Langford (born 10 April 1953 is a British author editor and Critic, largely active within the Science fiction field Emerald City was a Science fiction fanzine published in print and on the Internet by Cheryl Morgan. Plokta is a Science fiction Fanzine, first published in 1996 Subtitled "The journal of superfluous technology" the magazine includes File 770 is a Science fiction fanzine published by Mike Glyer and named for the party in Room 770 at the 1951 Worldcon science fiction Mimosa was a Science fiction fanzine edited by Richard Lynch and Nicki Lynch. Steven H Silver is a Science fiction fan and bibliographer, publisher and editor. Steve Green (born 1960 Solihull England is a former newspaper reporter (1978-84 turned freelance journalist for such magazines as The Dark Side (for which he wrote Martin Tudor is an active British science fiction fan, editor or co-editor of several Science fiction fanzines ( Empties and the semi-professional Critical Wave, later sub-titled "The European Science Fiction & Fantasy Review" was a British small-press magazine, published Peter Weston is an influential British science fiction fan. Now retired he currently lives in Birmingham, UK. Garcia (The Drink Tank). Many artists working for fanzines have risen to prominence in the field, including Joe Mayhew, Brad W. Foster, Bill Rotsler, Steve Stiles, Dan Steffan, Stu Shiffman, Vaughan Bode, Alexis Gilliland, Harry Bell, Jim Barker, Alicia Austin, Marc Schirmeister, Derek Carter, Tim Kirk, Joan Hanke Woods, Teddy Harvia, Ian Gunn, Taral Wayne, Ken Fletcher, Reed Waller, Ray Nelson, Ross Chamberlain, Frank Wu and many, many others. Brad W Foster (born April 26 1955) is an Illustrator, Cartoonist, Writer and Publisher and is six-time winner of the William "Bill" Rotsler ( July 3, 1926 - October 8, 1997) was an American author of several Science fiction Steve Stiles is a cartoonist and writer coming out of the Science fiction fanzine tradition Alexis Arnaldus Gilliland (born August 10, 1931) is an American Science fiction writer and cartoonist Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Lawrie Bell (1929-1984 was a career officer in the Australian Army and a notable amateur Ornithologist. Jim Barker is the former General Manager of the Calgary Stampeders. Alicia Austin (born 1942 is a US Fantasy and Science fiction Artist and illustrator Marc Rolf Schirmeister is an Illustrator based in Los Angeles, California. Tim Kirk is an American fan artist He has been a senior designer at Tokyo DisneySea. Teddy Harvia is the Nom de plume of David Thayer an award-winning science fiction fan artist Taral Wayne (born 1951 Toronto) is one of Canada 's best known Science fiction fan Artists and has been nominated for the field's most prestigious Kenneth Norman Fletcher ( June 15 1940 &ndash February 11 2006) was an Australian tennis player who won numerous doubles and mixed doubles Reed Waller (born August 3, 1949) is an American Comic book artist best known for his work on Omaha the Cat Dancer, together with Radell "Ray" Faraday Nelson (1931- is a Science fiction author and Cartoonist most famous for his 1963 short story " Eight O'Clock in the Morning" Frank Wu is a science fiction and fantasy artist living in Palo Alto. Specific Hugo Awards are given for fanzines, fan writing and fanart. The Hugo Awards are given every year for the best Science fiction or Fantasy works and achievements of the previous year The Hugo Award for Best Fanzine is given annually to fanzines The Hugo Awards the most prestigious awards in Science fiction fandom, are given every year for science fiction or fantasy, and related areas in fandom art and dramatic Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist. About this award The Hugo Awards the most prestigious awards in Science fiction and Fantasy

