False flag operations are covert operations conducted by governments, corporations, or other organizations, which are designed to appear like they are being carried out by other entities. A covert operation is a Military or political activity carried out in such a way that the parties responsible for the action can be an Open secret, but The name is derived from the military concept of flying false colors; that is, flying the flag of a country other than one's own. False flag operations are not limited to war and counter-insurgency operations, and have been used in peace-time; for example, during Italy's strategy of tension. A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda

Naval warfare

In naval warfare, this practice was considered acceptable, provided the false flag was lowered and the national flag raised before engaging in battle. Naval warfare is Combat in and on Seas Oceans or any other major bodies of water such as large Lakes and wide Rivers History Auxiliary cruisers operated in such a fashion in both World Wars. Armed Merchantmen has come to mean merchant ships equipped with guns usually for defensive purposes either by design or after the fact British Q-boats were notorious for this behavior, which Germany used as a reason for its own use of unrestricted submarine warfare. Mystery Ship redirects here For the 1917 film serial see The Mystery Ship. Naval warfare is divided into three operational areas Surface warfare, Air warfare and underwater warfare. In the most notable example, the German commerce raider Kormoran surprised and sank the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney in 1941 while disguised as a Dutch merchant ship, causing the greatest recorded loss of life on an Australian warship. Early history Kormoran was built by Germaniawerft of Kiel and launched on 15 September 1938 as the merchant ship Steiermark of HAPAG Description Sydney was one of three Light cruisers originally ordered in 1931–1932 for the Royal Navy as the " Amphion class" Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[1]. In the St Nazaire Raid, by using a Kriegsmarine Ensign and using a captured German Morse code book, the British were able to get within less than a mile of the harbour before the defences responded. The St Nazaire Raid (also called Operation Chariot) was a successful British seaborne attack on the heavily defended docks of St

Land warfare

In land warfare, the use of a false flag is similar to that of naval warfare. The most widespread assumption is that this practice was first established under international humanitarian law at the trial in 1947 of the planner and commander of Operation Greif, Otto Skorzeny, by the military court at the Dachau Trials. International humanitarian law ( IHL) often referred to as the Laws of war, the laws and customs of war or the law of armed conflict Operation Greif was a special False flag operation commanded by the notorious Waffen-SS Commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle Otto Skorzeny ( June 12 1908 – July 6 1975) was an Obersturmbannführer in the German Waffen-SS The Dachau Trials were proceedings against minor war criminals found in the United States sectors of occupation in Germany and Austria and those accused of committing war crimes against In this trial, the court did not find Skorzeny guilty of a crime by ordering his men into action in American uniforms. He had passed on to his men the warning of German legal experts, that if they fought in American uniforms, they would be breaking the laws of war, but they probably were not doing so just by wearing the uniform. The law of war (also law of armed conflict, LOAC) is Law concerning acceptable practices relating to war During the trial, a number of arguments were advanced to substantiate this position and the German and U. S. military seem to be in agreement on it. In the transcript of the trial^[2] it is mentioned that Paragraph 43 of the Field Manual published by the War Department, United States Army, on 1st October, 1940, under the title "Rules of Land Warfare", says:

"National flags, insignias and uniforms as a ruse - in practice it has been authorized to make use of these as a ruse. The foregoing rule (Article 23 of the Annex of the IVth Hague Convention), does not prohibit such use, but does prohibit their improper use. The Hague Conventions were international treaties negotiated at the First and Second Peace Conferences at The Hague, Netherlands in 1899 and It is certainly forbidden to make use of them during a combat. Before opening fire upon the enemy, they must be discarded".

Also The American Soldiers' Handbook, was quoted by Defense Counsel and says:

"The use of the enemy flag, insignia, and uniform is permitted under some circumstances. They are not to be used during actual fighting, and if used in order to approach the enemy without drawing fire, should be thrown away or removed as soon as fighting begins".

