Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence An intimate relationship is a particularly close Interpersonal relationship. It tends to view change in terms of the systems of interaction between family members. System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract It emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health.

What the different schools of family therapy have in common is a belief that, regardless of the origin of the problem, and regardless of whether the clients consider it an "individual" or "family" issue, involving families in solutions is often beneficial. This involvement of families is commonly accomplished by their direct participation in the therapy session. The skills of the family therapist thus include the ability to influence conversations in a way that catylizes the strengths, wisdom, and support of the wider system.

In the field's early years, many clinicians defined the family in a narrow, traditional manner usually including parents and children. As the field has evolved, the concept of the family is more commonly defined in terms of strongly supportive, long-term roles and relationships between people who may or may not be related by blood.

Family therapy has been used effectively in the full range of human dilemmas; there is no category of relationship or psychological problem that has not been addressed with this approach.

Contents

Methodology

Family therapy uses a range of counseling and other techniques including:

The basic theory of classical systemic family therapy was derived mainly from systems theory and cybernetics. There is much discussion in the academic world of Communication as to what actually constitutes communication Psychoeducation refers to the education offered to people who live with a psychological disturbance Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living This article refers to the act of coaching people For other uses of the word see Coach (disambiguation Coaching -a definitionProminent Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback As the field evolved, it was then influenced by behavioral therapy and cognitive psychotherapy, although most of the founders of the field had psychoanalytic backgrounds. Behaviour therapy is a form of Psychotherapy used to treat depression, Anxiety disorders, Phobias, and other forms of Psychopathology Cognitive Therapy (CT is a type of Psychotherapy developed by American Psychiatrist Aaron T Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior [1] More recent developments have come from feminist, postmodernist, narrative, psychodynamic and attachment theories. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Narrative Therapy was initially developed during the 1970s and 1980s largely by Australian Michael White ( Dulwich Centre and his friend and colleague David Epston, of New Psychodynamics, is the systematized study and theory of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation and Attachment theory, originating in the work of John Bowlby, is a Psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive [2][3][4][5][6][7]

Important schools of family therapy include structural family therapy, strategic family therapy, a range of cognitive and behavioral approaches, constructivist (eg, Milan systems, post-systems/collaborative/conversational, reflective), solution-focused therapy, psychodynamic, object relations, intergenerational (Bowen systems theory, Contextual therapy), EFT (emotionally focused therapy), experiential therapy, and narrative therapy. Salvador Minuchin is a family therapist born and raised in Argentina. Brief therapy is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to Psychotherapy. See also Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT) is an umbrella-term for psychotherapeutic systems that deal with cognitions interpretations Constructivist epistemology is an epistemological perspective in Philosophy about the nature of scientific knowledge held by many philosophers of science Solution focused brief therapy ( SFBT) often referred to as simply 'solution focused therapy' or 'brief therapy' is a type of talking therapy that is based upon Social Psychodynamics, is the systematized study and theory of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation and Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory within Psychoanalytic psychology. Murray Bowen, MD ( 13 January 1913, Waverly Tennessee - 9 October 1990) was an American Psychiatrist and Iván Böszörményi-Nagy ( May 19, 1920, Budapest – January 28, 2007, Glenside Pennsylvania) was a Narrative Therapy was initially developed during the 1970s and 1980s largely by Australian Michael White ( Dulwich Centre and his friend and colleague David Epston, of New Multicultural, intercultural, and integrative approaches are being developed. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Intercultural competence is the ability of successful Communication with people of other Cultures This ability can exist in someone at a young age or may be developed Integrative Psychotherapy involves the fusion of different schools of Psychotherapy. [8][9][10][11][12] Most practitioners claim to be "eclectic", using techniques from several areas, depending upon their own inclinations and/or the needs of the client(s). Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single Paradigm or set of assumptions but instead draws upon multiple theories styles or ideas to [13]