Comics and graphic arts fanzines

Comics were mentioned and discussed as early as the late 1930s in science fiction fanzines. Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community of people actively interested in Science fiction and Fantasy literature, and in contact with one another Famously, the first version of Superman (a bald-headed villain) appeared in the third issue of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster's 1933 fanzine Science Fiction. Superman is a fictional Comic book Superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American Cultural icon Jerome "Jerry" Siegel (October 17 1914 – January 28 1996 who also used pseudonyms including Joe Carter, Jerry Ess, Siegel was a fan of movies Joseph "Joe" Shuster (July 10 1914 - July 30 1992 was a Canadian -born American Comic book Artist best known for co-creating the DC Comics Malcolm Willits and Jim Bradley started The Comic Collector's News, the first comics fanzine, in October, 1947. By 1952 Ted White had done a four-page pamphlet about Superman, and James Taurasi did the short-lived Fantasy Comics. Ted White (born February 4, 1938) is a Hugo Award -winning American writer known as a Science fiction author and editor as well as Superman is a fictional Comic book Superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American Cultural icon In 1953 Bhob Stewart published The EC Fan Bulletin, which launched EC fandom and several subsequent imitative EC this and EC that titles. Bhob Stewart is an American writer editor artist and film maker who has written for a variety of publications over a span of five decades Entertaining Comics, more commonly known as EC Comics, was an American Publisher of Comic books specializing in Crime fiction, Somewhat later Stewart, White and Larry Stark did Potrzebie and started the second wave of EC fanzines, the best-known of which was Ron Parker's Hoo-Hah!. Larry Stark (born August 4, 1932 in New Brunswick New Jersey) is an American journalist and reviewer best known for his in-depth coverage of Ronald JD Parker is a former political candidate in Ontario, Canada. After that came fanzines by the followers of Harvey Kurtzman's Mad, Trump and Humbug. Harvey Kurtzman ( October 3, 1924, Brooklyn New York – February 21, 1993) was a U Mad is a monthly American Humor Magazine founded by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines in 1952 Trump was a glossy Magazine of Satire and humor mostly in the forms of comic-strip features and short stories Humbug was a humor magazine edited by Harvey Kurtzman with satirical jabs at movies television advertising and various artifacts of popular culture from cereal Publishers of these included future underground comics stars like Jay Lynch and Robert Crumb. Underground comics (or comix) are Small press or self-published Comic books that began to appear in the US in the late 1960s Jay Lynch, born January 7, 1945 in Orange New Jersey, is an American cartoonist who played a key role in the Underground comix movement with Robert Dennis Crumb (born August 30, 1943) often credited simply as R Richard and Pat Lupoff's science fiction fanzine Xero began featuring a series of nostalgic and analytical articles about comics, by Richard, Don Thompson and others, under the heading, All In Color For A Dime. Richard Allen Lupoff, (born February 21, 1935, Brooklyn New York) is a Science fiction and mystery author who has also written humor satire Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community of people actively interested in Science fiction and Fantasy literature, and in contact with one another Maggie Thompson (born November 29, 1942) is the editor of Comics Buyer's Guide, a monthly comic book industry newsmagazine In 1961 came Jerry Bails' Alter Ego, devoted to costumed heroes, a slick revived version of which survives as a semi-prozine. Dr Jerry Gwin Bails PhD ( June 26, 1933 – November 23, 2006) was an American popular culturist. Alter Ego was one of the earliest Superhero Comics Fanzines founded in 1961 by Jerry Bails and later taken over by A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a Fictional character "of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring-do

It started modern-day superhero comics fandom and is thus sometimes cited mistakenly as the first comics fanzine. Contacts through these magazines were instrumental in creating the culture of modern comics fandom: conventions, collecting, etc. Much of this, like comics fandom itself, began as part of standard science fiction conventions, but comics fans have developed their own traditions. Science fiction conventions are gatherings of the community of fans (called Science fiction fandom) of various forms of Speculative fiction including Science Comics fanzines often include fan artwork based on existing characters as well as discussion of the history of comics.