The outcome of the trial has been codified in the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Protocol I):

Article 37. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts ( Protocol 1) Introduction -Prohibition of perfidy

1. Perfidy is an act of deliberate Treachery or Deception. Under the 1977 Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 ( Protocol It is prohibited to kill, injure, or capture an adversary by resort to perfidy. Acts inviting the confidence of an adversary to lead him to believe that he is entitled to, or is obliged to accord, protection under the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, with intent to betray that confidence, shall constitute perfidy. The following acts are examples of perfidy:

(a) The feigning of an intent to negotiate under a flag of truce or of a surrender;

(b) The feigning of an incapacitation by wounds or sickness;

(c) The feigning of civilian, non-combatant status; and

(d) The feigning of protected status by the use of signs, emblems or uniforms of the United Nations or of neutral or other States not Parties to the conflict. White flags have had different meanings throughout history and depending on the locale

2. Ruses of war are not prohibited. Such ruses are acts which are intended to mislead an adversary or to induce him to act recklessly but which infringe no rule of international law applicable in armed conflict and which are not perfidious because they do not invite the confidence of an adversary with respect to protection under that law. The following are examples of such ruses: the use of camouflage, decoys, mock operations and misinformation.

Article 38. -Recognized emblems

1. It is prohibited to make improper use of the distinctive emblem of the red cross, red crescent or red lion and sun or of other emblems, signs or signals provided for by the Conventions or by this Protocol. It is also prohibited to misuse deliberately in an armed conflict other internationally recognized protective emblems, signs or signals, including the flag of truce, and the protective emblem of cultural property.

2. It is prohibited to make use of the distinctive emblem of the United Nations, except as authorized by that Organization.

Article 39. -Emblems of nationality

1. It is prohibited to make use in an armed conflict of the flags or military emblems, insignia or uniforms of neutral or other States not Parties to the conflict.

2. It is prohibited to make use of the flags or military emblems, insignia or uniforms of adverse Parties while engaging in attacks or in order to shield, favour, protect or impede military operations.

3. Nothing in this Article or in Article 37, paragraph 1 ( d ), shall affect the existing generally recognized rules of international law applicable to espionage or to the use of flags in the conduct of armed conflict at sea.

Examples of false flag attacks as pretexts for war

In the 1931 Mukden incident, Japanese officers fabricated a pretext for annexing Manchuria by blowing up a section of railway. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria Six years later, they falsely claimed the kidnapping of one of their soldiers in the Marco Polo Bridge Incident as an excuse to invade China proper. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident ( 盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a Battle between China proper (also known as Inner China) refers to the historical lands of China where the Han Chinese are the majority Ethnic group, in contrast

The Reichstag Fire of February 27, 1933 has been attributed to the government of the newly elected Adolf Hitler by documents obtained by the Allies after the war and testimony of the Nuremberg Trials. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was subject to an arson attack and as a result seen as the pivotal event in the establishment of Nazi Germany The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after Historians remain divided on this event.

In the Gleiwitz incident in August 1939, Reinhard Heydrich made use of fabricated evidence of a Polish attack against Germany to mobilize German public opinion and to fabricate a false justification for a war with Poland. The Gleiwitz incident was a staged attack on 31 August, 1939 against the German Radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich ( 7 March 1904 &ndash 4 June 1942) was an SS - Obergruppenführer, chief The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied This, along with other false flag operations in Operation Himmler would be used to mobilize support from the German population for the start of World War II in Europe. Operation Himmler (less often known as Operation Konserve or Operation Canned Goods) was a Nazi Germany False flag project to create the appearance The European Theatre of Operations ( ETO) was an area of heavy fighting across Europe during World War II, from Nazi Germany's Invasion of Poland

On November 26, 1939 the Soviet Union shelled the Russian village of Mainila near the Finnish border. The Shelling of Mainila (Mainilan laukaukset was a military incident on November 26, 1939, during which the Soviet Union 's Red Army initiated The Soviet Union attacked Finland four days after the Shelling of Mainila. The Shelling of Mainila (Mainilan laukaukset was a military incident on November 26, 1939, during which the Soviet Union 's Red Army initiated Some Russian historians have claimed that the Finns shelled themselves with the intent of later attacking the Soviet Union. This theory is not shared by most historians, and Russia has agreed that the attack was initiated by the Soviets. Also, the nearest Finnish artillery pieces were well outside the range needed to shell Mainila.