The number of sessions depends on the situation, but the average is 5-20 sessions. A family therapist usually meets several members of the family at the same time; (conjoint family therapy is used in the approach of Virginia Satir and others. Virginia Satir ( 26 June 1916 - 10 September 1988) was a noted American author and psychotherapist, known especially for ) This has the advantage of making differences between the ways family members perceive mutual relations as well as interaction patterns in the session apparent both for the therapist and the family. These patterns frequently mirror habitual interaction patterns at home, even though the therapist is now incorporated into the family system. Therapy interventions usually focus on relationship patterns rather than on analyzing impulses of the unconscious mind or early childhood trauma of individuals as a Freudian therapist would do - although some schools of family therapy, for example psychodynamic and intergenerational, do consider such individual and historical factors, and they may use instruments such as the genogram to help to elucidate the patterns of relationship across generations. Many observers throughout history have argued that there are influences on Consciousness from other parts of the Mind. Early childhood is a stage in human development. It generally is the sum of Toddlerhood and play age, the latter which in Psychosocial development Psychological trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a traumatic event. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Psychodynamics, is the systematized study and theory of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation and A genogram is a pictorial display of a person's Family relationships and Medical history.

Family therapy is really a way of thinking, an epistemology rather than about how many people sit in the room with the therapist. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Family therapists are relational therapists; they are generally more interested in what goes between people rather than in people. Depending on circumstances, a therapist may point out to the family interaction patterns that the family might have not noticed; or suggest different ways of responding to other family members. These changes in the way of responding may then trigger repercussions in the whole system, leading to a more satisfactory systemic state; it should be noted though, that some family therapists - in particular those that identify as psychodynamic, object relations, intergenerational, EFT, or experiential family therapists - tend to be as interested in individuals as in systems. Psychodynamics, is the systematized study and theory of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation and Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory within Psychoanalytic psychology.

Family therapists tend to be more interested in the maintenance and/or solving of problems rather than in trying to identify a single cause. A causal focus can be experienced as blaming by some families and is with many issues of questionable clinical utility.

A novel development in the field of couples therapy in particular, has involved the introduction of insights gained from affective neuroscience and psychopharmacology into clinical practice. Relationship counseling is the process of Counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences Affective neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms of Emotion. Psychopharmacology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία [14] There has been interest in use of the so-called love hormone – oxytocin – during therapy sessions, although this is still largely experimental and somewhat controversial. Oxytocin ( IPA: /ˌɔksɪˈtoʊsɪn/ (Greek "quick birth" is a Mammalian Hormone that also acts as a Neurotransmitter in the [15][16]

Publications

Family therapy journals include: Family Process, Journal of Systemic Therapies, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Journal of Family Therapy, The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, The Psychotherapy Networker, The Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, The Australian Journal of Family Therapy, The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work


Licensing and Degrees

Family therapy practitioners come from a range of professional backgrounds, and some are specifically qualified or licensed/registered in family therapy (licensing is not required in some jurisdictions and requirements vary from place to place). Licensure refers to the granting of a License, which gives a 'permission to practice In the UK and the US, family therapists are usually psychologists, nurses, psychotherapists, social workers, or counselors who have done further training in family therapy, either a diploma or an M.Sc.; however, in the U. Mental health professional A psychologist is a practitioner of Psychology, the systematic investigation of the mind including Behavior, Cognition, A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal, relational intervention used by trained psychotherapists to aid clients in problems of living Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies A diploma (from Greek δίπλωµα diploma, meaning "folded paper" is a Certificate or Deed issued by an educational institution A Master of Science ( Latin: Magister Scientiæ; abbreviated MSc, M S. , there is a specific degree and license as a Marriage and Family therapist.

Prior to 1999 in California, counselors who specialized in this area were called Marriage, Family and Child Counselors. Today, they are known as Marriage and Family Therapists, (MFTs) and work variously in private practice, in clinical settings such as hospitals, institutions, or counseling organizations.

A master's degree is required to work as an MFT in some states. Most commonly, MFTs will first earn a M. S. or M. A. degree in psychology, family studies, or social work and then spend 2 to 3 years completing a program in specific areas of psychology relevant to marriage and family therapy. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Social work is a discipline involving the application of Social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people groups and societies After graduation, prospective MFTs work as interns.