In Britain, there have since 2001 been created a number of fanzines pastiching children's comics of the 1970s and '80s (eg Solar Wind, Pony School, etc). Solar Wind is a British Small press Comicbook. Edited by Cosmic Ray (a pseudonym for small press comics publisher Paul Scott) the These adopt a style of storytelling rather than specific characters from their sources, usually with a knowing or ironic twist. Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or

Horror film fanzines

As with comics zines, horror film fanzines grew from related interest within science fiction fan publications. Trumpet, edited by the late Tom Reamy, was a 1960s SF zine that branched into horror film coverage. Tom Reamy (1935–1977 was an award-winning American Science fiction and Fantasy author and important figure in 1960s and 1970s Science fiction fandom Alex Soma's Horrors of the Screen, Calvin T. Beck's Journal of Frankenstein (later Castle of Frankenstein) and Gary Svehla’s Gore Creatures were the first horror fanzines created as more serious alternatives to the popular Forrest J Ackerman/James Warren 1958 magazine Famous Monsters of Filmland. Castle of Frankenstein was a horror, Science fiction and Fantasy Film Magazine, distributed by Kable News and published in New Jersey Forrest J Ackerman (born November 24, 1916) is an American collector of Science fiction books and movie memorabilia and a science fiction James Warren may refer to any of the following people James Warren (politician (1726-1808 President of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts and a general Famous Monsters of Filmland was a genre -specific film magazine started in 1958 by publisher James Warren (see Warren Publishing) Gore Creatures began in 1961 and continues today as the prozine Midnight Marquee. Garden Ghouls Gazette -- a 1960s horror title under the editorship of Dave Keil, then Gary Collins -- was later headed by the late Frederick S. Clarke and in 1967 became the respected journal Cinefantastique. Cinefantastique was a horror, Fantasy, and Science fiction film magazine originally started as a mimeographed Fanzine It later became a prozine under journalist-screenwriter Mark A. Altman. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends Screenwriters or scenarists are Scriptwriters who write the Screenplays from which Films and Television programs are made Mark A Altman is a Film producer, Screenwriter and Actor. In 1998, he won Best New Writer at AFI Fest.

Mark Frank’s Photon -- notable for the inclusion of an 8x10 photo in each issue -- was another fine '60s zine that lasted into the 1980s. A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic The Baltimore-based Black Oracle from writer-turned-John Waters repertory member George Stover was a pint-sized gem that evolved into the larger-format Cinemacabre. John Samuel Waters Jr (born April 22, 1946) is an American filmmaker, Actor, Writer, Celebrity, Stover's Black Oracle partner Bill George later became editor of the Cinefantastique spinoff Femme Fatales. Japanese Fantasy Film Journal (JFFJ) from Greg Shoemaker covered Toho's Godzilla and his Asian brethren when no other publications much cared. is a large Japanese Independent film Studio. It is headquartered in Chiyoda Tokyo, and is one of the core companies of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group Etymology Name "Godzilla" is a combination of two Japanese words and. FXRH (Special Effects by Ray Harryhausen) was a specialized 1970s zine co-created by future Hollywood FX artist Ernest D. The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called Ray Harryhausen (born Raymond Frederick Harryhausen on June 29, 1920 in Los Angeles California) is an Academy Award -winning United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called Farino. And Richard Klemensen’s Little Shoppe of Horrors continues to be the definitive fanzine on Hammer horrors and has been publishing its generously-sized issues on an irregular schedule since 1972. Hammer Film Productions is a film production company based in the United Kingdom.

Rock & Roll music fanzines

By the mid-1960s, several fans active in science fiction and comics fandom recognized a shared interest in rock music, and the rock fanzine was born. Paul Williams and Greg Shaw were two such SF-fans turned rock zine editors. Paul Williams (born May 19, 1948 in Boston Massachusetts) created the first US magazine of Rock music criticism:Crawdaddy! Greg Shaw (January 1949 &ndash October 19, 2004) was a Los Angeles -based Fanzine publisher music historian and Record label owner Williams' Crawdaddy! (1966) and Shaw's two California-based zines, Mojo Navigator (full title, "Mojo-Navigator Rock and Roll News") (1966) and Who Put the Bomp?, (1970), are among the most important early rock fanzines. Crawdaddy! was the first US magazine of Rock and roll music criticism Who Put The Bomp was a rock music Fanzine edited and published by Greg Shaw from 1970-79