In 1953, the U. S. and British-orchestrated Operation Ajax used "false-flag" and propaganda operations against the democratically elected leader of Iran, Mohammed Mosaddeq. The 1953 Iranian Coup d'état deposed the government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq and his cabinet, it was effected by Gen Mohammad Mosaddeq ( (, pronounced mosæddeq}} also Mosaddegh or Mossadegh) ( May 19 1882 – 5 March 1967) was a major Information regarding the CIA-sponsored coup d'etat has been largely declassified and is available in the CIA archives. ^[3]

In 1954, Israel sponsored bombings against US and UK interests in Cairo aiming to cause trouble between Egypt and the West. ^[4] This operation, latter dubbed the Lavon Affair cost Israeli defense minister Pinhas Lavon his job. The Lavon Affair refers to the scandal over a failed Israeli Covert operation in Egypt known as Operation Susannah, in which Israeli military Pinhas Lavon (פנחס לבון born 12 July 1904, died 24 January 1976) was an Israeli politician minister and labor leader Israel (where it is known as "The Unfortunate Affair") finally admitted responsibility in 2005. ^[5]

The planned, but never executed, 1962 Operation Northwoods plot by the US Department of Defense for a war with Cuba involved scenarios such as hijacking a passenger plane, sinking a U. Operation Northwoods, or Northwoods, was a False flag Conspiracy plan proposed within the United States government in 1962 The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government S. ship, burning crops and blaming such actions on Cuba. It was authored by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, nixed by John F. Kennedy, came to light through the Freedom of Information Act and was publicized by James Bamford. The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS) is a group comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the Armed services in the United States armed forces John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of James Bamford (born September 24, 1946) is an American bestselling author and journalist who writes about United States intelligence agencies

Former GRU officer Aleksey Galkin ^[6], former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko ^[7] and other whistleblowers from the Russian government and security services have asserted that the 1999 Russian apartment bombings that precipitated the Second Chechen War were false flag operations perpetrated by the FSB, the successor organization to the KGB. GRU is the English transliteration of the Russian Acronym ГРУ, which stands for "Гла́вное Разве́дывательное Aleksey Viktorovich Galkin is a former GRU ("Гла́вное Разве́дывательное Управле́ние" ( Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation ( FSB) ( Russian: ФСБ Федера́льная слу́жба безопа́сности Federalnaya Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (Алекса́ндр Ва́льтерович Литвине́нко ( 30 August 1962 – 23 November 2006 The Russian apartment bombings were a series of explosions that hit four apartment blocks in the Russian cities of Buynaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk The Second Chechen War, in a later phase better known as the War in the North Caucasus, was launched by the Russian Federation starting August 26 KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty Galkin has since then, recanted these accusations which he had asserted when a prisoner of Chechen rebels.

Pseudo-operations

Pseudo operations are those in which forces of one power disguised themselves as enemy forces and, more specifically, when the power is a state, and the other power an insurgency, then as insurgents, often with the aid of defectors, to operate as teams to infiltrate insurgent areas. ^[8]. The aim of such pseudo-operations may either be to gather short, or long-term intelligence, or to engage in active operations, in particular assassinations of important enemies. Intelligence (also called intellect) is an Umbrella term used to describe a property of the Mind that encompasses many related abilities such as the capacities AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. However, they usually involve both, as the risks of exposure highly increase with time, and thus lead to violent confrontation. Pseudo-operations may be directed by police forces, military, or both. Police forces are usually best suited to intelligence tasks; however, military provide the structure needed to back up such pseudo-ops with military response forces. According to US military Lawrence Cline (2005), "the teams typically have been controlled by police services, but this largely was due to the weaknesses in the respective military intelligence systems. "

The State Political Directorate (OGPU) of the Soviet Union set up such an operation from 1921 to 1926. The State Political Directorate was the Secret police of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR) and the Soviet Union from 1922 until The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During Operation Trust, they used loose networks of White Army supporters and extended them, creating the pseudo-"Monarchist Union of Central Russia" (MUCR) in order to help the OGPU identify real monarchists and anti-Bolsheviks. Operation Trust (операция "Трест" was a Counterintelligence operation of the State Political Directorate (OGPU of the Soviet Union The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard

Examples of combined police and military oversight of pseudo-operations include the Selous Scouts in former country Rhodesia (current Zimbabwe), governed by white minority rule until 1980. The Selous Scouts was a special forces regiment of the Rhodesian Army which operated from 1973 until the introduction of majority rule in 1980 Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election A dominant minority, also known as alien elites if they are recent immigrants is a group that has overwhelming political, economic or Cultural The Selous Scouts were formed at the beginning of Operation Hurricane, in November 1973, by Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) Ron Reid-Daly. For the Allied air forces show of force over Germany during World War II see Operation Hurricane (1944 Operation Hurricane was the test of the first As all Special Forces in Rhodesia, by 1977 they were controlled by COMOPS (Commander, Combined Operations) Commander Lieutenant General Peter Walls. Lieutenant General George Peter Walls (born in 1927 served as the Commander of the Combined Operations Headquarters of the Military of Rhodesia, and later Zimbabwe The Selous Scouts were originally composed of 120 members, with all officers being white and the highest rank initially available for Africans being colour sergeant. They succeeded in turning approximately 800 insurgents who were then paid by Special Branch, ultimately reaching the number of 1,500 members. Engaging mainly in long-range reconnaissance and surveillance missions, they increasingly turned to offensive actions, including the attempted assassination of ZIPRA leader Joshua Nkomo in Zambia. Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA) was the armed wing of the Zimbabwe African People's Union, a militant Communist organization in Rhodesia Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo ( June 19, 1917 &ndash July 1, 1999) was the leader and founder of the Zimbabwe African People's Union The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. This mission was finally aborted by the Selous Scouts, and attempted again, unsuccessfully, by the Rhodesian Special Air Service (SAS) ^[9]. The Rhodesian Special Air Service or Rhodesian SAS refers to C Squadron Special Air Service Regiment (Second World War until 1960 "C"

Some offensive operations attracted international condemnation, in particular the Selous Scouts' raid on a ZANLA (Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army) camp at Nyadzonya Pungwe, Mozambique in August 1976. Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA) was the militant wing of the Zimbabwe African National Union, a militant Communist organization and participated Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa ZANLA was then led by Josiah Tongogara. Josiah Magama Tongogara ( 1938 - December 26 1979) was a commander of the ZANLA guerrilla army in Rhodesia. Using Rhodesian trucks and armored cars disguised as Mozambique military vehicles, 84 scouts killed 1,000 alleged guerrillas in the camp, registered as a refugee camp by the United Nations (UN). A refugee camp is a temporary camp built by a government the United Nations, international organizations (such as the Red Cross) or NGOs to receive The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Even according to Reid-Daly, most of those killed were unarmed guerrillas standing in formation for a parade. The camp hospital was also set ablaze by the rounds fired by the Scouts, killing all patients ^[10]. According to David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, who visited the camp shortly before the raid, it was only a refugee camp which did not host any guerrillas ^[11].

According to a 1978 study by the Directorate of Military Intelligence, 68% of all insurgent deaths inside Rhodesia could be attributed to the Selous Scouts, who were disbanded in 1980 ^[12].

In 1960 Frank Kitson, (who was later involved in the Northern Irish conflict and is now a retired British General), published Gangs and Counter-gangs about how to counter gangs and measures of deception, including the use of defectors, which brought the issue a wider audience. General Sir Frank Edward Kitson GBE, KCB, MC and Bar, DL (born 1926 is a retired British Army officer and writer

If the action is a police action then these tactics would fall within the laws of the state initiating the pseudo, but if such actions are taken in a civil war or during a belligerent military occupation then those who participate in such actions would not be privileged belligerents. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. A privileged combatant is a person who takes a direct part in the hostilities of an armed conflict within the Law of war and is someone who upon capture qualifies as a Prisoner The principle of plausible deniability is usually applied for pseudo-teams. Plausible deniability refers to the denial of blame in loose and informal chains of command where upper rungs quarantine the blame to the lower rungs (see the above section Laws of war).

Some false flag operation are have been described by Lawrence E. Cline, a retired US Army intelligence officer, as pseudo-operations, or "the use of organized teams which are disguised as guerrilla groups for long- or short-term penetration of insurgent-controlled areas. The United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM a direct reporting unit that conducts intelligence security and information operations for military commanders and national Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution "

Pseudo Operations should be distinguished, notes Cline, from the more common police or intelligence infiltration of guerrilla or criminal organizations. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force In the latter case, infiltration is normally done by individuals. Pseudo teams, on the other hand, are formed as needed from organized units, usually military or paramilitary. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status The use of pseudo teams has been a hallmark of a number of foreign counterinsurgency campaigns. See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat " ^[8]

Spy tradecraft

In espionage the false flag technique is used to recruit people into spying or stealing critical documents, by convincing them that they are working for a friendly government or their own government. The technique can also be used to catch a spy by having a loyal agent pose as a spy from the other side and approach someone suspected of spying. Earl Edwin Pitts, 43, a 13-year veteran of the FBI and an attorney, was caught when he was approached by FBI agents posing as Russian agents. This article describes Earl Pitts the Russian spy For the radio character see Earl Pitts (radio character.

See false flag penetrator

Civilian usage

While false flag operations originate in warfare and government, they also can occur in civilian settings among certain factions, such as businesses, special interest groups, religions, political ideologies and campaigns for office. This article is a subset article under Human Intelligence. For a complete hierarchical list of articles see the intelligence cycle management hierarchy

Businesses

In business and marketing, similar operations are being employed in some public relations campaigns (see Astroturfing). Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred Astroturfing in American English is a Neologism for formal Public relations campaigns in Politics and Advertising which seek to create the impression Telemarketing firms practice false flag type behavior when they pretend to be a market research firm (referred to as "sugging"). Market research is the process of systematically gathering recording and analyzing data and information about Customers, Competitors and the Market Sugging is a Market research industry term meaning "selling under the guise of research" In some rare cases, members of an unpopular business will destroy some of their own property to conceal an unrelated crime (i. e. safety violations, embezzlement, etc. ) but make it appear as though the destruction was done by an ideological group who opposes them.

Political campaigning

Political campaigning has a long history of this tactic in various forms, including in person, print media and electronically in recent years. This can involve when supporters of one candidate pose as supporters of another, or act as “straw men” for their preferred candidate to debate against. A straw man argument is an Informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position This can happen with or without the candidate's knowledge.

In 2006, individuals practicing false flag behavior were discovered and "outed" in New Hampshire^[13][14] and New Jersey^[15] after blog comments claiming to be from supporters of a political candidate were traced to the IP address of paid staffers for that candidate's opponent. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of An Internet Protocol ( IP) address is a numerical identification ( Logical address) that is assigned to devices participating in a Computer network

Ideological

Political or religious ideologies will sometimes use false flag tactics. This can be done to discredit or implicate rival groups, create the appearance of enemies when none exist, or create the illusion of organized and directed opposition when in truth, the ideology is simply unpopular with society. For example, a fundamentalist Christian church may stage animal sacrifices or "ritual sites" near their location to create the appearance of "satanists" being after their congregation. Or creationists may create fake propaganda pamphlets from non-existent "Darwinist" groups that have faulty straw man arguments. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. Black propaganda is false material where the source is disguised A straw man argument is an Informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position

In late 2007, a rash of Swastikas and other anti-semitic vandalism appeared on a Jewish student's door at George Washington University^[16]. The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D Police subsequently placed a hidden camera, and discovered that the vandalism was perpetrated by the victim herself^[17]. The student claimed that the first incident of vandalism was real (committed by an unknown person), but she perpetrated the remaining incidents to draw attention to the university's inaction.