Requirements vary, but in most states about 3000 hours of supervised work as an intern are needed to sit for a licensing exam. MFTs must be licensed by the state to practice. Only after completing their education and internship and passing the state licensing exam can they call themselves MFTs and work unsupervised.

License restrictions can vary considerably from state to state. In Ohio, for example, Marriage and Family Therapists are not allowed to diagnose and treat mental and emotional disorders, practice independently, or bill insurance.

There have been concerns raised within the profession about the fact that specialist training in couples therapy – as distinct from family therapy in general - is not required to gain a license as an MFT or membership of the main professional body, the AAMFT. The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT is the professional association for the field of marriage and family therapy [17]

Values and ethics in family therapy

Since issues of interpersonal conflict, values, and ethics are often more pronounced in relationship therapy than in individual therapy, there has been debate within the profession about the different values that are implicit in the various theoretical models of therapy and the role of the therapist’s own values in the therapeutic process, and how prospective clients should best go about finding a therapist whose values and objectives are most consistent with their own. [18][19][20] Specific issues that have emerged have included an increasing questioning of the longstanding notion of therapeutic neutrality[21][22][23], a concern with questions of justice and self-determination[24], connectedness and independence[25], "functioning" versus "authenticity"[26], and questions about the degree of the therapist’s "pro-marriage/family" versus "pro-individual" commitment. [27]

Founders and key influences

Some key developers of family therapy are:

See also

References

  1. ^ Dattilio, F. Alfred Adler ( February 7 1870 &ndash May 28 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor, psychologist and founder of Nathan W Ackerman ( November 22, 1908, Bessarabia – June 12, 1971, New York) was an American Psychiatrist Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Dr Harlene Anderson, along with Dr Harold A Goolishian (1924-1991 developed a postmodern collaborative approach to Therapy. Gregory Bateson ( 9 May 1904 – 4 July 1980) was a British anthropologist, social scientist, linguist Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the Structure of Complex systems especially Communication processes control mechanisms and Feedback Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Iván Böszörményi-Nagy ( May 19, 1920, Budapest – January 28, 2007, Glenside Pennsylvania) was a Iván Böszörményi-Nagy ( May 19, 1920, Budapest – January 28, 2007, Glenside Pennsylvania) was a Murray Bowen, MD ( 13 January 1913, Waverly Tennessee - 9 October 1990) was an American Psychiatrist and Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Steve de Shazer ( June 25, 1940, Milwaukee &ndash September 11, 2005, Vienna) was a psychotherapist, Author Solution focused brief therapy ( SFBT) often referred to as simply 'solution focused therapy' or 'brief therapy' is a type of talking therapy that is based upon Social Milton Hyland Erickson, MD (born 5 December 1901 in Aurum Nevada, died 25 March 1980 in Phoenix Arizona) was an Hypnotherapy is therapy that is undertaken with a subject in Hypnosis. Brief therapy is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to Psychotherapy. Brief therapy is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to Psychotherapy. Brief therapy is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to Psychotherapy. James Framo (1922-2001 was a US Psychologist and pioneer family therapist. Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory within Psychoanalytic psychology. John Gottman (* 1942 PhD is known for his work on marital stability and relationship analysis through scientific direct observations Robert-Jay Green PhD is the Founder and Executive Director of the Rockway Institute, and is the Distinguished Professor in the Clinical Psychology PhD Program at the California LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual cross-cultural may refer to Cross-cultural studies, a comparative tendency in various fields of cultural analysis any of various forms of interactivity Jay Douglas Haley ( July 19, 1923 – February 13, 2007) was one of the more influential psychotherapists of the 20th century Brief therapy is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to Psychotherapy. Lynn Hoffman, ACSW, is a US social worker, Family therapist, author and historian of family therapy Brief therapy is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to Psychotherapy. Don D Jackson (1920-1968 was an American Psychiatrist best known for his pioneering work in Family therapy. Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Susan Johnson is the name of Susan Johnson (novelist, US romance novelist Susan Johnson (psychotherapist, co-founder of Emotionally Emotionally Focused Therapy or EFT is a short term approach to Couples therapy based on Attachment theory and created in the 1980's by Sue Johnson Attachment theory, originating in the work of John Bowlby, is a Psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive Like many of the early Family therapy theorists Psychoanalytic training was also the starting point for Walter Kempler he later became interested in Existential Gestalt psychology (also Gestalt of the Berlin School) is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic Salvador Minuchin is a family therapist born and raised in Argentina. Virginia Satir ( 26 June 1916 - 10 September 1988) was a noted American author and psychotherapist, known especially for Mara Selvini Palazzoli (1916-1999 was an Italian Psychiatrist and founder in 1971 with Gianfranco Cecchin Luigi Boscolo and Giuliana Prata of the ''systemic'' Robin Skynner ( 16 August 1922 —2000 was a wartime Royal Air Force (RAF Mosquito twin engined bomber pilot and a psychiatric pioneer and innovator Group Analysis is a method of Group psychotherapy originated by S Paul Watzlawick PhD ( July 24 1921 - March 31 2007) was a theoretician in Communication Theory and Radical Constructivism Brief therapy is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to Psychotherapy. John H Weakland (1919 - 1995 was one of the founders of brief and family psychotherapy Brief therapy is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to Psychotherapy. Carl Whitaker (1912-1995 was a US Psychiatrist and pioneer Family therapist. Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Michael White (b December 29, 1948 - d April 4, 2008) was the founder of narrative therapy, a significant contribution to Narrative Therapy was initially developed during the 1970s and 1980s largely by Australian Michael White ( Dulwich Centre and his friend and colleague David Epston, of New The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT is the professional association for the field of marriage and family therapy The California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists (CAMFT is a non-profit professional organization with approximately 30000 members dedicated to preserving the ethical standards Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children The term "conflict resolution" refers to a range of processes aimed at alleviating or eliminating sources of conflict Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate Family denotes a group of People affiliated by consanguinity affinity or co-residence Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy and family systems therapy, is a branch of Psychotherapy that works with families A genogram is a pictorial display of a person's Family relationships and Medical history. Group psychotherapy is a form of Psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group The Internal Family Systems Model ( IFS) is an integrative approach to Psychotherapy, Relationship counseling, and Family therapy Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT is a time-limited Psychotherapy that focuses on the interpersonal context and on building interpersonal skills An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people An intimate relationship is a particularly close Interpersonal relationship. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Mediation, a form of Alternative dispute resolution (ADR or "appropriate Dispute resolution " aims to assist two (or more disputants in reaching A mental health professional is a person who offers services for the purpose of improving an individual's Mental health or to treat Mental illness. Narrative Therapy was initially developed during the 1970s and 1980s largely by Australian Michael White ( Dulwich Centre and his friend and colleague David Epston, of New Neuro-linguistic programming (or NLP) is an Interpersonal communication model applied in Psychotherapy and other contexts of communication and change Positive psychology is a recent branch of Psychology that "studies the strengths and Virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive Psychoeducation refers to the education offered to people who live with a psychological disturbance Relationship counseling is the process of Counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences Relationships Australia (RA began in 1948 under the name of Marriage Guidance Council. Systemic therapy is a School of psychology which seeks to address people not an individual level as had been the focus of earlier forms of therapy but as people in relationship Systems psychology is a branch of Applied psychology that studies Human behaviour and Experience in Complex systems It is inspired by Systems R. (Ed. ) (1998). Case Studies in Couple and Family Therapy: Systemic and Cognitive Perspectives. Guildford Press: New York.
  2. ^ Sprenkle, D. H. , & Bischof, G. P. (1994). Contemporary family therapy in the United States. Journal of Family Therapy, 16(1): 5-23(19)
  3. ^ Gurman, A. S. & Fraenkel, P. (2002). The history of couple therapy: a millennial review. Family Process, 41(2): 199-260(62)
  4. ^ Couple therapy Harvard Mental Health Letter 03/01/2007.
  5. ^ Attachment and Family Systems. Family Process. Special Issue: Fall 2002 41(3)
  6. ^ Sholevar, G. P. & Schwoeri, L. D. (2003). Textbook of Family and Couples Therapy: Clinical Applications. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
  7. ^ Denborough, D. (2001). Family Therapy: Exploring the Field's Past, Present and Possible Futures. Adelaide, South Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.
  8. ^ McGoldrick, M. (Ed. ) (1998). Re-Visioning Family Therapy: Race, Culture, and Gender in Clinical Practice.Guilford Press: New York.
  9. ^ Dean, R. G. (2001). The Myth of Cross-Cultural Competence. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 82(6): 623-30.
  10. ^ Ng, K. S. (2003). Global Perspectives in Family Therapy: Development, Practice, and Trends. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
  11. ^ McGoldrick, M. , Giordano, J. & Garcia-Preto, N. (2005). Ethnicity & Family Therapy, 3rd Ed. : Guilford Press.
  12. ^ Nichols, M. P. & Schwartz, R. C. (2006). Recent Developments in Family Therapy: Integrative Models; in Family therapy: concepts and methods. 7th ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
  13. ^ Booth, T. J. & Cottone, R. R. (2000). Measurement, Classification, and Prediction of Paradigm Adherence of Marriage and Family Therapists. American Journal of Family Therapy. 28(4): 329-346.
  14. ^ Atkinson, B. , Atkinson, L. , Kutz, P. , et al. (2005). Rewiring Neural States in Couples Therapy: Advances from Affective Neuroscience.Journal of Systemic Therapies. 24 (3): 3-16.
  15. ^ Resnikoff, R. (2002). Couples Therapy and Psychopharmacology. Psychiatric Times. 19 (7).
  16. ^ Smith, D. Clashing couples to get a spray of love. Sydney Morning Herald May 26, 2007.
  17. ^ Doherty, W. (2002). Bad Couples Therapy and How to Avoid It: Getting past the myth of therapist neutrality. Psychotherapy Networker, 26 (Nov/Dec), 26-33.
  18. ^ Doherty, W. , & Boss, P. (1991). Values and ethics in family therapy. In A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds. ), Handbook of family therapy. Vol. 2. NY: Brunner/Mazel
  19. ^ Dueck, A. (1992). Metaphors, models, paradigms and stories in family therapy. In H. Vande Kemp (Ed. ) Family therapy: Christian perspectives. 175-207. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker
  20. ^ Wall, J. , Needham, T. , Browning, D. S. , & James, S. (1999). The Ethics of Relationality: The Moral Views of Therapists Engaged in Marital and Family Therapy. Family Relations, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr. ), 139-149.
  21. ^ Grosser, G. H. & Paul, N. L. (1964). Ethical issues in family group therapy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 34 (Oct): 875-884.
  22. ^ Hare-Mustin, R. T. (1978). A Feminist Approach to Family Therapy. Family Process. 17 (2), 181–194.
  23. ^ Gottlieb, M. C. (1995). Developing Your Ethical Position in Family Therapy: Special Issues. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (103rd, New York, NY, August 11-15, 1995).
  24. ^ Melito, R. (2003). Values in the role of the family therapist: Self determination and justice. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 29(1):3-11.
  25. ^ Fowers, B. J. & Richardson, F. C. (1996). Individualism, Family Ideology and Family Therapy. Theory & Psychology, 6 (1): 121-151.
  26. ^ Nichols, M. P. & Schwartz, R. C. (2006). The Evaluation of Family Therapy: Comparative Analysis; in Family therapy: concepts and methods. 7th ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
  27. ^ USA Today 6/21/2005 Hearts divide over marital therapy.

External links

Included in this list are the main professional associations in the US and internationally; they reflect to some degree the different theoretical, ideological, and cross-cultural views of family therapy theory and practice. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic