The false hero is a stock character in fairy tales, and sometimes also in ballads. A stock character is one which relies heavily on cultural types or names for his or her personality manner of speech and other characteristics A fairy tale or fairy story is a fictional Story that may feature folkloric characters (such as fairies, enchantments]] often involving A ballad is a Poem usually set to Music; thus it often is a story told in a Song. The character appears near the end of a story in order to claim to be the hero or heroine and is, therefore, always of the same sex as the hero or heroine. The false hero presents some claim to the position. By testing, it is revealed that the claims are false, and the hero's true. The false hero is usually punished, and the true hero put in his place. ^[1]

Cinderella is tested to distinguish her from her stepsisters, the false heroes

Vladimir Propp identified it as one of the eight roles he found in an analysis of Russian folktales, but the figure is widely found in many nations' tales. Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (Владимир Яковлевич Пропп &mdash 22 August 1970) was a Russian formalist scholar who ^[2]

In some tales, the false hero appears early, and constitutes the main obstacle to the hero. These include The Goose Girl where a serving maid takes the princess's place, and makes her a goose girl, The White and the Black Bride where the stepmother pushes the bride into the river and puts her own daughter in her place, and The Lord of Lorn and the False Steward, where the steward robs the young lord of Lorn and passes himself off as him, with the true lord serving a shepherd. The Goose Girl is a German Fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm. The White and the Black Bride is a German Fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 135 The Lord of Lorn and the False Steward or The Lord of Lorn and the Flas Steward or The Lord of Lorn is Child ballad number 271

In most of the tales that use this figure, the false hero is the final obstacle to the hero's happiness. Such false heroes include Cinderella's stepsisters, who chop off parts of their feet to fit the shoe, but are given away by the blood;^[3] the washerwoman's daughter in Black Bull of Norroway, whose mother lies about who washed the blood out of the hero's shirt, but whose lies are given away when the heroine bribes her way to the hero; the king's marshall in The Two Brothers, who chops off the dragon's seven heads, but only after the huntsman hero has cut out the dragon's tongues, so that when the heads are displayed, the huntsman can observe that their tongues are missing (a common motif when a false hero claims to have killed a monster)^[4]; and the older brothers in The Golden Bird, who try to kill their younger brother and do steal his prizes, but when the youngest survives, those prizes recognize him as the true hero. Cinderella ( French: Cendrillon, Slovak: Popoluška, German: Aschenputtel, Spanish: Cenicienta The Black Bull of Norroway is a Fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs in More English Fairy Tales. The Two Brothers is a German Fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 60 " The Golden Bird " is a Brothers Grimm Fairy tale, number 57 about the pursuit of a golden bird by a king's three sons The youngest son is a Stock character in Fairy tales where he features as the Hero.

Other tales have characters take the hero or heroine's place without claiming to be the original. This may stem from an enchantment whose conditions the hero or heroine has broken, as in East of the Sun and West of the Moon, or because the lover has been enchanted into forgetting the hero or heroine, as in The Master Maid, or merely from the belief that the true hero or heroine is dead or lost, as in Maid Maleen. East of the Sun and West of the Moon is the Norwegian version of an old Scandinavian Fairy tale. The Master Maid is a Norwegian Fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their Norske Folkeeventyr. Maid Maleen is a German Fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, number 198

In many such tales with "true brides" and "false brides", such as East of the Sun and West of the Moon, the true bride must bribe her way to the hero for three nights, where the false bride is holding him captive; the first two nights, the false bride drugs the hero, but her pleas are heard by someone else, who warns him. East of the Sun and West of the Moon is the Norwegian version of an old Scandinavian Fairy tale. ^[5] The false bride fails the test when the heroine, not plagued with greed, refuses to trade the bride for gold or treasure; the false bride's greed draws her to agree, and so loses the bridegroom. ^[6] Another test is to determine which bride can carry out a domestic task to perfection; this, also, is found in East of the Sun and West of the Moon, where the heroine can wash the shirt that neither the false bride nor her mother can. ^[7]

The false bride is sometimes an usurping servant, as in The Goose Girl, The Sleeping Prince or The Love for Three Oranges, but overwhelmingly the substituted bride is the sister or stepsister of the true bride. The Goose Girl is a German Fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm. The Sleeping Prince is a Greek Fairy tale collected by Georgios A The Love for Three Oranges or The Three Citrons is an Italian literary Fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in the Pentamerone ^[8] The substitution is an integral part of Aarne-Thompson type 403A, The Black and the White Bride, including such fairy tales as The White and the Black Bride and Bushy Bride; this often opens with an episode of The Kind and the Unkind Girls (Aarne-Thompson type 480) where the girls' character is revealed. The Aarne-Thompson classification system is a system for classifying folktales. The White and the Black Bride is a German Fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 135 Bushy Bride is a Norwegian Fairy tale collected by Asbjørnsen and Moe. ^[8] Other tales including this are Brother and Sister and The Wonderful Birch. Brother and Sister is a well known European Fairy tale which was among others written down by the Brothers Grimm in their collection of Children's The Wonderful Birch is a Finnish Fairy tale. A variant on Cinderella, it is Aarne-Thompson folktale type 510A the persecuted heroine

Hans Christian Andersen's "The Little Mermaid" makes a variation not usually found in more traditional fairytales. Hans Christian Andersen (ˈhanˀs ˈkʰʁæʂd̥jan ˈɑnɐsn̩ in Danish or simply H The Little Mermaid (Den lille havfrue is a Fairy tale by the Danish Poet and Author Hans Christian Andersen about a young The Temple Girl fits the above prototype, since she gets the credit for saving the Prince's life, which actually belongs to the Mermaid, and consequently wins his love. But unlike in the above-mentioned examples, there is no last-moment reprieve: the false heroine does get to marry the Prince and usurp the place which rightfully belonged to the Mermaid - who accepts this situation with a tragic noble sacrifice.

Tales with false heroines

• Brother and Sister
• The Brown Bear of Norway
• Bushy Bride
• The Daughter of the Skies
• The Enchanted Canary
• The Enchanted Wreath
• The Tale of the Hoodie
• King Kojata
• Lovely Ilonka
• Nix Nought Nothing
• Princess Rosette
• The Singing, Springing Lark
• The Sprig of Rosemary
• Swan Lake
• Sweetheart Roland
• The Three Little Men in the Wood
• The White Doe
• The White Duck
• The Wonderful Birch
• Young Beichan

Tales with false heroes

• The Bird 'Grip'
• The Blue Mountains
• The Brown Bear of the Green Glen
• The Earl of Mar's Daughter
• Hind Horn
• The King Of Lochlin's Three Daughters
• The Mermaid and the Boy
• Shortshanks
• Soria Moria Castle
• The Three Dogs
• The Three Princes and their Beasts
• The Three Princesses of Whiteland
• The Water of Life (German fairy tale)

References