Terrorism and false flag operations

During the Italian strategy of tension in which several bombings in the 1970s, attributed to far-left organizations, were in fact carried out by far-right organizations cooperating with the Italian secret services (see Operation Gladio, 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing, 1972 Peteano attack by Vincenzo Vinciguerra, 1973 assassination attempt of former Interior Minister Mariano Rumor, 1980 Bologna massacre, etc. A strategy of tension (strategia della tensione is an alleged way used by world powers to divide manipulate and control Public opinion using Fear, Propaganda Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind Piazza Fontana bombing (strage di Piazza Fontana identifies the massacre that was a result of a serious terrorist attack occurred on December 12 1969 when Vincenzo Vinciguerra is a former member of the neo-fascist ''Avanguardia Nazionale'' ("National Vanguard" and Ordine Nuovo ("New Mariano Rumor ( June 16, 1915 &ndash 22 January, 1990) was an Italian politician a member of the Democrazia Cristiana and several The Bologna massacre (Strage di Bologna was a terrorist bombing at the Central Station of Bologna, Italy on the morning of August and various investigations, for example by Guido Salvini). Guido Salvini is an Italian judge, based in Milan. He issued European arrest warrants in 2005 against approximatively 20 CIA agents accused of In France, the Masada Action and Defense Movement, supposedly a Zionist group, was really a neo-fascist terrorist group which hoped to increase tension between Arabs and Jews in France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Masada Action and Defense Movement ( French: Mouvement d'Action et Défense Masada) was a French Terrorist organization which carried out History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the This page specifically pertains to fascism after World War II Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

False flag tactics were also employed during the Algerian civil war, starting in the mid-1994. The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups which began in 1991 Death squads composed of DRS (Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité) security forces disguised themselves as Islamist terrorists and committed false flag terror attacks. A death squad is an armed Squad that kills civilians terrorists or guerillas The département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS is the Algerian Intelligence service. Such groups included the OJAL (Organisation of Young Free Algerians) or the OSSRA (Secret Organisation for the safeguard of the Algerian Republic) ^[18] According to Roger Faligot and Pascal Kropp (1999), the OJAL reminded of "the Organization of the French Algerian Resistance (ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists created in December 1956 by the DST (Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire / Territorial Surveillance Directorate) whose mission was to carry out terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political compromise. The Organisation of Young Free Algerians ( OJAL, French Organisation des jeunes Algériens libres) claimed credit for various attacks against civilian Islamist Roger Faligot is a French journalist who started working in Ireland in 1973 before working as Freelance Investigative journalist for Britton " ^[19]

On the night of Feb. 27, 1933 the Reichstag building was set on fire. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was subject to an arson attack and as a result seen as the pivotal event in the establishment of Nazi Germany At the urging of Hitler, Hindenburg responded the next day by issuing an emergency decree “for the Protection of the people and the State,” which stated: “Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed. ” After 74 years, the question of who actually started the Reichstag fire is still unknown and occasionally debated.

There are various 9/11 conspiracy theories which say the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US were a false flag operation. A variety of conspiracy theories question the mainstream account of the September 11 attacks in the United States.

