| Falklands War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Photo montage of the Falklands War | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Argentina |  United Kingdom | ||||||
| Commanders | |||||||
| President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario Menéndez | Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John “Sandy” Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner 75 fixed-wing aircraft 25 helicopters 1 light cruiser 1 submarine 4 cargo vessels 2 patrol boats 1 spy trawler | 258 killed[1] 777 wounded 115 taken prisoner 6 Sea Harriers 4 Harrier GR. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( SGSSI) is a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The term status quo ante bellum comes from Latin meaning literally as things were before the war. The National Reorganization Process (in Spanish, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply El Proceso) was the name used by its leaders Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli ( July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli ( July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina Ernesto Horacio Crespo (born 1932) is an Argentine retired Brigadier General (Lieutenant General and former Chief of Staff of the Argentine The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Admiral of the Fleet John David Elliott Fieldhouse Baron Fieldhouse GCB, GBE ( 12 February 1928 &ndash 17 February Admiral Sir John Forster "Sandy" Woodward GBE, KCB (born May 1, 1932) is a British Admiral who joined Major General Sir John Jeremy Moore KCB, OBE, MC & Bar ( 5 July 1928 &ndash 15 September 2007 The Argentine Naval Prefecture, in Spanish Prefectura Naval Argentina or PNA, is a Military service of the Argentine Interior 3 24 helicopters 2 destroyers 2 frigates 1 LSL landing ship 1 LCU amphibious craft 1 containership 4 ships withdrawn[2] | ||||||
The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur), also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the disputed Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The Landing Ship Logistic ( LSL) is a term used by the UK Armed forces to describe the Round table class landing ship used for support of The Landing Craft Utility (LCU is a type of boat used by amphibious forces to transport equipment and troops to the shore Container ships are Cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size containers in a technique called Containerization. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( SGSSI) is a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Falkland Islands consist of two large and many small islands in the South Atlantic Ocean east of Argentina; their name and sovereignty over them have long been disputed. An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant History of the claims See also History of the Falkland Islands See also Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands See also Falkland
The war was triggered by the occupation of South Georgia by Argentina on 19 March 1982 followed by the occupation of the Falklands, and ended when Argentina surrendered on 14 June 1982. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( SGSSI) is a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) War was not actually declared by either side. A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War The initial invasion was considered by Argentina as the re-occupation of its own territory, and by Britain as an invasion of a British overseas territory, and the most recent invasion of British territory by a foreign power. An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom
In the period leading up to the war, Argentina was in the midst of a devastating economic crisis and large-scale civil unrest against the military junta that had been governing the country since 1976. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Argentina benefits from rich Natural resources, a highly literate population an export-oriented Agricultural sector and a diversified industrial base A crisis (plural crises may occur on a personal or societal level Civil disorder, also known as civil unrest, is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people Military government can refer to conditions under either Military occupation, or Military dictatorship Military A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, [3] The Argentine military government, headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri, sought to maintain power by diverting public attention playing off long-standing feelings of the Argentines towards the islands,[4] although they never thought that the United Kingdom would respond militarily. Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli ( July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [5] The ongoing tension between the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March when a group of hired Argentinian scrap metal merchants raised their flag at South Georgia, an act that would later be seen as the first offensive action in the war. History of the claims See also History of the Falkland Islands See also Timeline of the history of the Falkland Islands See also Falkland Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Scrap is a term used to describe Recyclable materials left over from every manner of product consumption such as parts of vehicles building supplies and surplus materials Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. The Argentine Military Junta, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces,[6] ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 2 April. On 2 April 1982 Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas following the civilian occupation of South Georgia on Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of
Word of the invasion first reached Britain via amateur radio. Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a Hobby and a service in which participants called "hams" use various types of Radio communications [7] Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others. Barker believed that the intention expressed in Defence Secretary John Nott's 1981 review to withdraw his ship HMS Endurance, Britain's only naval presence in the South Atlantic, sent a signal to the Argentinians that Britain was unwilling, and would soon be unable, to defend her territories and subjects in the Falklands. HMS Endurance was a Royal Navy ice patrol vessel that served from 1967 to 1991 [8][9] Britain launched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Argentine Air Force, and retake the islands by amphibious assault. For the computer game see Joint Task Force (computer game. A task force (TF is a temporary unit or formation established to work The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Armada of the Argentine Republic ( Armada de la República Argentina — ARA is the Navy The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. After combat resulting in 258 British and 649 Argentine deaths, the British eventually prevailed and the islands remained under British control. However, as of 2008 [10] and as it has since the 19th century, Argentina shows no sign of relinquishing its claim. Indeed, the claim remains in the Argentine constitution after its reformation in 1994. The constitution of Argentina is one of the primary sources of exisiting law in Argentina. [11]
The political effects of the war were strong in both countries. A wave of patriotic sentiment swept through both: the Argentine loss prompted even larger protests against the military government, which hastened its downfall; in the United Kingdom, the government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was bolstered. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 It helped Thatcher's government to victory in the 1983 general election, which prior to the war was seen as by no means certain. Results The Conservatives won with a majority of 144 seats|} Total votes cast 30661309 The war has played an important role in the culture of both countries, and has been the subject of several books, films, and songs. The cultural and political weight of the conflict has had less effect on the British public than on that of Argentina, where the war is still a topic of discussion. [12]
Lead-up to the conflict
War
- See also: 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
The retaking of the Falkland Islands was considered extremely difficult: the main constraint was the disparity in air cover (the British having 34 Harrier aircraft against Argentina's 220 jet fighters). There were many events leading to the 1982 Falklands War ( Guerra de Malvinas in Spanish) between the United Kingdom and Argentina over possession On 2 April 1982 Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas following the civilian occupation of South Georgia on The U. S. Navy considered a successful invasion to be 'a military impossibility' [13]
By mid-April, the Royal Air Force had set up an airbase at Wideawake on the mid-Atlantic island of Ascension, including a sizable force of Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 bombers, Handley Page Victor K Mk 2 refuelling aircraft, and McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR Mk 2 fighters to protect them. Royal Air Force Station Ascension, more commonly known as RAF Ascension Island, and sometimes known as Ascension Island Base, is a British military Ascension Island is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, around from the coast of Africa WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A bomber is a Military aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets primarily by dropping Bombs on them WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Aerial refueling, also called air refueling, in-flight refueling ( IFR) air-to-air refueling ( AAR) or tanking, is A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed Meanwhile the main British naval task force arrived at Ascension to prepare for war. A small force had already been sent south to re-capture South Georgia.
Encounters began in April; the British Task Force was shadowed by Boeing 707 aircraft of the Argentine Air Force during their travel to the south. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. One of these flights was intercepted outside the British self-imposed exclusion zone, by a Sea Harrier; the unarmed 707 was not attacked because diplomatic moves were still in progress and the UK had not yet decided to commit itself to war. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
Recapture of South Georgia and the attack on the Santa Fe
The South Georgia force, Operation Paraquet, under the command of Major Guy Sheridan RM, consisted of Marines from 42 Commando, a troop of the Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Squadron (SB Sqn) troops who were intended to land as reconnaissance forces for an invasion by the Royal Marines. Operation Paraquet was the Code name for the British military operation to recapture the Island of South Georgia from Argentine military control in April 3 Commando Brigade is a commando formation of the British Armed Forces and the main manoeuvre formation of the Royal Marines. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The Special Boat Service ( SBS) is the Special forces unit of the British Royal Navy. Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy All were embarked on RFA Tidespring. First to arrive was the Churchill-class submarine HMS Conqueror on 19 April, and the island was over-flown by a radar-mapping Handley Page Victor on 20 April. Further reading Footnotes Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. The first landings of SAS troops took place on 21 April, but — with the southern hemisphere autumn setting in — the weather was so bad that their landings and others made the next day were all withdrawn after two helicopters crashed in fog on Fortuna Glacier. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Fortuna Glacier is a tidewater glacier at the mouth of Cumberland Bay on the island of South Georgia. The first Royal Navy ship to arrive was the type 42 destroyer HMS Glasgow. History The class was designed in the late 1960s to provide fleet area air-defence
On 23 April, a submarine alert was sounded and operations were halted, with the Tidespring being withdrawn to deeper water to avoid interception. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at On 24 April, the British forces regrouped and headed in to attack the submarine. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to On 25 April the ARA Santa Fe was spotted by a Westland Wessex HAS Mk 3 helicopter from HMS Antrim, which attacked the Argentine submarine with depth charges. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. History The submarine was built during the Second World War by the Electric Boat Company of Groton Connecticut and was launched on November WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Depth Charge is a character in the Beast Wars: Transformers universe HMS Plymouth launched a Westland Wasp HAS.Mk.1 helicopter, and HMS Brilliant launched a Westland Lynx HAS Mk 2. History Construction Plymouth was built at Devonport Dockyard, in her namesake city of Plymouth and was launched by Viscountess Astor on July WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Lynx launched a torpedo, and strafed the submarine with its pintle-mounted General Purpose Machine Gun; the Wessex also fired on the Santa Fe with its GPMG. The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Strafing is the practice of attacking ground targets from low-flying aircraft A pintle is a pin or bolt usually inserted into a Gudgeon, which is used as part of a pivot or hinge The MAG is a Belgian 762 mm General purpose machine gun, designed in the early 1950s at Fabrique Nationale (FN by Ernest Vervier The Wasp from HMS Plymouth as well as two other Wasps launched from HMS Endurance fired AS-12 ASM antiship missiles at the submarine, scoring hits. HMS Endurance was a Royal Navy ice patrol vessel that served from 1967 to 1991 The SS12 and AS12 are two variants of the same missile SS for surface-to-surface AS for air-to-surface An air-to-surface missile (also air-to-ground missile, AGM, ASM or ATGM) is a Missile designed to be launched from Military Anti-ship missiles are a Missile designed for use against Ships Most anti-ship missiles are of the Sea-skimming type and use a combination of Santa Fe was damaged badly enough to prevent her from submerging. The crew abandoned the submarine at the jetty at King Edward Point on South Georgia. King Edward Point (Also known as KEP is a Promontory and settlement with port facilities ( Wharf) on the northeastern coast of the island of South Georgia
With the Tidespring now far out to sea and the Argentine forces augmented by the submarine's crew, Major Sheridan decided to gather the 76 men he had and make a direct assault that day. After a short forced march by the British troops, the Argentine forces surrendered without resistance. The message sent from the naval force at South Georgia to London was, "Be pleased to inform Her Majesty that the White Ensign flies alongside the Union Jack in South Georgia. The White Ensign is an Ensign flown on British Royal Navy ships and Shore establishments It consists of a red St George's Cross on The Union Flag, also known as the Union Jack, is the national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. God Save the Queen. " Prime Minister Thatcher broke the news to the media, telling them to "Just rejoice at that news!"[14]
Black Buck raids
The Operation Black Buck raids were a series of five attacks on the Islands by RAF Avro Vulcan bombers of 44 Squadron, staged from Wideawake airbase on Ascension Island, close to the equator. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout No 44 (Rhodesia Squadron of the Royal Air Force is no longer operational Ascension Island is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, around from the coast of Africa The aircraft carried either 21 1,000 lb bombs internally or four Shrike anti-radar missiles externally. History The Shrike was first employed during the Vietnam War by the Navy in 1965 using A-4 aircraft The overall effect of the raids on the war is difficult to determine, as the raids consumed precious tanker resources[15]. The raids did minimal damage to the runway and damage to radars was quickly repaired. Post-war propaganda[16] stated that the Vulcan raids influenced Argentina to withdraw Mirage IIIs from the Southern Argentina to the Buenos Aires Defence Zone. It has been suggested that the Black Buck raids were pressed home by the Royal Air Force[17]. The British armed forces had been cut in the late seventies, and the RAF may have desired a greater role in the conflict to prevent further cuts[18]. A single crater was produced on the runway, rendering it impossible for the airfield to be used by fast jets[19]. Argentine ground crew repaired the runway[20] within twenty-four hours[21], but only to a level of quality suitable for the C-130 Hercules and Aermacchi MB-339 jets. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout They also produced fake craters to confound British damage assessment[22]. The runway was also available for MB-339 Aermacchi jets[23]. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
On 1 May operations against the Falklands opened with the "Black Buck 1" attack on the airfield at Stanley. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. The Vulcan had originally been designed for medium-range stand-off nuclear missions in Europe and did not have the range to fly to the Falklands, requiring several in-flight refuellings. The RAF's tanker planes were mostly converted Handley Page Victor bombers with similar range, so they too had to be refuelled in the air. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Thus, a total of 11 tankers were required for only two Vulcans, a huge logistical effort, given that both the tankers and bombers had to use the same strip. Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point The attack yielded only a single hit on the runway.