Crawdaddy! (1966) quickly moved from its fanzine roots to become one of the first rock music "prozines," with paid advertisers and newsstand distribution. Crawdaddy! was the first US magazine of Rock and roll music criticism Bomp remained a fanzine, featuring many writers who would later become prominent music journalists, including Lester Bangs, Greil Marcus, Ken Barnes, Ed Ward, Dave Marsh, Mike Saunders and R. Meltzer. Leslie Conway Bangs ( December 13, 1948 &ndash April 30, 1982) was an American music journalist, author and musician Greil Marcus (born 1945 is an American Author, music Journalist and cultural Critic. "Ken Barnes" may refer to Ken Barnes (footballer Ken Barnes is a Writer producer broadcaster musicologist film historian Ed Ward (born 1948 is an American writer and radio commenter known since 1986 as the "rock-and-roll historian" for NPR 's program Fresh Air and Dave Marsh (born March 1, 1950 Detroit Michigan) is an American Music critic who briefly attended Wayne State University For the Canadian football player of the same name see Mike Saunders (football player. Richard Meltzer (born May 11, 1945) was one of the earliest rock Music critics His first book was The Aesthetics of Rock, which evolved Bomp featured cover art by Jay Kinney and Bill Rotsler, both veterans of SF and Comics fandom. Bomp was not alone; an August 1970 issue of Rolling Stone included an article about the explosion of rock fanzines. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published Other rock fanzines of this period include Flash, 1972, edited by Mark Shipper, Eurock Magazine (1973-1993) edited by Archie Patterson and Bam Balam, written and published by Brian Hogg in East Lothian, Scotland, beginning in 1974, and in the mid-1970s, Back Door Man and denim delinquent. Eurock is a music company founded by Archie Patterson in 1971 denim delinquent was an influential rock and roll Fanzine of seven issues in total published from 1971 to 1976

In the post-punk era several well-written fanzines emerged that cast an almost academic look at earlier, neglected musical forms, including Mike Stax' Ugly Things, Billy Miller and Miriam Linna's Kicks, Jake Austen's Roctober, Kim Cooper's Scram, P. Ugly Things is a music Magazine established in 1983 based in La Mesa CA Miriam Linna (b Sudbury, Ontario) has run the Brooklyn -based independent record label Norton Records since 1986 with her husband--the producer October events and holidays Children's Book Week ( England) - First Week of October National Day ( China People's Republic This article is about nuclear reactors For other meanings see Scram (disambiguation. Edwin Letcher's Garage & Beat, and the UK's Shindig! and Italy's Misty Lane.

Punk fanzines

Main article: Punk zine

The punk subculture in the United Kingdom spearheaded a surge of interest in fanzines as a countercultural alternative to established print media. A punk zine (or punkzine) is a Zine devoted to punk culture most often Punk rock music bands or the DIY punk ethic. The punk subculture is based around Punk rock. It emerged from the larger Rock music scene in the mid-to-late-1970s in the United Kingdom, the United The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The first and perhaps still best known UK 'punk zine' was Sniffin' Glue, produced by Deptford punk fan Mark Perry. Sniffin' Glue is the name of a famous and pioneering monthly Punk zine started by Mark Perry in July 1976 and released for about a year Deptford is an area on the south bank of the River Thames in south-east London. Mark Perry may refer to Mark Perry (impressionist, British impressionist known from 2DTV and Dead Ringers Mark Perry (musician Sniffin' Glue ran for 12 photocopied issues; the first issue was produced by Perry immediately following (and in response to) the London debut of The Ramones on July 4, 1976. The Ramones were an American rock band often regarded as the first Punk rock group Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Other UK fanzines included Blam!, Bombsite Fanzine, Burnt Offering, Chainsaw (punk zine), New Crimes, Vague fanzine, Jamming, Love and Molotov Cocktails, New Youth (fanzine), Peroxide (punk zine), ENZK, Juniper beri-beri, Rox , Grim Humour and Cool Notes. Blam! is an outdated RSS / Atom Feed reader for the GNOME written in C# for Mono and Gtk#, originally developed Burnt Offering was a punk fanzine based in and around Northampton, England, from 1979 to 1980 Chainsaw, a Punk zine edited by "Charlie Chainsaw" was published in suburban Croydon in 1977 and ran to fourteen issues before ceasing Peroxide was a punk fanzine published during the late 1970s by Andrew Thomas Quentin Cook (AKA Norman Cook) and Ian McKay (AKA Ian Laidlaw ENZK was a punk and hardcore Fanzine from Scotland 10 issues have been published to date Fourth Dimension Records is a British Record label, specialising in international Underground music. Of these, Tony Fletcher's Jamming was the most far reaching, becoming a nationally distributed mainstream magazine for several years before its demise.

In the US, Flipside and Slash (fanzine) were important punk zines for the LA scene, both debuting in 1977. Flipside was a Punk rock Fanzine published in Los Angeles California from 1977 - 2001. Slash was a Punk rock -related Fanzines published in the United States from 1977 to 1980 Among later titles, Maximum RocknRoll is a major punk zine, with over 250 issues published. As a result, in part, of the popular and commercial resurgence of punk in the late 1980s and after, with the growing popularity of such bands as Sonic Youth, Nirvana, Fugazi, Bikini Kill, Green Day and The Offspring, a number of other punk zines have appeared, such as Punk Planet, Razorcake Magazine, Tail Spins Magazine, Sobriquet Magazine, Profane Existance and Slug and Lettuce. Sonic Youth is an American Alternative rock band formed in New York City in 1981 Nirvana was an American rock band that was formed by singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen Washington. Fugazi are an American alternative / post-hardcore band that formed in Washington D Bikini Kill were an American Punk rock band formed in Olympia Washington in October of 1990. Green Day is an American rock trio The Offspring (sometimes referred to simply as Offspring) are a popular and influential American Punk Planet was a 16000 print run Punk zine, based in Chicago Illinois, that focused most of its energy on looking at Punk subculture rather Razorcake is a 501(c(3 non-profit organization that publishes the Razorcake Fanzine, a DIY Punk rock fanzine published bi-monthly out of The Profane Existence Collective (referred to occasionally as 'P Slug and Lettuce is a free Newsprint Punk zine started in New York City and currently based in Richmond Virginia. The early American punkzine Search and Destroy eventually became the influential fringe-cultural magazine Re/Search. RE/Search Publications is a United States magazine and book publisher based in San Francisco, founded and edited by V Some punk fanzines from the 80s, like Threatening Society are experiencing a second life by placing all past content online for free and adding new content. Threatening Society was an alternative music fanzine published out of Philadelphia during the mid to late 90s

In the UK Fracture and Reason To Believe were significant fanzines in the early 2000s, but both ended in late 2003. Fracture was the first free UK based Punk zine. Produced in Cardiff, South Wales until 2003, Fracture Though not technically a 'national' fanzine Rancid News has to a limited degree filled the gap left by these two zines. Last Hours (known as Rancid News prior to 2005 is a relatively young Punk zine, in circulation since the spring of 2003.