Dirty War

Main article: Dirty War

During a 1981 interview whose contents were revealed by documents declassified by the CIA in 2000, former CIA and DINA agent Michael Townley explained that Ignacio Novo Sampol, member of CORU, an anti-Castro organization, had agreed to commit the Cuban Nationalist Movement in the kidnapping, in Buenos Aires, of a president of a Dutch bank. This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( English: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the Chilean Secret police in the government For the Australian politician see Michael Townley (Australian politician. Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations (CORU has been described by the FBI as "an anti- Castro terrorist umbrella organization" The opposition to Fidel Castro ' s Marxist Government is largely unofficial and illegal within Cuba itself The abduction, organized by civilian SIDE agents, the Argentine intelligence agency, was to obtain a ransom. History The Secretariat of Intelligence was created in 1946 when Juan Perón 's first presidency established it by Executive Decree 337/46 under the denomination of Townley said that Novo Sampol had provided six thousand dollars from the Cuban Nationalist Movement, forwarded to the civilian SIDE agents to pay for the preparation expenses of the kidnapping. After returning to the US, Novo Sampol sent Townley a stock of paper, used to print pamphlets in the name of "Grupo Rojo" (Red Group), an imaginary Argentine Marxist terrorist organization, which was to claim credit for the kidnapping of the Dutch banker. Townley declared that the pamphlets were distributed in Mendoza and Córdoba in relation with false flag bombings perpetrated by SIDE agents, which had as their aim to accredit the existence of the fake Grupo Rojo. Córdoba, abbreviated as CBA, is a city located near the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas mountains on the However, the SIDE agents procrastinated too much, and the kidnapping ultimately was not carried out ^[20].

See also

• Black propaganda
• Casus belli
• Conspiracy theory
• Covert operation
• Gleiwitz incident
• Front organization
• Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw (Flemish neo-Nazi group preparing false flag attacks)
• February 27, 1933 Reichstag Fire, which led to the Reichstag Fire Decree which suspended the Weimar Constitution until the end of the Third Reich
• TPAJAX, CIA Operation Ajax (USA overthrowing of Mohammed Mossadeq, Prime Minister of Iran, in 1953)
• SIS (MI6) Operation Boot (UK Operation for overthrowing of Mohammed Mossadeq, Prime Minister of Iran, in 1953 with Americans) [1]
• Operation Northwoods
• Black Operation, Rogue Operation Project Cherry CIA's Non-Stop assassination program to kill Prince of Cambodia Norodom Sihanouk [2]. Black propaganda is false material where the source is disguised Casus belli is a Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment A covert operation is a Military or political activity carried out in such a way that the parties responsible for the action can be an Open secret, but The Gleiwitz incident was a staged attack on 31 August, 1939 against the German Radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz A front organization is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization such as intelligence agencies, Organized crime groups banned organizations religious Bloed Bodem Eer en Trouw (BBET " Blood Soil Honour and Loyalty " is a Flemish Neo-Nazi group created in 2004 from a splinter of the Flemish Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was subject to an arson attack and as a result seen as the pivotal event in the establishment of Nazi Germany The Reichstag Fire Decree (Reichstagsbrandverordnung is the common name of the Order of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State issued by German president For a detailed discussion of the English translation of Reich, see Reich. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The 1953 Iranian Coup d'état deposed the government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq and his cabinet, it was effected by Gen The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Operation Northwoods, or Northwoods, was a False flag Conspiracy plan proposed within the United States government in 1962 A Black Operation or Black Op is a Covert operation typically involving activities that are highly Secret due to questionable Ethics and near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Names and titles Since his abdication Sihanouk's official Cambodian title (short version the most-widely used is Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preahmâhaviraksat
• Special Activities Division
• The Plaza Miranda Bombings in the Philippines, which led to Ferdinand Marcos's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. The Special Activities Division (SAD is a division of the Central Intelligence Agency 's former Directorate of Operations now the National Clandestine Service, responsible This article covers the history of the Philippines during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief
• The Spanish believed that the explosion on the USS Maine was a false-flag operation to provoke the Spanish-American War
• 3/11, 7/7 and 9/11 conspiracy theories
• Shelling of Mainila and Winter War
• State terrorism
• Marxist-Leninist Party of the Netherlands (fake party set up by the Dutch security service)

Notes