The raids, at almost 8,000 nautical miles (13 000 km) and 16 hours for the return journey, were the longest-ranged bombing raids in history at that time (surpassed in the Gulf War of 1991 by USAF Boeing B-52G Stratofortresses flying from the continental United States but using forward-positioned tankers[24]). A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. They are often credited with the strategic success of causing the Argentine Air Force to withdraw all their Mirage IIIEA aircraft to protect against the possibility of similar bombing raids on the Argentine mainland. The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout However, according to the Argentine version, Group 8 Mirages were deployed to Comodoro Rivadavia and Rio Gallegos in April (before the raids) where they remained until June to protect against any Chilean threat and as reserve for the strike units. Comodoro Rivadavia is a city in the Patagonian province of Chubut in southern Argentina, located Río Gallegos is the capital of the Patagonic province of Santa Cruz, Argentina. Had this reserve capacity been deployed to the Falklands, then the Argentine air force might have been able to fly missions with a greater than 50% chance of aircraft successfully returning. [25] Their lack of aerial refuel capability and a smaller internal fuel capacity, as compared to the IAI Daggers, prevented them from being used effectively over the islands, as was shown by their only engagement of the war on 1 May, so they were relegated to mainland duties. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Concerned about the possibility of Chilean strikes or SAS raids, the Argentines decided to disperse its aircraft in the areas surrounding their southern airfields so that, for example, several parts of the National Highway 3 were used for this purpose. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special [26]
Only minutes after the RAF's Black Buck 1, nine Fleet Air Arm BAE Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1s from HMS Hermes followed up the raid by dropping BL755 cluster bombs on Stanley and the smaller grass airstrip at Goose Green. The Fleet Air Arm is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for the operation of the aircraft on board their ships WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Construction and modifications She was laid down by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness during WW II as HMS Elephant. BL755 is a Cluster bomb. Its primary targets are Armored vehicles and Tanks with secondary Soft target (anti personnel capabilities Cluster munitions or cluster bombs are air-dropped or ground-launched munitions that eject a number of smaller submunitions a cluster of bomblets Goose Green ( Spanish: "Prado de Ganso" "Ganso Verde" is a settlement in Lafonia on East Falkland in the Falkland Islands The Harriers destroyed one FMA IA 58 Pucará at Goose Green[27] and caused minor damage to Stanley airfield infrastructure. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The remaining runways were fully operational throughout the rest of the conflict. Other Sea Harriers had taken off from the deck of HMS Invincible for combat air patrols, and although Brian Hanrahan, a BBC reporter attached to the task force, was forbidden to divulge the number of planes involved, he came up with the memorable phrase "I counted them all out and I counted them all back. History Invincible was built at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering. Brian Hanrahan (born 22 March 1949, Middlesex) was the Diplomatic Editor for BBC News and a well known Correspondent. A reporter is a type of Journalist who Researches and presents information in certain types of Mass media. "[28][29]
The Argentines nevertheless claimed that two Sea Harriers were downed that morning in the general area of Stanley: the Commander of the 10th Mechanized Infantry Brigade, Brigadier-General Oscar Jofre, gave the serial numbers of the two Sea Harriers as XZ 458 and XZ 491, claiming that the first fell to a 35 mm gun and the second to a Roland missile. [30] This claim has been dismissed by a number of English language sources[31][32]
Of the five Black Buck raids, three were against Stanley Airfield, with the other two anti-radar missions using Shrike anti-radiation missiles. History The Shrike was first employed during the Vietnam War by the Navy in 1965 using A-4 aircraft An anti-radiation missile (ARM is a Missile which is designed to detect and home in on an enemy radio emission source
Escalation of the air war
The Falklands had only three airfields. The longest and only paved runway was at the capital, Stanley, and even it was too short to support fast jets. "Port Stanley" redirects here For the town in Canada see Port Stanley Ontario. Therefore, the Argentines were forced to launch its major strikes from the mainland, severely hampering its efforts at forward staging, combat air patrols and close air support over the islands. Combat air patrol (CAP is a type of flying mission for Fighter aircraft. In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to The effective loiter time of incoming Argentine aircraft was low, and they were later compelled to overfly British forces in any attempt to attack the islands.
The first major Argentine strike force comprised 36 aircraft (McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawks, Israel Aircraft Industries Daggers, English Electric B Mk 62 Canberras and Dassault Mirage III escorts), and was sent on 1 May, in the belief that the British invasion was imminent or landings had already taken place. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Only a section of Grupo 6 (flying IAI Dagger aircraft) found ships, which were firing at Argentine defences near the islands. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Daggers managed to attack the ships and return safely. This greatly boosted morale of the Argentine pilots, who now knew they could survive an attack against modern warships, protected by radar ground clutter from the Islands and by using a late pop-up profile.
Meanwhile, other Argentine aircraft were intercepted by Sea Harriers operating from HMS Invincible. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout History Invincible was built at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering. A Dagger and a Canberra were shot down.
Combat broke out between Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1 fighters of No. 801 Naval Air Squadron and Mirage III fighters of Grupo 8. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Both sides refused to fight at the other's best altitude, until two Mirages finally descended to engage. One was shot down by an AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missile (AAM), while the other escaped but damaged and without enough fuel to return to its mainland air base. The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a heat-seeking, short-range Air-to-air missile carried by Fighter aircraft and recently certain gunship helicopters An air-to-air missile ( AAM) is a guided Missile fired from an Aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft The plane made for Stanley, where it fell victim to friendly fire from the Argentine defenders. [33]
As a result of this experience, Argentine Air Force staff decided to employ A-4 Skyhawks and Daggers only as strike units, the Canberras only during the night, and Mirage IIIs (without air refuelling capability or any capable AAM) as decoys to lure away the British Sea Harriers. The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. The decoying would be later extended with the formation of the Escuadron Fenix, a squadron of civilian jets flying 24 hours-a-day simulating strike aircraft preparing to attack the fleet. The Phoenix Squadron ( Escuadrón Fénix) was a special unit of the Argentine Air Force formed during the 1982 Falklands War ( Spanish On one of these flights, an Air Force Learjet was shot down, killing the squadron commander, Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina, who was the highest-ranking Argentine officer to die in the War. Learjet is a manufacturer of Business jets for civilian and military use
Stanley was used as an Argentine strongpoint throughout the conflict. Despite the Black Buck and Harrier raids on Stanley airfield (no fast jets were stationed there for air defence) and overnight shelling by detached ships, it was never out of action entirely. Stanley was defended by a mixture of Surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems (Franco-German Roland and British Tigercat) and Swiss-built 35 mm twin anti-aircraft cannons. A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft Sea Cat was a British short-range Surface to air missile system intended to replace the ubiquitous Bofors 40 mm gun aboard warships of all sizes Lockheed Hercules transport night flights brought supplies, weapons, vehicles, and fuel, and airlifted out the wounded up until the end of the conflict. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The few RN Sea Harriers were considered too valuable by day to risk in night-time blockade operations, and their Blue Fox radar was not an effective look-down over land radar. [34]
The only Argentine Hercules shot down by the British was lost on 1 June when TC-63 was intercepted by a Sea Harrier in daylight[35][36] when it was searching for the British fleet north-east of the islands after the Argentine Navy retired its last SP-2H Neptune due to airframe attrition. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
Sinking of Belgrano
Two separate British naval task forces (surface vessels and submarines) and the Argentine fleet were operating in the neighbourhood of the Falklands, and soon came into conflict. The first naval loss was the World War II vintage Argentine light cruiser ARA General Belgrano — formerly the USS Phoenix, a survivor of the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A light cruiser is a Warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light Armoured cruiser " describing a small ship that carried armour in the same way General history The warship was built as, the sixth of the s in New Jersey by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation starting in 1935 and launched in March 1938 Early service She was laid down 15 April 1935 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden New Jersey; launched 13 March 1938 sponsored by Mrs The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by The nuclear-powered submarine HMS Conqueror, captained by Commander Christopher Wreford-Brown, sank Belgrano on 2 May with two (of three fired) Mk 8 Mod 4 torpedoes of interwar-vintage design;[37] these were chosen as they carried a larger warhead and contact fuses and there were worries surrounding the reliability of the newer Tigerfish torpedoes. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability Further reading Footnotes Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. The list of torpedoes includes all Torpedoes operated in the past or present listed alphabetically The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below The Mk 24 Tigerfish torpedo is a heavy Acoustic homing Torpedo used by the Royal Navy for several years Three hundred and twenty-three members of Belgrano's crew died in the incident. Over 700 men were rescued from the open ocean despite cold seas and stormy weather. Losses from Belgrano totalled just over half of Argentine deaths in the Falklands conflict, and the Belgrano remains the only ship ever sunk by a nuclear submarine in combat, and only the second warship sunk by a submarine since the end of the Second World War (the first being the Khukri, an Indian frigate sunk during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including INS Khukri was a Type 14 ASW Frigate in service of the Indian Navy. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan.
In a separate incident later that night, British forces engaged an Argentine patrol gunboat, the ARA Alferez Sobral. US Navy service ATA-187 (ex-ATR-114 was laid down on 29 August 1944 by the Levingston Shipbuilding Co At the time, the Alferez Sobral was searching for the crew of the Argentine Air Force English Electric Canberra light bomber shot down on 1 May. The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Two Sea Lynxes fired four Sea Skua missiles against her. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Sea Skua is a British lightweight short range Air-to-Surface missile (ASM designed use from Helicopters against ships Badly damaged and with eight crew dead, the Sobral managed to return to Puerto Deseado two days later, but the Canberra's crew were never found. Puerto Deseado, originally called Port Desire, is a city of about 10000 inhabitants and a fishing Port in Patagonia in the Santa Cruz Province
Initial reports conflated the two incidents, contributing to confusion about the number of casualties and the identity of the vessel that sank. The Rupert Murdoch–owned British tabloid newspaper The Sun greeted the initial reports of the attack with the headline "GOTCHA". is gay Bold text' Keith Rupert Murdoch', AC, KCSG (born Melbourne, March 11 1931 usually known as Rupert Murdoch, is an Australian-American The Sun is a Tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language This first edition was published before news was known that the Belgrano had actually sunk (reporting instead, erroneously, that the gunboat had sunk) and carried no reports of actual Argentine deaths. The headline was replaced in later editions by the slightly more tempered "Did 1,200 Argies drown?".
The loss of ARA General Belgrano hardened the stance of the Argentine government and also became a cause célèbre for anti-war campaigners (such as Labour MP Tam Dalyell), who declared that the ship had been sailing away from the Falklands at the time. A cause célèbre (plural causes célèbres, French famous case) is Sir Thomas Dalyell of the Binns 11th Baronet (born 9 August 1932) known as Tam Dalyell (diːˈɛl is a Scottish Politician The vessel was outside the exclusion zone, and sailing away from the area of conflict. The Total Exclusion Zone ( TEZ) was an area declared by the United Kingdom 30 April 1982 covering a circle of 200 nautical miles (370 km from The Total Exclusion Zone (TEZ) was an area declared by the United Kingdom 30 April 1982 covering a circle of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the centre of the Falkland Islands. During the Falklands War any sea vessel or aircraft from any country entering the zone may be fired upon without further warning. However, during war, under international law, the heading of a belligerent naval vessel has no bearing on its status. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards A belligerent is an individual group country or other entity which acts in a hostile manner such as engaging in Combat. In addition, the captain of the Belgrano, Hector Bonzo, has testified that the attack was legitimate. [38] In later years it has been claimed that the information on the position of the ARA General Belgrano came from a Soviet spy satellite which was tapped by the Norwegian intelligence service station at Fauske, Norway, and then handed over to the British. A spy satellite (officially referred to as a reconnaissance satellite) is an Earth observation satellite or Communications satellite deployed for is a municipality and Town located in the county of Nordland, Norway Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional However, Conqueror had been shadowing the Belgrano for some days, so this extra information would have been unnecessary. [39]
The sinking occurred 14 hours after President of Peru Belaúnde proposed a comprehensive peace plan and called for regional unity. Established in the Constitution of 1993 the President of Peru, officially the President of the Republic ( Presidente de la República) is the Chief of Fernando Belaúnde Terry ( October 7, 1912 &ndash June 4, 2002) was President of Peru for two terms (1963&ndash1968 and 1980&ndash1985 Diplomatic efforts to that point had failed completely. There was no hope that additional diplomacy would lead anywhere. After the sinking Argentina rejected the plan but the UK indicated its acceptance on 5 May. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John The news was subsequently dominated by military action and it is not well known that the British continued to offer ceasefire terms until 1 June. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected [40]
Regardless of controversies over the sinking, it had a crucial strategic effect: the elimination of the Argentine naval threat. After her loss, the entire Argentine fleet returned to port and did not leave again for the duration of hostilities. The two escorting destroyers and the battle group centred on the aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo both withdrew from the area, ending the direct threat to the British fleet that their pincer movement had represented. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy History The ship was built by Cammell Laird in Birkenhead, England during the Second World War for the Royal Navy The pincer movement or double envelopment is a basic element of Military strategy which has been used to some extent in many Wars and is considered
British historian Sir Lawrence Freedman stated in the second volume of his Official History of the Falklands that intelligence about the Belgrano did not reach senior British commanders and politicians until the order to sink her was passed. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Sir Lawrence David Freedman is Professor of War Studies at King's College London, a post he has held since 1982 [41] Commander Christopher Wreford-Brown, commanding officer of HMS Conqueror, informed the Admiralty four hours before his attack that the Argentine cruiser had changed course, but this information was not passed to the Ministry of Defence or Rear-Admiral John “Sandy” Woodward (commander of the RN task force). The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters However, as Admiral Woodward later stated, the Belgrano's course and speed at the time she was sunk were irrelevant, because they can change within seconds—from a strategic point of view, only her position and capabilities mattered.
Sinking of HMS Sheffield
On 4 May, two days after the sinking of Belgrano, the British lost the Type 42 destroyer HMS Sheffield to fire following an Exocet missile strike. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV History The class was designed in the late 1960s to provide fleet area air-defence The sinking of HMS Sheffield British version At approximately 10 A The Exocet is a French -built Anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels submarines and airplanes The Argentine Navy had only 5 of these air-launched AM. 39 Exocet anti-ship missiles[42] when the war began. Anti-ship missiles are a Missile designed for use against Ships Most anti-ship missiles are of the Sea-skimming type and use a combination of They had plenty of surface-launched MM. 38 Exocets but they were unsuited for aircraft operation. Sheffield had been ordered forward with two other Type 42s in order to provide a long-range radar and medium-high altitude missile picket far from the British carriers. In military terminology a picket (archaically picquet, not to be confused with the punishment Picquet) refers to soldiers or troops placed on a line forward of a After the ships were detected by an Argentine Navy P-2 Neptune patrol aircraft, two Dassault Super Étendards (serial no. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout 202 and 203) were launched from their base at Río Grande, each armed with a single Exocet AM. See Rio Grande (disambiguation for other meanings Rio Grande Argentina 39 missile. Refuelled by an KC-130H Hercules after launch, they went in at low altitude, popped up for a radar check at 50 miles (80 km) and released the missiles from 20 to 30 miles (30 to 50 km) away. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
Glasgow, Sheffield’s sister ship and the northernmost of the three-destroyer picket, detected the two Étendards on their first pop-up, and warned the fleet-wide anti-air warfare coordinator in Hermes. Hermes dismissed the report as one of the many false alarms already that morning. Glasgow continued to monitor that bearing and detected the second pop-up, and this time the tell-tale Exocet seeker radar via the ship's ESM equipment. In military Telecommunications the terms Electronic Support (ES or Electronic Support Measures (ESM describe the division of Electronic warfare involving Again Hermes ruled the detection as spurious, but Glasgow continued to broadcast handbrake, the codeword for Exocet radar detected.
The first missile missed HMS Yarmouth, due to the deployment of chaff in response to the warning, whilst Glasgow repeatedly tried, without success, to engage the other with Sea Dart missiles. Chaff, originally called Window by the British, and Düppel by the World War II era German Luftwaffe, is a Sea Dart or Guided Weapon System (GWS 30 is a British Surface-to-air missile system designed by Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and built by Still Hermes ruled that this was a false alarm.
Sheffield was unable to detect directly the seeker radar as, in a case of bad timing, the SCOT satellite communications terminal was in use which deafened the onboard electronic warfare support measures (ESM) equipment and was incompatible with the radar fitted to the Type 42. In military Telecommunications the terms Electronic Support (ES or Electronic Support Measures (ESM describe the division of Electronic warfare involving It is not known why she did not respond to Glasgow's warnings, but no chaff was fired and a shipwide warning of attack went out only seconds before impact when a watchkeeper (Lieutenant Commander Peter Walpole) identified rocket trails visually.
Sheffield was struck amidships, with devastating effect. Whether the warhead actually exploded is debated, but raging fires started to spread, ultimately killing 20 crew members and severely injuring 24 others. The other missile splashed into the sea half a mile off her port beam. Port is the nautical term (used on Boats and Ships) that refers to the left side of a ship as perceived by a person on board the ship and The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point or at the mid-point of its length [43] Whilst alongside rendering assistance, Yarmouth repeatedly broke off to fire anti-submarine weaponry in response to Sonar reports of torpedoes in the water (later believed to have been a misdiagnosis of the outboard motor of the small inflatables helping with firefighting), as well as visual reports of torpedoes (in actual fact the Sheffield was ridding herself of torpedoes to prevent explosion). Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate
Sheffield was abandoned several hours later, gutted and deformed by the fires that continued to burn for six more days. She finally sank outside the Maritime Exclusion Zone on 10 May, whilst under tow from Yarmouth, becoming an official war grave. The Total Exclusion Zone ( TEZ) was an area declared by the United Kingdom 30 April 1982 covering a circle of 200 nautical miles (370 km from Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. A war grave is a place where War dead are buried It may contain either a combatant or a civilian In one sense Sheffield served her purpose as a part of the missile picket line — she took the missile instead of the aircraft carriers.
The tempo of operations increased throughout the second half of May as United Nations attempts to mediate a peace were rejected by the British, who felt that any delay would make a campaign impractical in the South Atlantic storms. The destruction of Sheffield had a profound impact on the British public, bringing home the fact that the "Falklands Crisis", as the BBC News put it, was now an actual 'shooting war'.
SAS operations
Given the threat to the British fleet posed by the Etendard / Exocet combination, plans were made to use Special Air Service troops to attack the home base of the five Etendards at Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special See Rio Grande (disambiguation for other meanings Rio Grande Argentina The aim was to destroy the missiles and the aircraft that carried them, and to kill the pilots in their quarters. Two plans were drafted and underwent preliminary rehearsal: a landing by approximately fifty-five SAS in two C-130 Hercules aircraft directly on the runway at Rio Grande; and infiltration of twenty-four SAS by inflatable boats brought within a few miles of the coast by submarine. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Neither plan was implemented; the earlier airborne assault plan attracted considerable hostility from some members of the SAS, who considered the proposed raid a suicide mission. [44] Ironically, the Rio Grande area would be defended by four full-strength battalions of Marine Infantry of the Argentine Marine Corps of the Argentine Navy, some of whose officers were trained in the UK by SB Sqn years earlier. The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Armada of the Argentine Republic ( Armada de la República Argentina — ARA is the Navy The Special Boat Service ( SBS) is the Special forces unit of the British Royal Navy. [45]
After the war, Argentine marine commanders admitted that they were waiting for some kind of landing by SAS forces but never expected a Hercules to land directly on their runways, although they would have pursued British forces even into Chilean territory if they were attacked. [46]
An SAS reconnaissance team was dispatched to carry out preparations for a seaborne infiltration. A Westland Sea King helicopter carrying the assigned team took off from HMS Invincible on the night of 17 May, but bad weather forced it to land 50 miles (80 km) from its target, and the mission was aborted. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. [47] The pilot flew to Chile and dropped off the SAS team, before setting fire to his helicopter and surrendering to the Chilean authorities. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The discovery of the burnt-out helicopter attracted considerable international attention at the time.
On 14 May the SAS carried out the raid on Pebble Island at the Falklands, where the Argentine Navy had taken over a grass airfield for FMA IA 58 Pucará light ground attack aircraft and T-34 Mentors. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the The Raid on Pebble Island took place on 14 - 15 May 1982 during the Falklands War. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The raid destroyed the aircraft there.
Landing at San Carlos — Bomb Alley
During the night on 21 May the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp (Commodore, Amphibious Warfare - COMAW), landed on beaches around San Carlos Water, on the northwestern coast of East Falkland facing onto Falkland Sound. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Not to be confused with San Carlos River San Carlos Water is a bay/ Fjord on the west coast of East Falkland, facing onto the Falkland East Falkland (Isla Soledad the largest of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic, has an area of 6605 square kilometres (2550 sq mi. The Falkland Sound (Estrecho de San Carlos is a sea Strait in the Falkland Islands. The bay, known as Bomb Alley by British forces, was the scene of repeated air attacks by low-flying Argentine jets. [48][49]
The 4,000 men of 3 Commando Brigade were put ashore as follows: 2nd battalion of the Parachute Regiment (2 Para) from the RORO ferry Norland and 40 Commando (Royal Marines) from the amphibious ship HMS Fearless were landed at San Carlos (Blue Beach), 3 Para from the amphibious ship HMS Intrepid were landed at Port San Carlos (Green Beach) and 45 Commando from RFA Stromness were landed at Ajax Bay (Red Beach). 3 Commando Brigade is a commando formation of the British Armed Forces and the main manoeuvre formation of the Royal Marines. The Parachute Regiment is the Airborne Infantry element of the British Army. See also Merchant ship Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro Ships are ferries designed to carry wheeled Cargo such as The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy Role See also Fearless class landing platform dock The LPDs provided support to a Royal Marines amphibious assault force and provided a platform Role See also Fearless class landing platform dock The LPDs provided support to a Royal Marines amphibious assault force and provided a platform Port San Carlos is located on the northern bank of the San Carlos Water on the Western coast of East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands. Built in England Originally known as RFA Stromness (A344 the vessel was built at Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd Wallsend as Yard Nr 2017 United Kingdom Ajax Bay is a settlement on East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands, It is on the north west coast on the shore of San Carlos Water, a few miles Notably the waves of 8 LCUs and 8 LCVPs were led by Major Ewen Southby-Tailyour who had commanded the Falklands detachment only a year previously. The Landing Craft Utility (LCU is a type of boat used by amphibious forces to transport equipment and troops to the shore Major Ewen Southby-Tailyour OBE RM is an author sailor and ex-Marine who served for 32 years in the Royal Marines retiring with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel specialising 42 Commando on the liner SS Canberra was a tactical reserve. History P&O built the Canberra to operate the combined P&O- Orient Line service between the United Kingdom and Australia. Units from the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers etc. The Royal Artillery, is the common name for the Royal Regiment of Artillery, is an Arm of the British Army. The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually just called the Royal Engineers ( RE) and commonly known as the Sappers, is one of the corps and tanks were also put ashore with the landing craft, the Round table class LSL and mexefloat barges. The Round Table class is a class of Landing Ship Logistics (LSL also known as the 'Sir' class are designed for amphibious warfare missions in support of the major amphibious The Landing Ship Logistic ( LSL) is a term used by the UK Armed forces to describe the Round table class landing ship used for support of Rapier missile launchers were carried as underslung loads of Sea Kings for rapid deployment. Rapier is a British Surface-to-air missile developed for the British Army and Royal Air Force. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
By dawn the next day they had established a secure beachhead from which to conduct offensive operations. From there Brigadier Thompson's plan was to capture Darwin and Goose Green before turning towards Port Stanley. Major General Julian Harold Atherdean Thompson, CB, OBE (7 October 1934 &ndash is a military historian and former Royal Marines officer who Darwin is a settlement in Lafonia on East Falkland, lying on Choiseul Sound, on the east side of the island's central Isthmus, north of Goose Green ( Spanish: "Prado de Ganso" "Ganso Verde" is a settlement in Lafonia on East Falkland in the Falkland Islands Now, with the British troops on the ground, the Argentine Air Force began the night bombing campaign against them using Canberra bomber planes until the last day of the war (14 June). The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
At sea, the paucity of the British ships' anti-aircraft defences was demonstrated in the sinking of HMS Ardent on 21 May, HMS Antelope on 21 May, and MV Atlantic Conveyor (struck by 2 AM39 Exocets) on 25 May along with a vital cargo of helicopters, runway-building equipment and tents. Official Argentine version According to this Argentine Air Force official web site Ardent received these attacks 1400 by A-4B Skyhawks of 5th Air Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. History The Atlantic Conveyor was a 14950 tonne roll-on roll-off Container ship owned by Cunard. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. The loss of all but one of the Chinook helicopters being carried by the Atlantic Conveyor was a severe blow from a logistics perspective. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Also lost on this day was HMS Coventry, a sister to HMS Sheffield, whilst in company with HMS Broadsword after being ordered to act as decoy to draw away Argentinian aircraft from other ships at San Carlos Bay. Falklands War HMS Coventry was one of three Type 42 destroyers providing anti aircraft cover for the fleet but the loss of the ''Sheffield'' and damage The sinking of HMS Sheffield British version At approximately 10 A Service While on sea trials Broadsword was called into service as the command ship during the large rescue operation required after storms struck the 1979 Fastnet [50] HMS Argonaut and HMS Brilliant were badly damaged. However, many British ships escaped terminal damage because of the Argentine pilots' bombing tactics.
In order to avoid the highest concentration of British air defences, Argentine pilots released ordnance from very low altitude so that their bomb fuses did not have time to arm before impact. A general-purpose bomb is an air-dropped Bomb intended as a compromise between blast damage penetration and fragmentation in explosive effect The low release of the retarded bombs (some of which had been sold to the Argentines by the British years earlier) meant that many never exploded, as there was insufficient time in the air for them to arm themselves. A general-purpose bomb is an air-dropped Bomb intended as a compromise between blast damage penetration and fragmentation in explosive effect (A simple free-fall bomb will, during a low altitude release, impact almost directly below the aircraft which is then within the lethal fragmentation zone of the resulting explosion. A retarded bomb has a small parachute or air brake that opens to reduce the speed of the bomb to produce a safe separation between the two. The fuze for a retarded bomb requires a minimum time over which the retarder is open to ensure safe separation. ) The pilots would have been aware of this, but due to the high concentration levels required in order to avoid the anti-aircraft defences of SAMs and AAA, as well as any British Sea Harriers, many failed to climb to the necessary release point. A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The problem was solved by the improvised fitting of retarding devices, allowing low-level bombing attacks as employed on 8 June. A gravity bomb is an Aircraft -delivered Bomb that does not contain a Guidance system and hence simply follows a ballistic Trajectory Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
In his autobiographical account of the Falklands War,[51] Admiral Woodward blames the BBC World Service for these changes to the bombs. The World Service reported the lack of detonations after receiving a briefing on the matter from an MOD official. The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters He describes the BBC as being more concerned with being "fearless seekers after truth" than with the lives of British servicemen. Colonel H. Jones levelled similar accusations against the BBC after they disclosed the impending British attack on Goose Green by 2 Para. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Jones VC OBE, (14 May 1940 &ndash 28 May 1982 better known as 'H' The Parachute Regiment is the Airborne Infantry element of the British Army. Jones had threatened to lead the prosecution of senior BBC officials for treason but was unable to do so since he was himself killed in action around Goose Green. Thirteen bombs[52] hit British ships without detonating. Lord Craig, the former Marshal of the Royal Air Force, is said to have remarked: "Six better fuses and we would have lost"[53] although Ardent and Antelope were both lost despite the failure of bombs to explode. Marshal of the Royal Air Force David Brownrigg Craig Baron Craig of Radley, GCB, OBE (born 17 September 1929 is a retired Royal Air Force Marshal of the Royal Air Force ( MRAF) is the highest rank in the Royal Air Force. The fuses were functioning correctly, and the bombs were simply released from too low an altitude. [54][51] The Argentines lost nearly twenty aircraft in the attacks.
Battle of Goose Green
From early on 27 May until 28 May, 2 Para, (approximately 500 men) with Artillery support from 8 (Alma) Cdo Bty RA, approached and attacked Darwin and Goose Green, which was held by the Argentine 12th Inf Regt. The Battle of Goose Green ( 28 &ndash 29 May 1982) was an engagement of the Falklands War between British and Argentine forces Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Darwin is a settlement in Lafonia on East Falkland, lying on Choiseul Sound, on the east side of the island's central Isthmus, north of Goose Green ( Spanish: "Prado de Ganso" "Ganso Verde" is a settlement in Lafonia on East Falkland in the Falkland Islands After a tough struggle which lasted all night and into the next day, 17 British and 55 Argentine soldiers had been killed, and 1,050 Argentine troops (including around 350 Argentine Air Force non-combatant personnel of the Condor airfield [55]) taken prisoner. The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. The BBC announced the taking of Goose Green on the BBC World Service before it had actually happened. It was during this attack that Lieutenant Colonel H. Jones, the commanding officer of 2 Para was killed. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Jones VC OBE, (14 May 1940 &ndash 28 May 1982 better known as 'H' He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. See below the section "Separate Commonwealth awards" Note that since
With the sizeable Argentine force at Goose Green out of the way, British forces were now able to break out of the San Carlos bridgehead. San Carlos is a settlement in northwestern East Falkland, lying south of Port San Carlos on San Carlos Water. On 27 May, men of 45 Cdo and 3 Para started walking across East Falkland towards the coastal settlement of Teal Inlet. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed East Falkland (Isla Soledad the largest of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic, has an area of 6605 square kilometres (2550 sq mi. Teal Inlet (Caleta Trullo is a settlement on East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands, on the south shore of Salvador Water.
Special forces on Mount Kent
Meanwhile, 42 Commando prepared to move by helicopter to Mount Kent. Unknown to senior British officers, the Argentine generals were determined to tie down the British troops in the Mount Kent area, and on 27 May and 28 May they sent transport aircraft loaded with Blowpipe surface-to-air missiles and commandos (602nd Commando Company and 601st National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron) to Stanley. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling In Military science, the term commando can refer to an individual a Military unit, or a raiding style of military operation. "Port Stanley" redirects here For the town in Canada see Port Stanley Ontario. This operation was known as Operation AUTOIMPUESTA (Self-Determination-Initiative). For the next week, the Special Air Service (SAS) and Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre of 3 Commando Brigade waged intense patrol battles with patrols of the volunteers' 602nd Commando Company under Major Aldo Rico, normally 2IC of the 22nd Mountain Infantry Regiment. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The Mountain Leader Training Cadre is a training element of the British Royal Marines which provides instruction in Mountain Warfare, Arctic warfare 3 Commando Brigade is a commando formation of the British Armed Forces and the main manoeuvre formation of the Royal Marines. Throughout 30 May, Royal Air Force Harriers were active over Mount Kent. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following One of them — Harrier XZ 963 flown by Squadron-Leader Jerry Pook — in responding to a call for help from D Squadron, attacked Mount Kent's eastern lower slopes, and that led to its loss through small-arms fire.
The Argentine Navy used their last AM39 Exocet missile attempting to attack HMS Invincible on the 30th of May. History Invincible was built at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering. There are claims the missile struck,[56][57] however the British have denied this, some citing that HMS Avenger shot it down. [58][59]
On the 31 May, the Royal Marines Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre (M&AWC) defeated Argentine Special Forces at the Battle of Top Malo House. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. The Mountain Leader Training Cadre is a training element of the British Royal Marines which provides instruction in Mountain Warfare, Arctic warfare The Battle of Top Malo House was fought on the 31st May 1982 during the Falklands War, between 1st section Argentine Special Forces from 602 Commando Company A 13-strong Argentine Army Commando detachment (Captain Jose Vercesi's 1st Assault Section, 602nd Commando Company) found itself trapped in a small shepherd's house at Top Malo. The Argentine commandos fired from windows and doorways and then took refuge in a stream bed 200 metres (700 ft) from the burning house. Completely surrounded, they fought 19 M&AWC marines under Captain Rod Boswell for forty-five minutes until, with their ammunition almost exhausted, they elected to surrender. Three Cadre members were badly wounded. On the Argentine side there were two dead including Lieutenant Ernesto Espinoza and Sergeant Mateo Sbert (who were decorated for their bravery). Only five Argentines were left unscathed. As the British mopped up Top Malo House, down from Malo Hill came Lieutenant Fraser Haddow's M&AWC patrol, brandishing a large Union Flag. The Union Flag, also known as the Union Jack, is the national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. One wounded Argentine soldier, Lieutenant Horacio Losito, commented that their escape route would have taken them through Haddow's position.
Major Mario Castagneto's 601st Commandos tried to move forward on Kawasaki motorbikes and commandeered Land Rovers to rescue 602nd Commando Company on Estancia Mountain. The Land Rover Series I, II, and III are Off-road vehicles produced by the British manufacturer Land Rover that were inspired by the U Spotted by 42 Commando of the Royal Marines, they were engaged with 81 mm mortars and forced to withdraw to Two Sisters mountain. Captain Eduardo Villarruel on Estancia Mountain realised his position had become untenable and after conferring with fellow officers ordered a withdrawal. [60]
The Argentine operation also saw the extensive use of helicopter support to position and extract patrols; the Argentine Army 601st Combat Aviation Battalion also suffered casualties. At about 11. 00 a. m. on 30 May, an Aerospatiale SA-330 Puma helicopter was brought down by a shoulder-launched Stinger surface-to-air missile (SAM) fired by the SAS in the vicinity of Mount Kent in which six National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight more wounded in the crash. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The FIM-92 Stinger is a personal portable Infrared homing Surface-to-air missile developed in the United States and used by all the U A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The Argentine National Gendarmerie ( Gendarmería Nacional Argentina; GNA) is the Gendarmerie and corps of border guards of Argentina
As Brigadier Julian Thompson commented, "It was fortunate that I had ignored the views expressed by Northwood that reconnaissance of Mount Kent before insertion of 42 Commando was superfluous. Had D Squadron not been there, the Argentine Special Forces would have caught the Commando before deplaning and, in the darkness and confusion on a strange landing zone, inflicted heavy casualties on men and helicopters. "[61]
Bluff Cove and Fitzroy
By June 1, with the arrival of a further 5,000 British troops of the 5th Infantry Brigade, the new British divisional commander, Major General Jeremy Moore RM, had sufficient force to start planning an offensive against Stanley. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Major General Sir John Jeremy Moore KCB, OBE, MC & Bar ( 5 July 1928 &ndash 15 September 2007 "Port Stanley" redirects here For the town in Canada see Port Stanley Ontario.
During this build-up, the Argentine air assaults on the British naval forces continued, killing 56. 32 of the dead were from the Welsh Guards on RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristram on June 8. The Welsh Guards (WG ( Welsh Gwarchodlu Cymreig) is an infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Guards Division. Roll of Honour The two crewmen killed in the air attack at Bluff Cove Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable According to Surgeon-Commander Rick Jolly of the Falklands Field Hospital, more than 150 men suffered burns and injuries of some kind in the attack, including, famously, Simon Weston. Simon Weston OBE (born August 8 1961 in Nelson, Wales) is a former British Army soldier who became well known throughout [62]
The Guards were sent to support a dashing advance along the southern approach to Stanley. On 2 June, a small advance party of 2 Para moved to Swan Inlet house in a number of Army Westland Scout helicopters. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Telephoning ahead to Fitzroy, they discovered the area clear of Argentines and (exceeding their authority) commandeered the one remaining RAF Chinook helicopter to frantically ferry another contingent of 2 Para ahead to Fitzroy (a settlement on Port Pleasant) and Bluff Cove (a settlement confusingly, and perhaps ultimately fatally, on Port Fitzroy). WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Fitzroy is a settlement in Lafonia on East Falkland. It is divided into Fitzroy North and Fitzroy South Bluff Cove ( Spanish: Bahia Agradable or Hoya Fitzroy is a sea Inlet and settlement on East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands
This un-coordinated advance caused planning nightmares for the commanders of the combined operation, as they now found themselves with a 30 mile (48 km) string of indefensible positions on their southern flank. Support could not be sent by air as the single remaining Chinook was already heavily oversubscribed. The soldiers could march, but their equipment and heavy supplies would need to be ferried by sea. Plans were drawn up for half the Welsh Guards to march light on the night of 2 June, whilst the Scots Guards and the second half of the Welsh Guards were to be ferried from San Carlos Water in the Landing Ship Logistics (LSL) Sir Tristram and the landing platform dock (LPD) Intrepid on the night of 5 June. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Not to be confused with San Carlos River San Carlos Water is a bay/ Fjord on the west coast of East Falkland, facing onto the Falkland The Landing Ship Logistic ( LSL) is a term used by the UK Armed forces to describe the Round table class landing ship used for support of An amphibious transport dock (also called a landing platform dock or LPD) is an Amphibious warfare ship, a warship that embarks transports and lands elements Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Intrepid was planned to stay one day and unload itself and as much of Sir Tristram as possible, leaving the next evening for the relative safety of San Carlos. Escorts would be provided for this day, after which Sir Tristram would be left to unload using an inflatable platform known as a Mexeflote for as long as it took to finish.
Political pressure from above to not risk the LPD forced Commodore Clapp to alter this plan. Two lower-value LSLs would be sent, but without suitable beaches on which to land, Intrepid's landing craft would need to accompany them to unload. Landing craft are Boats and seagoing vehicles used to convey a Landing force ( Infantry and Vehicles) from the sea to the shore during an A complicated operation across several nights with Intrepid and her sister ship Fearless sailing half-way to dispatch their craft was devised. Role See also Fearless class landing platform dock The LPDs provided support to a Royal Marines amphibious assault force and provided a platform The attempted overland march by half the Welsh Guards failed, possibly as they refused to march light and attempted to carry their equipment. They returned to San Carlos and were landed directly at Bluff Cove when Fearless dispatched her landing craft. Sir Tristram sailed on the night of June 6 and was joined by Sir Galahad at dawn on June 7. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Anchored 1,200 feet (370 m) apart in Port Pleasant, the landing ships were near Fitzroy, the designated landing point. The landing craft should have been able to unload the ships to that point relatively quickly, but confusion over the ordered disembarcation point (the first half of the Guards going direct to Bluff Cove) resulted in the senior Welsh Guards infantry officer aboard insisting his troops be ferried the far longer distance directly to Port Fitzroy/Bluff Cove. The intention was for the infantrymen to march via the recently repaired Bluff Cove bridge (destroyed by retreating Argentine combat engineers) to their destination, a journey of around seven miles (11 km). Combat engineering is a Combat service support role of using the knowledge tools and techniques of Engineering by troops in peace and war but specifically in
The longer journey time of the landing craft taking the troops directly to Bluff Cove and the squabbling over how the landing was to be performed caused enormous delay in unloading. This had disastrous consequences. Without escorts, having not yet established their air defence, and still almost fully laden, the two LSLs in Port Pleasant were sitting targets for two waves of Argentine A-4 Skyhawks. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
The disaster at Port Pleasant (although often known as Bluff Cove) would provide the world with some of the most sobering images of the war as TV news video footage showed Navy helicopters hovering in thick smoke to winch survivors from the burning landing ships. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)
The Fall of Stanley
- Notable battles:
On the night of 11 June after several days of painstaking reconnaissance and logistic build-up, British forces launched a brigade-sized night attack against the heavily defended ring of high ground surrounding Stanley. The Battle to Mount Harriet was an engagement of the Falklands War, which took place on the night of 11/ 12 June 1982 between British and Argentine forces The Battle of Mount Longdon was an engagement of the Falklands War between British and Argentine forces which took place on the 11 / 12 June 1982 The Battle of Wireless Ridge was an engagement of the Falklands War which took place on the night of 13 June and 14 June 1982, between The Battle of Mount Tumbledown was an engagement in the Falklands War, one of a series of battles that took place during the British advance towards Stanley. The Battle of Two Sisters was an engagement of the Falklands War during the British advance towards the capital Stanley that took place on the 11 /12 June Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Units of 3 Commando Brigade, supported by naval gunfire from several Royal Navy ships, simultaneously assaulted in the Battle of Mount Harriet, Battle of Two Sisters, and Battle of Mount Longdon. The Battle to Mount Harriet was an engagement of the Falklands War, which took place on the night of 11/ 12 June 1982 between British and Argentine forces The Battle of Two Sisters was an engagement of the Falklands War during the British advance towards the capital Stanley that took place on the 11 /12 June The Battle of Mount Longdon was an engagement of the Falklands War between British and Argentine forces which took place on the 11 / 12 June 1982
During this battle, 13 were killed when HMS Glamorgan, straying too close to shore while returning from the gun line, was struck by an improvised trailer-based Exocet MM38 launcher taken from ARA Seguí destroyer by Argentine Navy technicians. Falklands War campaign At the start of the Falklands campaign (2 April 1982 Glamorgan was already at sea off Gibraltar about to take part in exercises she The Exocet is a French -built Anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels submarines and airplanes [63] On this day, Sgt Ian McKay of 4 Platoon, B Company, 3 Para died in a grenade attack on an Argentine bunker which was to earn him a posthumous Victoria Cross. Ian John McKay VC ( May 7, 1953 &ndash June 12, 1982) was a posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross, See below the section "Separate Commonwealth awards" Note that since After a night of fierce fighting, all objectives were secured.
The night of 13 June saw the start of the second phase of attacks, in which the momentum of the initial assault was maintained. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for 2 Para captured Wireless Ridge at the Battle of Wireless Ridge, and the 2nd battalion, Scots Guards captured Mount Tumbledown at the Battle of Mount Tumbledown. The Battle of Wireless Ridge was an engagement of the Falklands War which took place on the night of 13 June and 14 June 1982, between The Scots Guards are a regiment of the British Army. The regiment cherishes its traditions especially on the parade ground where the scarlet uniform and Bearskin The Battle of Mount Tumbledown was an engagement in the Falklands War, one of a series of battles that took place during the British advance towards Stanley.
With the last natural defence line at Mount Tumbledown breached, the Argentine town defences of Stanley began to falter. The Battle of Mount Tumbledown was an engagement in the Falklands War, one of a series of battles that took place during the British advance towards Stanley. "Port Stanley" redirects here For the town in Canada see Port Stanley Ontario. In the morning gloom, one company commander got lost and his junior officers became despondent. Private Santiago Carrizo of the 3rd Regiment described how a platoon commander ordered them to take up positions in the houses and "if a Kelper resists, shoot him", but the entire company did nothing of the kind. The Falkland Islanders, most of whom are of Welsh or Scottish descent are nicknamed kelpers because the islands are surrounded by large [64]
The commander of the Argentine garrison in Stanley, Brigade General Mario Menéndez, surrendered to Major General Jeremy Moore. "Port Stanley" redirects here For the town in Canada see Port Stanley Ontario. 9,800 Argentine troops were made prisoners of war and some 4,167 were repatriated to Argentina on the ocean liner Canberra alone. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one Seaport to another along regular long-distance Maritime routes according to a schedule History P&O built the Canberra to operate the combined P&O- Orient Line service between the United Kingdom and Australia.
On 20 June the British retook the South Sandwich Islands, (which involved accepting the surrender of the Southern Thule Garrison at the Corbeta Uruguay base) and declared hostilities to be over. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( SGSSI) is a British overseas territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Southern Thule is a collection of the three southernmost Islands in the South Sandwich Islands: Bellingshausen, Cook, and Thule (Morrell Corbeta Uruguay was the Argentine military outpost established in November 1976 on the island of Morrell, Southern Thule, in the South Sandwich Islands Corbeta Uruguay was established in 1976, but the Argentine base was contested only through diplomatic channels by the UK until 1982.
The war lasted 74 days, with 255 British and 649 Argentine soldiers, sailors, and airmen, and three civilian Falklanders killed.
Analysis
Casualties
In total 907 were killed during the 74 days of the conflict:
- Argentina - 649 [66]
- Ejército Argentino (Army) - 194 (16 officers, 35 NCOs and 143 conscript privates) [67]
- Armada de la República Argentina (Navy) - 341 (including 321 in Belgrano and 4 naval aviators)
- IMARA ( Marines ) - 34 [68]
- Fuerza Aérea Argentina (Air Force) - 55 (including 31 pilots and 14 ground crew) [69]
- Gendarmería Nacional Argentina (Border Guard) - 7
- Prefectura Naval Argentina (Coast Guard) - 2
- Civilian sailors - 16
- United Kingdom - 258[70][71]
- Royal Navy - 86 + 2 Hong Kong laundrymen (see below) [72]
- Royal Marines - 27 (2 officers, 14 NCOs & 11 privates) [73]
- Royal Fleet Auxiliary - 4 + 4 Hong Kong laundrymen [74]
- Merchant Navy - 6 + 2 Hong Kong sailors [74]
- British Army - 123 (7 officers, 40 NCOs & 76 privates) [75] [76] [77]
- Royal Air Force - 1 (1 officer)[74]
- Falklands Islands civilians - 3 (3 women killed by friendly fire) [74]
Of the 86 Royal Navy personnel, 22 were lost in HMS Ardent, 19 + 1 lost in HMS Sheffield, 18 + 1 lost in HMS Coventry and 13 lost in HMS Glamorgan. Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Av_Santa_Fe_y_Marcelo_T_de_Alvearjpg|thumb|240px|Pedestrian Florida Street and the Haedo and Paz palaces ( from left to right) The Argentine Army ( Ejército Argentino, EA is the land armed force branch of the Argentine military and the senior military service of the country Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Armada of the Argentine Republic ( Armada de la República Argentina — ARA is the Navy General history The warship was built as, the sixth of the s in New Jersey by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation starting in 1935 and launched in March 1938 The Argentine Air Force ( Fuerza Aérea Argentina or FAA) is the national aviation branch of the Armed forces of Argentina. The Argentine National Gendarmerie ( Gendarmería Nacional Argentina; GNA) is the Gendarmerie and corps of border guards of Argentina The Argentine Naval Prefecture, in Spanish Prefectura Naval Argentina or PNA, is a Military service of the Argentine Interior The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy The Royal Fleet Auxiliary ( RFA) is a component of the Naval Service that keeps the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom running around the world The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Friendly fire or non-hostile fire, a term originally adopted by the United States military, refers to fire from one's own side or allied forces as The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Official Argentine version According to this Argentine Air Force official web site Ardent received these attacks 1400 by A-4B Skyhawks of 5th Air The sinking of HMS Sheffield British version At approximately 10 A Falklands War HMS Coventry was one of three Type 42 destroyers providing anti aircraft cover for the fleet but the loss of the ''Sheffield'' and damage Falklands War campaign At the start of the Falklands campaign (2 April 1982 Glamorgan was already at sea off Gibraltar about to take part in exercises she 14 naval cooks were among the dead, the largest number from any one branch in the Royal Navy.
33 of the British Army's dead came from the Welsh Guards, 21 from the 3rd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, 18 from the 2nd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, 19 from the Special Air Service (SAS), 3 from Royal Signals and 8 from each of the Scots Guards and Royal Engineers. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Welsh Guards (WG ( Welsh Gwarchodlu Cymreig) is an infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Guards Division. The Parachute Regiment is the Airborne Infantry element of the British Army. The Parachute Regiment is the Airborne Infantry element of the British Army. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special The Royal Corps of Signals (often simply known as the Royal Signals is one of the combat support arms of the British Army. The Scots Guards (SG form part of the Guards Division of the British Army, whose origins lie in the personal bodyguard of King Charles I of England and The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually just called the Royal Engineers ( RE) and commonly known as the Sappers, is one of the corps
As well as memorials on the islands, there is a memorial to the British war dead in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [78] There is a memorial at Plaza San Martín in Buenos Aires for the Argentine war dead,[79], another one in Rosario and a third one in Ushuaia. Buenos_Aires_-_Retiro_-_Av_Santa_Fe_y_Marcelo_T_de_Alvearjpg|thumb|240px|Pedestrian Florida Street and the Haedo and Paz palaces ( from left to right) Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern Ushuaia (u'swaia is the capital of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego and is sometimes considered to be the southernmost city in the world
There were 1,188 Argentine and 777 British non-fatal casualties, some of whom died of their injuries after the war. Further information about the field hospitals and hospital ships is at Ajax Bay, List of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy, HMS Hydra and Argentine Navy's ARA Almirante Irizar. Ajax Bay is a settlement on East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands, It is on the north west coast on the shore of San Carlos Water, a few miles This is a list of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy. Ship's name and battle honours There have been eight ships of the name in the Royal Navy named for the Hydra of Greek Mythology, a serpent with Background The ship was named after Vice Admiral Julián Irízar, who in 1903 (then with the rank of Lieutenant commanded the Argentine corvette ARA
There are still 125 uncleared minefields on the Falkland Islands and according to forcesmemorial. org. uk via Falklands25's "Official Commemorative Publication" 30 British servicemen have died on the islands since the end of the hostilities.
- See also Argentine and British ground forces in the Falklands War
Political
The Argentine loss of the war led to ever-larger protests against the military regime and is credited with giving the final push to drive out the military government that had overthrown Isabel Perón in 1976 and participated in the crimes of the Dirty War. This is a list of the ground forces from Argentina that took part in the Falklands War. This is a list of the ground forces from the United Kingdom that took part in the Falklands War. A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person Disambiguation you may be looking for Port William, Scotland Port William ( French: Baye Choiseul, Spanish: Puerto Groussac East Falkland (Isla Soledad the largest of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic, has an area of 6605 square kilometres (2550 sq mi. The National Reorganization Process (in Spanish, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply El Proceso) was the name used by its leaders María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (born February 4, 1931) better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. Galtieri was forced to resign and elections were held on 30 October 1983 and a new president, Raúl Alfonsín, the Radical Civic Union (UCR) party candidate, took office on 10 December 1983, defeating Italo Luder, the candidate for the Justicialist Party (Peronist movement). Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín Foulkes (born 13 March 1927 in Chascomús) is an Argentine politician who was the President of Argentina The Radical Civic Union (in Spanish Unión Cívica Radical, UCR) is a Political party in Argentina. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) The Justicialist Party ( Spanish: Partido Justicialista, PJ) is a Peronist political party in Argentina, and the largest component Peronism (Peronismo or Justicialism (Spanish Justicialismo) is an Argentine political movement based on the ideas and programs associated with
For the UK, the war cost 255 men, six ships (ten others suffered varying degrees of battle damage), 34 aircraft and £2. 778 billion,[80] but the campaign was considered a great victory for the United Kingdom. The war provided a substantial boost to the popularity of Margaret Thatcher and undoubtedly played a role in ensuring her re-election in 1983. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Results The Conservatives won with a majority of 144 seats|} Total votes cast 30661309 Several members of her government resigned however, including the Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington, the last time that a UK government minister resigned openly in response to a failure of his department (in not anticipating the war). The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Peter Alexander Rupert Carington 6th Baron Carrington and Baron Carington of Upton
Criticism was leveled at Ted Rowlands, a former junior foreign minister in the preceding government, who disclosed in Parliament in April 1982 that the British had broken the Argentine diplomatic codes. Edward "Ted" Rowlands Baron Rowlands, CBE (born 23 January 1940) is a Welsh politician who served as a Labour Party Because the same code machines were used by the Argentine military, this disclosure immediately served to deny British access to valuable intelligence. This, and other responses to parliamentary questions, and leaks of information to the BBC has been alleged by historian Hugh Bicheno to be a deliberate attempt to undermine the Thatcher government on the part of a variety of individuals who had a vested interest in its fall. Hugh Bicheno is a living British - American Military historian most famous for his revisionist interpretations of the American Revolution in his [81]
The United States international image was damaged because of the perception in Latin America[82] that it had broken the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR) by providing the UK with all kinds of military supplies. The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (commonly known as the Rio Treaty, the Rio Pact, or by the Spanish-language acronym TIAR from [83]
Some Latin Americans also perceived Chile to have broken the TIAR because it provided some support for UK troops. [84] But, from Chile's point of view, the situation was seen differently. In 1978 Argentine forces had started (and few hours later aborted) the Operation Soberanía[85] involving invasion of the islands south of the Beagle Channel and the possible invasion of continental Chile. In 1971 Chile and Argentina sent their boundary dispute to binding Beagle Channel Arbitration. Chile was considered officially an enemy by Argentina[86]. The Beagle conflict was still smouldering, Argentina had refused to accept the Pope's arbitration proposal of 1980, and 6 weeks before the Falklands War Argentina provoked the (ARA Gurruchaga) incident with Chile at Deceit Island[87]. The Beagle Conflict was a border dispute between Chile and Argentina over the possession of Picton Lennox and Nueva islands and the scope of the maritime Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. Moreover, one of the reasons given for the absence of the Argentine Navy and higher numbers of professional soldiers during the Falklands War was to keep them in reserve in case they were needed against Chile and in his speech of 2 April, Galtieri called Operation Rosario the beginning of the recovery of Argentine sovereignty over the southern territories in general. On 2 April 1982 Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas following the civilian occupation of South Georgia on [88]
Hence the argument given by Chile for its abstention in the TIAR was the refusal of Argentina to follow resolution 502 of the United Nations. The real cause may be that the erratic Argentine foreign policy (support[89] for USA policy in Central America and looking for support in the Non-Aligned Movement[90], the planning and starting of a war of aggression against Chile[85] while looking for Chilean support at the TIAR, desire to become a first world country[91][92] and breaking the cereals embargo against the Soviet Union after the Afghanistan occupation, etc) could bring[93] this new impulse of Argentine nationalism again (as in 1978) to the frontiers of Chile, recognized by the arbitration award in 1977 (both countries submitted this question to binding arbitration under the auspices of the British Crown, but this was then unilaterally repudiated by Argentina). The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc A war of aggression is a Military conflict waged in the absence of "a necessity of self-defense instant overwhelming leaving no choice of means and no moment of deliberation Such issues may also lie behind the improvement of the relations between Chile and UK, which has been seriously damaged by the Sheila Cassidy affair, the use of British made planes during the coup d'état in 1973, and the violations of human rights by the Pinochet regime. Sheila Cassidy (born 1937 is a British doctor known for her work in the hospice movement as a writer and as someone who by publicising her own history as a Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November In September 2001 the President of Mexico Vicente Fox cited the Falklands War as proof of the failure of the TIAR. The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Vicente Fox Quesada ( born July 2 1942) is a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from 2000 to 2006 and currently
Ultimately, the successful conclusion of the war gave a noticeable fillip to British patriotic feeling, with the mobilisation of national identity encapsulated in the so-called "Falklands Factor. " Since the failure of the 1956 Suez campaign, the end of Empire and the economic decline of the 1970s which culminated in the Winter of Discontent, Britain had been beset by uncertainty and anxiety about its international role, status and capability. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The "Winter of Discontent" is a term used to describe the British Winter of 1978 &ndash 1979, during which there were widespread With the war successfully concluded, Thatcher was returned to power with an increased Parliamentary majority and felt empowered to press ahead with the painful economic readjustments of Thatcherism. Thatcherism is the system of political thought attributed to the governments of Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 A second major effect was a reaffirmation of the special relationship between the US and UK. Both Reagan and Weinberger (his Secretary of Defence) received honorary knighthoods for their help in the campaign, but the more obvious result was the common alignment of Britain and the USA in a more confrontational foreign policy against the Soviet bloc, sometimes known as the Second Cold War. Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger ( August 18, 1917 &ndash March 28, 2006) was an American politician and Secretary The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The Cold War (1979-1985 discusses the period within the Cold War between the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 to the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as
Mobilisation of national identity in Argentina, called the "Malvinas Spirit," has now developed in a constant recovery of the relevant aspects of the Falklands-Malvinas War that boost national self-image. [94]
In 2007 the British government expressed regrets over the deaths on both sides in the war. [95] Margaret Thatcher was quoted as saying "in the struggle against evil. . . we can all today draw hope and strength" from the Falklands victory,[96] while former Argentinian President Nestor Kirchner claimed while in office that the UK won a colonial victory and vowed that the islands would one day return to Argentine sovereignty. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić (born February 25, 1950) was the President of Argentina from May 25, 2003 until December He augmented this however, with an affirmation that the use of force could never again be used in an attempt to bring this about. [97]
Military
Militarily, the Falklands conflict remains the largest air-naval combat operation between modern forces since the end of the Second World War. In his Price of Admiralty, military historian Sir John Keegan noted that the brief conflict showed the irremediable vulnerability of surface ships to anti-ship missiles, and, most importantly, to submarines: despite the seemingly limited consequences of the war, it confirmed the dominance of the submarine in naval warfare. Sir John Desmond Patrick Keegan OBE (born 15 May, 1934) is a British Military historian, lecturer and journalist This is especially so, Keegan argues, because submarines are far less vulnerable than aircraft to counterattack, being able to approach and destroy their targets with almost complete impunity. However, Keegan's conclusions must remain conjectural since no other naval conflict of consequence has occurred since 1982[98].
Neither side achieved total air supremacy; nonetheless, air power proved to be of critical importance during the conflict, due to the isolated, rough landscape of the Falklands in which the mobility of land forces was restricted. Air strikes were staged against ground, sea and air targets on both sides, and often with clear results. All of the UK losses at sea were caused by aircraft or missile strikes (by both the Argentine Air Force and Naval Aviation). The French Exocet missile proved its lethality in air-to-surface operations, leading to retrofitting of most major ships with Close-in weapon systems (CIWS). The Exocet is a French -built Anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels submarines and airplanes An air-to-surface missile (also air-to-ground missile, AGM, ASM or ATGM) is a Missile designed to be launched from Military A Close-in weapon system (CIWS is a naval shipboard Point-defense weapon for detecting and destroying incoming Anti-ship missiles and enemy aircraft
The air war in the Falklands vindicated the UK decision to maintain at least the STOVL aircraft carriers after the retirement of HMS Ark Royal. This article describes the composition and actions of the Argentine air forces in the Falklands War ( Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas) STOVL is an acronym for S hort T ake O ff and V ertical L anding Construction and modifications Ark Royal was the sister ship to HMS ''Eagle'' which was initially named HMS ''Audacious'', hence the name of the class The domination of air power in major naval engagements was demonstrated, along with the usefulness of carriers and it proved the small but manoeuvrable Sea Harrier as a true fighter. Sea Harriers shot down 21 aircraft with no air-to-air losses themselves, although six Sea Harriers were lost to ground fire and accidents. This article describes the composition and actions of the Argentine air forces in the Falklands War ( Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas)
It should be noted that the disparity in figures, with the Argentine fighters failing to shoot down a single Sea Harrier, can be explained by several factors. The Argentine planes were operating at the limit of their range (average 450 miles) with no fuel available for dogfighting; the air combat training of the British pilots was indisputably superior; limited fighter control was provided by British warships in San Carlos Water, the then almost unparalleled Blue Fox radar, and the extreme manoeuvrability of the Sea Harrier. Not to be confused with San Carlos River San Carlos Water is a bay/ Fjord on the west coast of East Falkland, facing onto the Falkland Additionally the British had the latest AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles, while the only Argentine planes with air-to-air missiles for self defence were the Mirages. The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a heat-seeking, short-range Air-to-air missile carried by Fighter aircraft and recently certain gunship helicopters The only advantage of the Argentine jets was their higher maximum speed, but Argentine pilots could not benefit from this unless they risked running out of fuel, as was seen in the first air combat of the war when a Mirage IIIEA was forced to attempt a landing at Stanley. "Port Stanley" redirects here For the town in Canada see Port Stanley Ontario.
The logistical capability of the UK armed forces was stretched to the absolute limit in order to mount an amphibious operation so far from a land base, in mountainous islands with few roads. After the war much work was done to improve both the logistical and amphibious capability of the Royal Navy. Task force commander Rear Admiral Sir Sandy Woodward refers to the conflict as "a lot closer run than many would care to believe", reflecting the naval and military belief that few people understood — or understand — the extent to which the logistical dimension made the war a difficult operation for the UK. [99] The ships of the task force could only remain on station for a limited time in the worsening southern hemisphere winter. With such a high proportion of the Royal Navy's surface fleet actively engaged, or lost in combat, there were few units available for northbound traffic. At the core of the fleet, Invincible could possibly have been replaced by the hastily-prepared Illustrious, but there was no replacement available for Hermes, the larger of the two British carriers. Woodward's strategy, therefore, required the land war to be won before Hermes, in particular, succumbed to the harsh environment. Woodward called the operation "a damned close-run thing", quoting the Duke of Wellington after the battle of Waterloo. The Dukedom of Wellington, derived from Wellington in Somerset, is an hereditary title and the senior rank in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium
The usefulness of special forces units was reaffirmed. In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance British special forces destroyed many Argentine aircraft (notably in the SAS raid on Pebble Island) and carried out highly informative intelligence-gathering operations. The Raid on Pebble Island took place on 14 - 15 May 1982 during the Falklands War. Contrary to popular understanding, the Argentine special forces also patrolled hard, in appalling climatic conditions, against a professional enemy and showed that they could sometimes get the upper hand. [100]
The usefulness of helicopters in combat, logistic, and casevac operations was confirmed. Casevac is a Portmanteau word meaning " casualty evacuation"
Nylon was shown to be a poor choice for fabric in uniforms, as it is more flammable than cotton and also melts with heat. Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by Burning nylon adheres to the skin, causing avoidable casualties.
The importance of Airborne Early Warning (AEW) was shown. The Royal Navy had effectively no over-the-horizon radar capability. This was hastily rectified after the war, with Sea King helicopters fitted with retractable radomes containing a variant of the Nimrod ASW aircraft's Searchwater radar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Searchwater radar is a maritime Surveillance Radar. This type of radar has been in service with the Royal Air Force Hawker Siddeley Nimrod since These first travelled south after the war on the brand new HMS Illustrious, sister ship to Invincible. See HMS ''Illustrious'' for other ships of the same name Construction She was laid down at Swan Hunter on the River Tyne Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Invincible.
Impact on the Royal Navy
Strained by two oil crises, the United Kingdom's government desired to cut defence spending in line with the rest of Europe. Many former British possessions in Africa and Asia had gained independence from the UK by the 1980s. Due to this decolonisation, successive British governments investigated closing British overseas bases and reducing the UK's armed forces in the belief that capabilities such as a blue water navy were no longer required. Decolonization refers to the undoing of Colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction The term blue-water navy is a Colloquialism used to describe a maritime force capable of operating across the deep waters of open oceans The Conservative government's Defence Secretary John Nott produced a white paper in 1981 proposing major cuts for the navy in the next ten years (the army and the RAF had already been tailored for NATO. Sir John William Frederic Nott (born 1 February 1932 in Bideford, Devon) is a former British Conservative Party Politician prominent A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses problems and how to solve them )[101]
Denis Healey, the Defence Secretary in 1966, once said that aircraft carriers were required only for operations regarding 'landing or withdrawal of troops against sophisticated opposition outside range of land-based air cover'. Denis Winston Healey Baron Healey, CH, MBE, PC (born 30 August 1917 is a British Life peer and Labour politician When the last conventional carrier in the Royal Navy, HMS Ark Royal, was decommissioned in 1978, the pro-carrier lobby succeeded in acquiring light carriers (euphemistically christened 'through deck cruisers') equipped with VTOL Sea Harriers as well as helicopters, justified by the fact that one of their primary roles was anti-submarine warfare. Construction and modifications Ark Royal was the sister ship to HMS ''Eagle'' which was initially named HMS ''Audacious'', hence the name of the class VTOL is an abbreviation for Vertical Take-Off and Landing. VTOL describes Fixed-wing aircraft that can lift off vertically WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout [102]. John Nott's defence review concluded that anti-submarine defence would be performed more cheaply by a smaller number of destroyers and frigates. The carrier HMS Hermes was therefore to be scrapped and HMS Invincible sold to Australia. Construction and modifications She was laid down by Vickers-Armstrong at Barrow-in-Furness during WW II as HMS Elephant. History Invincible was built at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering. Under the review, the Royal Navy was focussed primarily on anti-submarine warfare under the auspices of NATO. Any out-of-area amphibious operations were considered unlikely. The entire Royal Marines was in jeopardy of being disbanded and the sale of HMS Intrepid and HMS Fearless was mooted. Role See also Fearless class landing platform dock The LPDs provided support to a Royal Marines amphibious assault force and provided a platform Role See also Fearless class landing platform dock The LPDs provided support to a Royal Marines amphibious assault force and provided a platform [103]
In 1980 low funding caused many ships to be in harbour for months due to lack of spare parts and fuel. The largest cut in Royal Navy's conventional forces led to the resignation of the Navy Minister Keith Speed in 1981. Sir Herbert Keith Speed, known as Keith Speed, RD DL (born 11 March 1934, Evesham) is a Conservative Party politician in the Sea battles, mass convoys, amphibious landings and coastal bombardments were considered obsolete in the second half of the 20th century[104]. The head of the admiralty, First Sea Lord Admiral Sir Henry Leach was still fighting the cuts in the Ministry of Defence together with the Chief of Defence Staff, who by chance, was also a naval officer—Admiral Lord Lewin. The First Sea Lord is the professional head of the Royal Navy and the whole Naval Service. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Conyers Leach GCB, DL (born 18 November 1923) is a former First Sea Lord of the Royal Admiral of the Fleet Terence Thornton Lewin Baron Lewin, KG, GCB, LVO, DSC ( 19 November 1920 - 23 January
At the onset of the crisis, First Sea Lord Sir Henry Leach was summoned to brief the Prime Minister. He claimed that Britain was able to recapture the islands, and that it should be done. "Since here was a clear, imminent threat to British overseas territory that could only be reached by sea, what the hell was the point in having a Navy if it was not used for this sort of thing?"[105]. He overrode John Nott and Thatcher gave the order for the task force to sail.
After the war, the sale of HMS Invincible to Australia was cancelled, with Hermes offered instead (eventually being sold to India as INS Viraat in 1986), and the operational status of all three support carriers was maintained. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country History INS Viraat was originally commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS ''Hermes'' on 18 November 1959. The proposed cutback in the surface fleet was abandoned and replacements for many of the lost ships and helicopters plus more Sea Harriers were ordered. [106] The amphibious assault ships HMS Intrepid and HMS Fearless were not decommissioned until 1999 and 2002 respectively, being replaced by HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark. Role See also Fearless class landing platform dock The LPDs provided support to a Royal Marines amphibious assault force and provided a platform Role See also Fearless class landing platform dock The LPDs provided support to a Royal Marines amphibious assault force and provided a platform Affiliations Chester The Mercian Regiment Plymouth Albion RFC Service history HMS Bulwark departed the UK in January 2006 for a six-month East of Suez maiden deployment The Royal Navy confirmed its commitment to a carrier force with the order of two Queen Elizabeth class carriers in 2007. History Requirement The 22000 tonne Invincible class aircraft carriers ''Invincible'', ''Illustrious'' and ''Ark Royal''
Weapon export controls
The Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM) failed to anticipate a conflict between Argentina and the UK when approving weapon exports to Argentina. Cocom is a Cable modems company based in the United States. It was acquired by Cisco Systems on September 15 1999
Medical
- See also: Physical trauma#Time
During the operations, several wounded British soldiers had to spend hours in the cold before receiving medical aid—yet no British soldier died who was evacuated to a medical aid station, a fact confirmed by Dr Rick Jolly, the Chief Medical Officer. Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. Many recovered better than medical opinion of the time considered possible, and subsequent theories have suggested that this was due to the extreme cold. Britain also had medical staff familiar with high velocity gunshot wounds, due to their experiences in the Northern Ireland conflict with the IRA. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the
The trials of one British patient, Robert Lawrence, MC, were chronicled in a book co-authored by him entitled When The Fighting is Over which was later adapted into a television film. Robert Alasdair Davidson Lawrence MC (born July 3rd 1960 is a former British Army officer who fought and was severely wounded in the Falklands War. Lawrence was shot at close range by an FN rifle and lost a large percentage of brain matter, but recovered to a degree not thought possible. [107] After the war he became an outspoken critic of the British Army's treatment of Falklands veterans. He remains partially paralysed in the left side of his body.
Public Relations
Argentina
Pre-war
La Prensa speculated in a step-by-step plan beginning with cutting off supplies to the Islands, ending in direct actions late 1982, if the UN talks were fruitless.
War
Selected war correspondents were regularly flown to Port Stanley in military aircraft to report on the war. Back in Buenos Aires newspapers and magazines faithfully reported on the heroic actions of the largely conscript army and its successes.
Officers from the intelligence services were attached to the newspapers and 'leaked' information confirming the official communiqués from the government. The glossy magazines Gente and Siete Días swelled to sixty pages with colour photographs and eyewitness reports of the Argentine commandos' guerrilla war on South Georgia 6 May and an already dead Pucará pilot's attack on HMS Hermes. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. [108]
The Malvinas course united the Argentines in a patriotic atmosphere which protected the junta from critics[109]—even the Madres de Plaza de Mayo were exposed to death threats from ordinary people. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo is an association of Argentine Mothers whose children " disappeared quot during A death threat is a threat, often made anonymously, against a person to kill him or her
HMS Invincible was repeatedly sunk in the Argentine press,[110] and on 30 April 1982 the Argentine magazine Tal Cual showed UK's PM Thatcher with an eyepatch and the text: Pirate, witch and assassin. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Guilty![111]
Three British reporters sent to Argentina to cover the war from the 'other side' were jailed until the end of the war. [112]
United Kingdom
17 newspaper reporters, 2 photographers, 2 radio reporters and 3 television reporters with 5 technicians sailed with the Task Force to the war. The Newspaper Publishers' Association selected them from among 160 applicants, excluding foreign media. Due to the hasty departure, not all of them were "the right stuff": two journalists on HMS Invincible were interested in nothing but Queen Elizabeth's son Prince Andrew. [113]
Merchant vessels had the civilian INMARSAT uplink, which enabled written telex as well as voice report transmissions via satellite. Inmarsat plc ( is an international Telecommunications company originally operating as an Intergovernmental organization On Canberra there was a facsimile machine which was used to upload 202 pictures from the South Atlantic over the course of the war. Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i The Royal Navy leased bandwidth on the US Defense Satellite Communications System for worldwide communications. The Defense Satellite Communications System ( DSCS) provides the United States with military communications to support globally distributed military users Television demands a bandwidth 1,000 times greater than telephone, but the MoD was unsuccessful in convincing the US to allocate more bandwidth. Perhaps the enquiry was half-hearted; since the Vietnam War television pictures of casualties and traumatised soldiers were recognised as having negative propaganda value. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Videotapes were shipped to Ascension Island, where a broadband satellite uplink was available, resulting in TV coverage being delayed by three weeks. [114]
The press was very dependent on the Royal Navy, and was censored on site. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor Many reporters in the UK knew more about the war than those with the Task Force. [114]
The Royal Navy expected Fleet Street to conduct a World War Two style positive news campaign[115] but the majority of the British media, especially the BBC, reported the war in a neutral fashion. Fleet Street is a street in London, England named after the River Fleet. [116] Reporters referred to "the British troops" and "the Argentinian troops" instead of "our lads" and the dehumanised "Argies". [117] The two main tabloid papers presented opposing viewpoints: The Daily Mirror was decidedly anti-war, whilst The Sun became notorious for its jingoistic and xenophobic headlines, including the 20 April headline "Stick It Up Your Junta!",[118] and was condemned for the "Gotcha" headline following the sinking of the ARA General Belgrano. The Daily Mirror, often referred to simply as The Mirror, is a British Tabloid daily Newspaper founded in 1903 The Sun is a Tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language General history The warship was built as, the sixth of the s in New Jersey by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation starting in 1935 and launched in March 1938 [119][120][121]
The visit of Pope John Paul II
In May 1982, Pope John Paul II carried out a long-scheduled visit to the United Kingdom. Pope In view of the crisis it was decided that this should be balanced[122] with an unscheduled trip to Argentina in June. [123] It is contended that his presence and words spiritually prepared Argentines for a possible defeat, contrary to the propaganda issued by the Junta. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people [124] He returned to Argentina in 1987 after the return of democratic government.
Allegations of nuclear deployment
It has been reported that two years after the war, Labour MPs demanded an inquiry[125] into reports that a Resolution class submarine armed with the Polaris SLBMs had deployed to Ascension Island during the operation, ostensibly to prepare for a nuclear strike. History Background During the 1950s and early 1960s Great Britain's nuclear deterrent was through the RAF's V-bombers. The Polaris missile was a submarine-launched two-stage solid-fuel nuclear-armed ballistic missile ( SLBM) built during the Cold War by Lockheed for Submarine-launched ballistic missiles or SLBM s are Ballistic missiles delivering Nuclear weapons that are launched from Submarines Modern variants Ascension Island is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, around from the coast of Africa The Ministry of Defence is reported to have denied the allegations, and Freedman's Official History does the same. Sir Lawrence David Freedman is Professor of War Studies at King's College London, a post he has held since 1982 [126]
In 1982, British warships were routinely armed with the WE.177, a tactical nuclear weapon with a variable yield of either 10 kilotons or 0. WE177 was the last air-launched nuclear bomb of the British Armed Forces. A tactical nuclear weapon (or TNW) refers to a Nuclear weapon which is designed to be used on a battlefield in military situations Variable yield, or dial-a-yield, an option available on most modern Nuclear weapons allows the operator to specify a weapon's yield, or explosive power Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United 5 kiloton, which could be used to attack land targets, or as a Nuclear Depth Bomb in an antisubmarine role. A Nuclear Depth Bomb (NDB is the nuclear equivalent of the conventional Depth charge and is used in Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW for attacking Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines The Official History describes the contorted logistical arrangements that led to the removal of the nuclear depth bombs from the frigates, following political alarm in Whitehall. Eventually at least some of the depth bombs were brought back to the UK by an RFA vessel. In December 2003, Argentine President Néstor Kirchner demanded an apology from the British Government for this "regrettable and monstrous" act. Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić (born February 25, 1950) was the President of Argentina from May 25, 2003 until December [127]
MI6 activity
In his 2002 memoirs Sir John Nott, Britain's Secretary of State for Defence during the conflict, made the following disclosure regarding the activities of the UK's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6):
| “ | I authorised our agents to pose as bona fide purchasers of equipment on the international market, ensuring that we outbid the Argentines, and other agents identified Exocet missiles in markets and rendered them inoperable. Sir John William Frederic Nott (born 1 February 1932 in Bideford, Devon) is a former British Conservative Party Politician prominent The Secretary of State for Defence is the senior United Kingdom government minister in charge of the Ministry of Defence. The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. [128] | ” |
Norwegian intelligence
According to a Norwegian TV documentary, during the war the Norwegian signals intelligence facility situated at Fauske in the northern province of Nordland regularly intercepted Soviet satellite intelligence data, which was forwarded to the Northwood Headquarters. NRK1 is the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation's ( NRK) main channel Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional is a municipality and Town located in the county of Nordland, Norway is a county in Norway, bordering Troms in the north Nord-Trøndelag in the south Norrbottens län in Sweden to the east Västerbottens The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Northwood Headquarters is a Military Headquarters facility of the British Armed Forces in Eastbury, Three Rivers, Hertfordshire Said “a high ranking British military source”:
| “ | When the war broke out, we ourselves almost didn’t have any intelligence information from this area. It was here we got help from the Norwegians, who gave us a stream of information about the Argentine warships’ positions. The information came to us all the time and straight to our war headquarters at Northwood. The information was continuously updated and told us exactly where the Argentine ships were. [39] | ” |
Falklands veterans' afflictions
The British Ministry of Defence was accused several times of a systematic failure to prepare service personnel for the horrors of war and to provide adequate care for them afterwards.
There are allegations that the Ministry of Defence has tried to ignore the issue of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which left many sufferers emotionally scarred and unable to work, immersed in social dislocation, alcoholism, and depression. Post traumatic stress disorder It is a severe and ongoing emotional reaction to Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Veterans have suffered prolonged personality disorders, flashbacks, and anxiety sometimes reaching pathological levels.
It was revealed that more veterans have committed suicide since the Falklands War ended than the number of servicemen killed in action[129] The South Atlantic Medal Association (SAMA82), which represents and helps Falklands veterans, believes that some 264 veterans had taken their own lives by 2002, a number exceeding the 255 who died in active service, although no estimate is available for the expected number of suicides that would have occurred anyway.
A similar situation afflicts the veterans on the Argentine side, many of whom have similarly suffered from psychiatric disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and social turmoil. [130] The current Argentine suicide toll is 454, according to an Argentine film (Iluminados por el fuego by Tristán Bauer, 2006) about the suicide of a Falklands veteran.
Cultural impact
There were wide-ranging influences on popular culture in both the UK and Argentina, from the immediate postwar period to the present. The cultural impact of the Falklands War spanned several media in both Britain and Argentina. The words yomp and Exocet entered the British vernacular as a result of the war. Yomp is Royal Marines Slang describing a long distance march carrying full kit The Falklands War also provided material for theatre, film and TV drama and influenced the output of musicians including (among others) New Order, Gang of Four, Joe Jackson, Crass, Dire Straits, New Model Army, The Levellers, Steve Dahl, Latin Quarter, the Super Furry Animals, and Elvis Costello, whose song "Shipbuilding", sung by Robert Wyatt, reached the British top 40. New Order are an English rock group formed in 1980 by Bernard Sumner ( vocals, Guitars Synthesizers, Peter Hook Gang of Four are an English Post-punk group from Leeds. Original personnel were singer Jon King, guitarist Andy Gill, bass guitarist Joe Jackson (born David Ian Jackson, 11 August 1954 Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire) is an English Musician and Singer-songwriter For information about the Anarchist writer see Chris Crass Crass were an English Anarcho-punk band formed Dire Straits was a British rock band, formed in 1977 by Mark Knopfler (guitar and vocals his brother David Knopfler (guitar New Model Army are an English rock band. They have been variously classified as a punk band Post-punk, Folk rock The Levellers are a popular English rock band influenced by punk and traditional English music. Steve Dahl (born November 20 1954 in Pasadena, California) has been an American Radio personality for over thirty years Latin Quarter were a British band of the 1980s and 1990s The line-up in their 1986 heyday was Steve Skaith (main vocals guitar Richard Wright (guitar vocals Super Furry Animals (also known as " SFA " the " Furries " and the " Super Furries " are a Welsh Rock band Elvis Costello (born Declan Patrick MacManus 25 August 1954 is an English Musician and Singer-songwriter, with Irish ancestry " Shipbuilding " is a song written by singer/songwriter Elvis Costello and producer Clive Langer. Robert Wyatt (born Robert Wyatt-Ellidge, 28 January 1945 in Bristol) is an English Musician, and founding member of the influential
Pink Floyd's 1983 album, The Final Cut, deals with Roger Waters' feelings regarding the Falklands War, among other war-related topics. Pink Floyd are George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943 in Great Bookham, Surrey) is an English rock musician
The 2006 Movie This Is England deals with the effects of the war on the Skinhead culture in England. This Is England is a 2006 film written and directed by Shane Meadows, director of other films such as Dead Man's Shoes and
In 2006, the power metal band Sabaton released Attero Dominatus. Sabaton is a Heavy metal band from Sweden Attero Dominatus is the third album by Swedish Heavy metal band Sabaton. On the album is the song "Back In Control", which is about the Falklands War.
Name
This war is also occasionally written as The Falklands/Malvinas War,[131][132][133] recognising the international split over the Islands' name. Other constructs such as Falklands Conflict and Falklands Crisis have also been used. The term Guerra de las Malvinas or Malvinas War is the one normally used in Spanish-speaking countries and has also been used by some socialist groups in English-speaking countries. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [134][135]
Notes
- ^ Casualties of the Falklands War MOD website, retrieved 11 January 2006
- ^ www.airpower.at
- ^ Argentina - the horrors of a dictatorial past live on - Radio Netherlands Worldwide - English
- ^ http://www.me.gov.ar/curriform/publica/sirlin_conv_dictadura.pdf Argentine Government
- ^ "Que tenía que ver con despertar el orgullo nacional y con otra cosa. La junta —Galtieri me lo dijo— nunca creyó que los británicos darían pelea. Él creía que Occidente se había corrompido. Que los británicos no tenían Dios, que Estados Unidos se había corrompido… Nunca lo pude convencer de que ellos no sólo iban a pelear, que además iban a ganar. " ("This was neither about national pride nor anything else. The junta —Galtieri told me— never believed the British would respond. A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, He thought the Western World was corrupt. That the British people had no God, that the US was corrupt… I could never convince him that the British would not only fight back but also win [the war]. ") La Nación / Islas Malvinas Online. La Nación is an Argentine daily Newspaper. It is on the right of the political spectrum with the centrist Clarín being its main Haig: "Malvinas fue mi Waterloo". Retrieved on September 21, 2006. (Spanish)
- ^ En Buenos Aires, la Junta comenzó a estudiar la posibilidad de ocupar las Islas Malvinas y Georgias antes de que los británicos pudieran reforzarlas
- ^ BBC NEWS | UK | How BBC man scooped invasion news
- ^ Obituary: Captain Nicholas Barker | Independent, The (London) | Find Articles at BNET.com
- ^ high cost of cuts, The | Spectator, The | Find Articles at BNET.com
- ^ Argentina for Falklands Sovereignty Prensa Latina Latin America New Agency accessed 21 June 2007
- ^ Constitución Nacional La Nación Argentina ratifica su legítima e imprescriptible soberanía sobre las Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur y los espacios marítimos e insulares correspondientes, por ser parte integrante del territorio nacional
- ^ Cómo evitar que Londres convierta a las Malvinas en un Estado independiente
- ^ One Hundred Days Woodward, Admiral Sandy (1992) Annanapolis, Md. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. : Naval Institute Press, p. 72. Cited in To Rule The Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World Herman, A (2004) HarperCollins, New York, p. 560
- ^ 1982: Marines land in South Georgia. BBC. Retrieved on 20 June, 2005.
- ^ ". . to get twenty-one bombs to Port Stanley is going to take about one million, one hundred thousand pounds of fuel - equalled[sic] about 137,000 gallons. That was enough fuel to fly 260 Sea Harrier bombing missions over Port Stanley. Which in turn meant just over 1300 bombs. Interesting stuff!" page 186 in Sharkey Ward: Sea Harrier over the Falklands, 1992, Cassell Military Paperbacks, ISBN 0-304-35542-9
- ^ "Propaganda was, of course, used later to try to justify these missions: 'The Mirage IIIs were redrawn from Southern Argentina to Buenos Aires to add to the defences there following the Vulcan raids on the islands. ' Apparently the logic behind this statement was that if the Vulcan could hit Port Stanley, the[sic] Buenos Aires was well within range as well and was vulnerable to similar attacks. I never went along with that baloney. A lone Vulcan or two running in to attack Buenos Aires without fighter support would have been shot to hell in quick time. "-"Mirage IIIs were in evidence near the islands on several occasions during the conflict, either escorting the Neptune reconnaissance missions or on 'interference' flights that attempted to draw CAP attention away from air-to-ground attacks. "-"Suffice it to say that you didn't need more than one or two Mirage IIIs to intercept a Vulcan attack on Buenos Aires"-"It would have taken much more than a lone Vulcan raid to upset Buenos Aires" pages 247-48 in Sea Harrier over the Falklands
- ^ Sir Lawrence Freedman: Official History of the Falklands Campaign, 2005
- ^ A. Sir Lawrence David Freedman is Professor of War Studies at King's College London, a post he has held since 1982 C. G. Welburn: The Application of False Principles and the Misapplication of Valid Principles page 25 in 'Australian Defence Force Journal No. 124 May/June 1997'
- ^ Max Hastings, Simon Jenkins: The Battle for the Falklands (1983) ISBN 0393301982, p144
- ^ Edward Fursdon: Falklands Aftermath, "The Argentinians had temporarily backfilled the five large craters, enabling them to continue to fly in C-130 Hercules transports" - the other craters were from Harrier raids; note that C-130 Hercules aircraft are designed to land on very rough semi-prepared airstrips. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout
- ^ "And what was achieved? A crater in the runway that was filled in within twenty-four hours, and possibly a 30 mm gun radar knocked out. " Sea Harrier over the Falklands
- ^ "The photographs showed another bomb crater on Port Stanley airfield runway. This had been created by the Argentine Air Force unit who had begun to simulate bomb craters using bulldozers to build piles of mud which could be removed at night allowing aircraft to land. " 16th May 1982 in http://www.navynews.co.uk/falklands/day_may.asp
- ^ Max Hastings:"The Battle for the Falklands" on page 203 in the San Carlos chapter (21st May):"Meanwhile, a single Aeromacchi[sic] - almost certainly the first Fleet Air Arm[sic] (Argentine COAN) reconnaissance aircraft flying from Port Stanley - attacked the. . . . "
- ^ Paul Rogers (2000). Losing Control: Global Security in the Twenty-first Century. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1909-2.
- ^ Offensive Air Operations Of The Falklands War - USMC
- ^ Commodore Ruben Oscar Moro La Guerra Inaudita, 2000 ISBN 987-96007-3-8
- ^ Argentine Aircraft Lost - Falklands War 1982
- ^ Gordon Smith, Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 by Land, Sea and Air, lulu.com, 2006, URL retrieved 21 February 2007
- ^ Correspondent profile - bbc.co.uk, undated, retrieved on 21 February 2007
- ^ the claim is made in his book La Defensa de Puerto Argentino - The Argentine Fight For The Falklands, Martin Middlebrook, pp. 94–95
- ^ . . . all blatant lies, designed to cover up the Argentine set backs of the day - The Argentine Fight For The Falklands, Martin Middlebrook, pp. 94–95
- ^ the Argentine claim that two Sea Harrier were shot down . . . was patently fictitious - Falklands Air War, Chris Hobson and Andrew Noble
- ^ Rodríguez Mottino, Horacio: La Artillería Argentina en Malvinas. Ed. Clío, 1985. Page 170
- ^ Sharkey Ward (2003). Sea Harrier Over The Falklands. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35542-9.
- ^ Fuerza Aérea Argentina
- ^ ASN Aircraft accident description Lockheed C-130H Hercules TC-63 - Pebble Island
- ^ British Torpedoes after World War II
- ^ [1]Independent Online Edition - UK Politics News - Independent. co. uk
- ^ a b http://www.nrk.no/programmer/tv/brennpunkt/1861285.html Article about the Fauske II station (in Norwegian)
- ^ [2] 1982 Falklands War Timeline, A Chronology of Events in the Falklands War
- ^ Thatcher in dark on Belgrano sinking
- ^ Argentine Aircraft in the Falklands
- ^ [3] Turn to page 6
- ^ telegraph. co. uk SAS 'suicide mission' to wipe out Exocets
- ^ Middlebrook, The Argentine Fight for the Falklnds p. 75
- ^ La Infantería de Marina de la Armada Argentina en el Conflicto del Atlántico Sur, ISBN 987-433-641-2
- ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,170-1670775,00.html
- ^ Bomb Alley — Falklands Island 1982.
- ^ Charles ends Falklands tour on sombre note, BBC News.
- ^ Captain Hart Dyke, Commanding Officer of HMS Coventry[4]
- ^ a b Sandy Woodward (2003). One Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Falklands Battle Group Commander. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-0071-3467-3.
- ^ Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 — British ships lost & damaged.
- ^ Scotsman.
- ^ Royal Navy.
- ^ Commodore Ruben Oscar Moro La Guerra Inaudita, 2000 ISBN 987-96007-3-8
- ^ [5] "The attack against the HMS Invincible"
- ^ [6]30th of May 1982
- ^ [7] operationcorporate. com
- ^ [8] Sunday May 30th
- ^ [9] David Aldea, The Argentine Commandos on Mount Kent
- ^ Julian Thompson, No Picnic, p. 93, Cassell & Co, 2001
- ^ Rick Jolly, The Red & Green Life Machine, page 124
- ^ An interview with CL (R) Ing. Julio Pérez, chief designer of Exocet trailer-based launcher (Spanish) ]
- ^ Max Hastings & Simon Jenkins, The Battle For The Falklands, p. Sir Max Hastings, FRSL (born December 28, 1945) is a British Journalist, editor, Historian and Author Sir Simon Jenkins (born 10 June 1943) is a British Newspaper Columnist currently associated with The Guardian 307
- ^ Buenos Aires War Memorial is at coordinates
- ^ list
- ^ list
- ^ list
- ^ list
- ^ Falkland Islands - A history of the 1982 conflict
- ^ According to [10] 260. The extras are: Paul T. Mills from HMS Coventry, died from complications from a skull fracture from the air attack, died 29 March 1983 and Brian Biddick from HMHS Uganda who died after an emergency operation on the voyage to the Falklands 12 May 1982
- ^ list
- ^ list
- ^ a b c d Falkland Islands - A history of the 1982 conflict
- ^ Para
- ^ SAS
- ^ rest of army
- ^ Welcome to St Paul's Cathedral - Lady Thatcher marks Falklands anniversary at St Paul's
- ^ [11]
- ^ Lawrence Freedman: "The campaign itself, Operation Corporate, is now estimated to have cost about £1. Sir Lawrence David Freedman is Professor of War Studies at King's College London, a post he has held since 1982 5 billion. The cost of replacing lost equipment is put at £1,278 million. The largest single item in this figure is £641 million for four new Type 22 frigates. . . to replace Sir Galahad is put at £69 million, and new aircraft account for another £116 million. " - Britain & the Falklands War, 1988
- ^ Hugh Bicheno. Razor's Edge: The Unofficial History of the Falklands War. ISBN.
- ^ The Brazilian foreign policy and the hemispheric security. Retrieved on 2007-05-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ [12] Caspar Weinberger who was the Defence Secretary at the time . . . His staunch support later earned him a British Knighthood. He provided the United Kingdom with all the equipment she required during the war. Ranging from submarine detectors to the latest missiles. All this was done very discreetly.
- ^ "'Hice todo lo posible para que Argentina perdiera'", Rio Negro SA, 2005-09-01. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Retrieved on 2007-05-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. (Spanish)
- ^ a b Indeed they invaded Chile as informed by Clarín de Buenos Aires 20 december 1998
- ^ The Informe Rattenbach, a Argentine official investigation over the war, confirms that. See §§ 718 inciso a) in Informe Rattenbach
- ^ See Newspaper "Convicción", Buenos Aires, 24 February 1982,pages 12 and 13. (Cited in Historia general de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas, note 57. )
- ^ Kalevi Jaakko Holsti, The State, War, and the State of War Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 1996, 271 pages, ISBN 052157790X. See also here On page 160: Displaying the mentality of the Argentine military regime in the 1970s, as another example, there was "Plan Rosario" according to which Argentina would attack the Falkland Islands and then turn to settle the Beagle Channel problem by force. The sequence, according to the plan, could also be reversed.
- ^ Diario "Clarin" de Buenos Aires Los secretos de la guerra sucia continental de la dictadura 24 march 2006
- ^ See Brinksmanship Decision-Making and Hidden Grief:The Case of Argentina, 1982: ". . . It was precisely the first military junta in 1976 that sought to reposition Argentina into the Western sphere of interests, rescuing it from Third World interests, and paradoxically, it was the same military government that in 1982 provoked war with one of its revered allies, as the U. K. . . . "
- ^ See "Informe Rattenbach of the Argentine Armed Forces in http://www.cescem.org.ar/informe_rattenbach/pg017.html, §93 n°2: «A principios de marzo, el ex canciller había declarado que "no pertenecíamos al 3er. mundo». Tranl:«In March 1982 the [Argentine] Foreign Minister [Costa Mendez] had said that "Argentina does not belong to the third world any more"»
- ^ See Luis Alberto Romero, in "Argentina in the twentieth Century", Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 978-0-271-02192-8 (http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-02191-8.html), pages 242–243: By that time, a bellicose current of opinion had arisen among the military and its friend, an attitude rooted in a strain of Argentine nationalism, which drew substance from strong chauvinistic sentiments. Diverse ancient fantasies in society's historical imaginary-the "patria grande", the "spoliation" that the country had suffered- where added to a new fantasy of "entering the first world" through a "strong" foreign policy. All this combinated with the traditional messianic military mentality and the ingenousness of its strategies which were ignorant of the most elemental facts of international politics. The aggression against Chile, stymied by papal mediation, was transferred to Great Britain . . . (bold is wikipedia)
- ^ "'En su lógica'", Rio Negro SA, 2005-09-01. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Retrieved on 2005-09-05. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. (Spanish)
- ^ Nora Femenia (1996). National Identity in Times of Crises: the scripts of the Falklands-Malvinas War. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN 1-56072-196-0.
- ^ BBC NEWS | UK | UK 'regret' over Falklands dead
- ^ BBC NEWS | Politics | Thatcher rallying call to troops
- ^ BBC NEWS | World | Americas | Argentina vows Falklands return
- ^ Keegan, Sir John, The Price of Admiralty: the Evolution of Naval Warfare Penguin (Non-Classics), 1990, ISBN-10 0140096507, pages 324–325
- ^ Falklands victory 'a close run thing'
- ^ (Jon Cooksey, 3 PARA MOUNT LONGDON, page 44)
- ^ chapter 1: Forgotten Islands in Max Hastings:Battle for the Falklands. 1983
- ^ [13] Invincible Class Aircraft Carriers
- ^ chapter 5: Task Force in Max Hastings:Battle for the Falklands:"In the previous decade, the very existence of the marines had come into question. " and "both the assault ships Fearless and Intrepid were at that time threatened with sale to foreign powers"
- ^ chapter 1: Forgotten Islands in Max Hastings:Battle for the Falklands
- ^ Falklands 25 - Official Commemorative Publication, 2007, Newsdesk Communications LTD, ISBN 1-905435-44-4
- '^ chapter 7: Conclusion in Antony Preston:Sea Combat of the Falklands - the Lessons That Must Be Learned' ISBN 0-00-218046-4
- ^ Lawrence, Robert and John Lawrence, When the Fighting Is Over: A Personal Story of the Battle for Tumbledown Mountain and Its Aftermath.
- ^ Jimmy Burns: The land that lost its heroes, 1987, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0-7475-0002-9
- ^ Even opposers of the military government supported Galtieri; Ernesto Sábato: "Don't be mistaken, Europe; it is not a dictatorship that is fighting for the Malvinas, it is the whole Nation. Ernesto Sabato (born June 24, 1911) is an Argentine writer of Italian and Arbëreshë (Italian Albanian descent "
- ^ Robert Harris: GOTCHA!, the Media, the Government and the Falklands Crisis, 1983, Faber & Faber, ISBN 0-571-13052-6
- ^ http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10438336&wwwflag=2&imagepos=12 <Pirata, Bruja y asesina. ¡Culpable!>
- ^ I went as a reporter but ended up a prisoner of war, The Observer Sunday April 1, 2007
- ^ "two journalists on Invincible were interested in no issue other than what Prince Andrew, a helicopter pilot as well as the Queen's son, was up to" - Sir Lawrence Freedman: Official History of the Falklands Campaign, 2005
- ^ a b Sir Lawrence Freedman: Official History of the Falklands Campaign, 2005
- ^ "You must have been told you couldn't report bad news . The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. . . You were expected to do a 1940 propaganda job. " in Robert Harris: GOTCHA!, the Media, the Government and the Falklands Crisis, 1983, Faber & Faber, ISBN 0-571-13052-6
- ^ Hastings, Max, The Battle for the Falklands, 1983
- ^ Channel 4 - When Britain Went to War
- ^ Robert Harris: GOTCHA!, the Media, the Government and the Falklands Crisis,1983, Faber & Faber, ISBN 0-571-13052-6
- ^ [14] A new Britain, a new kind of newspaper, the Guardian, Monday February 25, 2002 (retrieved on 7 September 2007)
- ^ [15] Forty years of The Sun (retrieved on 7 September 2007)
- ^ [16] British Library Website on the "Gotcha" headline (retrieved on 7 September 2007)
- ^ [17] The twenty-fifth anniversary of the visit of Pope John Paul II to Great Britain
- ^ Reuters, June 1982, Archbishop Says Pope's Visit To Argentina Is Nonpolitical
- ^ [18] TONY BRENTON, BRITISH AMBASSADOR INTERVIEW TO GAZETA 14. 06. 2007
- ^ Margaret Thatcher Threatened to Use Nukes During Falkland Islands War News Max, November 21, 2005
- ^ Falklands: “The Sphinx and the curious case of the Iron Lady’s H-bomb” (memoirs of Mitterrand’s psychoanalyst), The Sunday Times, November 2005
- ^ Argentina demands UK nuke apology, CNN News, December 7, 2003
- ^ telegraph. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. co. uk How France helped us win Falklands war
- ^ Falklands Veterans suicide toll BBC News, retrieved 12 January 2007
- ^ Argentina's veterans die of shame | Features | The First Post
- ^ The Falklands/Malvinas War
- ^ Warrior Nation - Images of War in British Popular Culture 1850–2000
- ^ Justice and the Genesis of War
- ^ The Malvinas War Revisited
- ^ World Socialist Web Site
Bibliography
- Barnett, Anthony. IRON BRITANNIA Why Parliament waged its Falklands war. Allison & Busby, 1982. ISBN 0-85031-493-3
- Dalyell, Tam, MP. One Man's Falklands. Cecil Woolf, 1982. ISBN 0-900821-65-5.
- Dalyell, Tam, MP. Thatcher's Torpedo. Cecil Woolf, 1983. ISBN 0-900821-66-3.
- Femenia, Nora National Identity in Times of Crises: the scripts of the Falklands-Malvinas War. Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 1996. ISBN 1-56072-196-0.
- Franks et al. Falkland Islands Review, Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors. HMSO, January 1983. Cmnd. 8787.
- Freedman, Sir Lawrence. Sir Lawrence David Freedman is Professor of War Studies at King's College London, a post he has held since 1982 Official History of the Falklands Campaign: Vols 1 & 2. Frank Cass, 2005. ISBN 0-7146-5206-7 and ISBN 0-7146-5207-5.
- Gavshon, Arthur and Rice, Desmond. The Sinking of the Belgrano. Secker & Warburg, 1984. ISBN 0-436-41332-9.
- Harris, Robert. GOTCHA! The Media, the Government and the Falklands Crisis. Faber and Faber, 1983. ISBN 0-571-13052-6.
- Kon, Daniel. Los Chicos de la Guerra, The Argentine conscripts' own moving accounts of their Falklands War (English translation). New English Library 1983. ISBN 0-450-05611-2.
- McManners, Hugh, Forgotten Voices of the Falklands, Ebury Press, 2007, ISBN 9780091908805
- Middlebrook, Martin. Forgotten Voices of the Falklands uses the resources of the Imperial War Museum ’s Sound Archive to present the first complete oral history of the Random House Inc is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher The Argentine Fight for the Falklands. Pen & Sword Military Classics, 2003. ISBN 0-85052-978-6
- Norton-Taylor, Richard. The Ponting Affair. Cecil Woolf, 1985. ISBN 0-900821-73-6.
- Ponting, Clive. The Right to Know: The Inside Story of the Belgrano Affair. Sphere Books, 1985. ISBN 0-7221-6944-2
- Sunday Times Insight Team. The Falklands War. Sphere Books, 1982. ISBN 0-7221-8282-1.
- Tinker, Lieut. David, R. N. A Message from the Falklands, The Life and Gallant Death of David Tinker, Lieut. R. N. from his Letters and Poems. Penguin, 1982. ISBN 0-14-006778-7.
- Thornton, Richard C. 'The Falklands Sting. Brassey's, 1998. ISBN 1-57488-155-8.
- Underwood, Geoffrey. Our Falklands War, The Men of the Task Force Tell Their Story. Maritime Books, 1983. ISBN 0-907771-08-4.
See also
- Re-establishment of British rule on the Falklands (1833)
- Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina in 1978
- Operation Soberanía Argentine Military Planning against Chile
- British logistics in the Falklands War
- Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
- Operation Algeciras — A failed plan conceived by the Argentine military to send some Montoneros to sabotage the British military facilities in Gibraltar. The Beagle Conflict was a border dispute between Chile and Argentina over the possession of Picton Lennox and Nueva islands and the scope of the maritime In 1971 Chile and Argentina sent their boundary dispute to binding Beagle Channel Arbitration. According to Admiral Sandy Woodward, who commanded the British fleet during the Falklands War, the British Army, Royal Air Force, the Ministry of Defence This article describes the composition and actions of the Argentine air forces in the Falklands War ( Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas) Operation Algeciras was a failed plan conceived by the Argentine Military to sabotage a Royal Navy Warship in Gibraltar The Montonero Peronist Movement (Movimiento Peronista Montonero was an Argentine left-wing Peronist guerrilla group active during the 1960s and 1970s Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar
External links
- (Spanish) Comisión de Análisis y Evaluación de las responsabilidades en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur (Rattenbach Report). Report of the Argentina Armed Forces about the War.
- (Spanish) ex-7th Argentine Infantry Regiment veterans
- of Anglo-Argentine conscript Michael Savage of the 7th Infantry Regiment's C Company
- (Spanish) Escuadron Fenix
- Falkland Islands History Roll of Honour
- (English)/(Spanish) Falklands/Malvinas Forum
- Falklands Roundtable — Ronald Reagan Oral History Project, Scripps Library
- Falklands War Articles
- Falklands War Documents
- Falklands War Timeline
- Falklandswar.org.uk
- The Guardian: Julian Barnes
- (German) Film Iluminados por el fuego regarding Argentine veterans suicide
- Malvinas War Memorial (Buenos Aires)
- MoD - 20-year anniversary
- MoD 25th Anniversary
- 25th anniversary commemorations
- [http://www.sama82.org South Atlantic Medal Association (1982) (SAMA82)
- Naval-History.Net - "Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982"
- How our enemy made us better - History Today; September 1, 2006; Lorenz, Federico Guillermo (Argentine perspective)
- London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 49134, pages 12831–12861, 8 October 1982. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the UK in which certain Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-12-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Victoria Cross and other decorations
- (Spanish) An interview with CL (R) Ing. Julio Pérez, chief designer of Exocet truck-based launcher
- Falklands 25: Operation Corporate in British Comics
- Roll of Honour - British Dead Database- Falklands 1982
Dictionary
Falklands War
-proper noun
- A conflict between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, between March and June of 1982.
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