Mod fanzines

In the United Kingdom, the 1979 mod revival brought with it a burst of fresh creativity from fanzines, and for the next decade, the youth subculture inspired the production of dozens of independent publications. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The mod revival was a Music genre and Subculture that started in the United Kingdom in 1978 and later spread to other countries (to a lesser degree For the term in biology see Subculture (biology. For the song by New Order see Sub-culture (song. The most successful of the first wave was Maximum Speed, which successfully captured the frenetic world of a mod revival scene that was propelling bands like Secret Affair, Purple Hearts and The Chords into the UK charts. Secret Affair was a Mod revival band, formed in 1978 and disbanding in 1982 reforming to perform and record in the 2000s Purple Hearts were often considered one of the best English Mod revival groups The Chords were a 1970s British group commonly associated with the Mod revival, who had several hits in their homeland before the decline of the trend brought about their After the genre had started to go out of fashion with mainstream audiences in 1981, the mod revival scene went underground and successfully reinvented itself through a series of clubs, bands and fanzines that breathed fresh life into the genre, culminating in another burst of creative acceptance in 1985. This success was largely driven by the network of underground fanzines, the most important and far reaching of which were Extraordinary Sensations, produced by future radio DJ Eddie Piller, and Shadows & Reflections, published by future national magazine editor Chris Hunt. Eddie Piller is an English DJ and Record label Entrepreneur. Starting his career in the 1980s as a part of the English Mod Chris Hunt is a magazine editor journalist and author He has worked in journalism for over twenty years most often writing about football or rock music The latter in particular pushed back the boundaries of fanzine production, producing glossy, professionally written and printed publications at a time (1983-86) when most fanzines were produced via photocopier and letraset.

Local music fanzines

In the UK, there were also fanzines that covered the local music scene in a particular town or city. Mainly prevalent in the 70s and 80s, all music styles were covered, whether the bands were playing rock, punk, metal, futurist, ska or dance. Featured were local gig reviews and articles that were below the radar of the mainstream music press. They were produced using the technology of the time, ie typewriter and letraset. Examples include Bombsite Fanzine (Liverpool 1977), City Fun (Manchester), 1984 and Town Hall Steps (Bolton) and more recently mono (Fanzine), (Bradford) with many more across the country. City Fun was a Magazine / Fanzine documenting the music scene in Manchester, England between 1977 and 1984. Town Hall Steps was a local music Fanzine in Bolton from 1981 to 1983 mono (always all lower case is the underground Bradford music fanzine whose remit is alternative/independent Rock.

Role-playing fanzines

Another sizable group of fanzines arose in role-playing game (RPG) fandom, where fanzines allowed people to publish their ideas and views on specific games and their role-playing campaigns. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. See also Campaign setting. In Role-playing games, a campaign' is a continuing storyline or set of adventures typically Role-playing fanzines allowed people to communicate in the 1970s and 1980s with complete editorial control in the hands of the players, as opposed to the game publishers. These early RPG fanzines were generally typed, sold in an A5 format (in the UK) and were usually illustrated with abysmal or indifferent artwork.

A fanzine community developed and was based on sale to a reading public and exchanges by editor/publishers. Many of the pioneers of RPG zinedom got their start in, or remain part of, science fiction fandom. Science fiction fandom or SF fandom is a community of people actively interested in Science fiction and Fantasy literature, and in contact with one another This is also true of the small but still active board game fandom scene, the most prolific subset of which is centered around play-by-mail Diplomacy. A board game is a Game in which counters or pieces that are placed on removed from or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game Play-by-mail games are Games of any type played through postal Mail or e-mail. Diplomacy is a strategic Board game created by Allan B Calhamer in 1954 and released commercially in 1959.

Sport

In the UK, most Premier League or Football League football clubs have one or more fanzines which supplement, oppose and complement the club's official magazine or matchday programme. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Premier League, colloquially referred to as the Premiership, is an English professional league for football clubs The Football League, also known as the Coca-Cola Football League for sponsorship reasons is a league competition featuring professional football clubs Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered A reasonably priced 'zine has a guaranteed audience, as is the culture of passion in being a football fan. Examples of UK football fanzines include TOOFIF, 4000 Holes and War of the Monster Trucks (a Sheffield Wednesday Fanzine named after a local TV station elected not to show the final scenes of an unlikely cup victory). There's Only One F in Fulham ( TOOFIF) is an independently owned Magazine dedicated to Fulham Football Club. War of the Monster Trucks is a Fanzine for the English football club Sheffield Wednesday.

Fanzines are not exclusive to the top tiers of football however, with Northern Counties East League side Scarborough Athletic FC having a fanzine entitled Abandon Chip!, a pun based on both the perilous situation of predecessor club Scarborough FC and that club's sponsors, McCain. Promotion and relegation The league's Premier Division is a feeder to the Northern Premier League First Division North or South, with the championship winning Scarborough Athletic Football Club is an English football club formed on 25 June 2007 following the winding up of Scarborough FC. Abandon Chip! is the only active Fanzine for supporters of Northern Counties East League Division One side Scarborough Athletic FC. Scarborough Football Club was an English football team based in the seaside resort of Scarborough, North Yorkshire. McCain Foods Limited, a privately owned company established in 1957 by the brothers Harrison and Wallace McCain in Florenceville, New Brunswick There are also a number of fanzines to be found in Ireland of which Shelbourne's Red Inc. Shelbourne Football Club ( Irish: Cumann Peile Shelbourne) is an Irish football club playing in the FAI First Division after having is the longest running.

And also away from the world of Football there are a number of established fanzines, for example Rugby League has such notable publications as Who The Hell Was St. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games George Anyway? (the world's longest-running Rugby League fanzine by supporters of Doncaster RLFC) and Scarlet Turkey of National League One club Salford Reds. Media Some games are shown on Sky Sports, games involving Celtic Crusaders are shown on Welsh-language channel S4C. Salford City Reds is a professional Rugby league club based in Salford in Greater Manchester, England.

Recent developments

In recent years the traditional paper zine has begun to give way to the webzine (or "e-zine") that is easier to produce and uses the potential of the Internet to reach an ever larger, possibly global, audience. An online magazine is a Magazine that is delivered in an electronic form Nonetheless, printed fanzines are still produced, either out of preference for the format or to reach people who don't have convenient Web access. Online versions of approximately 200 science fiction fanzines will be found at Bill Burns' [1]eFanzines web site, along with links to other SF fanzine sites. A science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi-professional magazine published by members of Science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day A science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi-professional magazine published by members of Science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day

See also

• Alt.zines
• Amateur press association
• British small press comics
• Desktop publishing
• Dōjinshi
• Fandom
• Fanposter
• Hugo Award for Best Fanzine
• Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine
• List of black metal fanzines
• List of zine distros
• Literature
• Minicomic Co-ops (The United Fanzine Organization)
• Minicomics
• Printing
• Publishing
• Science fiction fandom
• Weblog
• ZineWiki

References

• Schelly, Bill. The Golden Age of Comic Fandom. Introduction by Roy Thomas. Seattle, WA: Hamster Press, 1995.
• Lupoff, Dick [Richard A. ] and Don Thompson, eds. All in Color for a Dime. New Rochelle, N. Y. : Arlington House, 1970.

External links

• Citations for "fanzine" collected by the Oxford English Dictionary
• Origins of the amateur press associations
• Historic science fiction fanzines at Fanac.org
• Current and archived science fiction fanzines at eFanzines.com
• An article by critic Roger Ebert describing his involvement with science fiction fanzines in the 1950s.
• An interview with Bomp! publisher Greg Shaw discussing his experience as a teenage SF fanzine and rock zine publisher, and the evolution of zines through the '90s.
• The Underground Comix movement began as a network of fanzines.
• Zinebook.com Guide to creating your own fanzine or webzine, based on The Book of Zines by Chip Rowe.
• M. Horvat Fanzine Collection at the U. of Iowa
• [2] Threatening Society, punk rock fanzine from the 80s, revived in 2006
• fanzine italiane
• Fanzine Italiane - Associazione di Promozione Sociale
• Fanzinoteca italiana
• Gernsback's large letter column which printed reader's addresses
• Sercon
• Monster Magazines - The First Decade for further information on early horror film fanzines.

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