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This article is about the Spanish political party. For the Lebanese Phalange, see the Kataeb Party. The Lebanese Kataeb Party ( Arabic: الكتائب اللبنانية Kataeb is the Plural of Katiba which is a translation into Arabic of the Greek word

The Falange (or Phalange) is the name assigned to several political movements and parties dating from the 1930s, most particularly the original fascist movement in Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The word Falange means phalanx formation in Spanish. The phalanx (Ancient Greek φάλαγξ Modern Greek φάλαγγα phālanga (plural phalanxes or phalanges (Ancient and Modern Greek φάλαγγες This bellic symbol was chosen due to the militaristic nature of the party.

In Spain, the Falange was an extremist political organization founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933, during the Second Spanish Republic. A political party is any organization or group that is concerned with or involved in the political process José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country Primo de Rivera was a Madrid lawyer, son of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, who governed Spain as a mild dictatorial Prime Minister, with the acquiescence of King Alfonso XIII, in the 1920s (from September 1923 to January 1930). Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja 2 Marqués de Estella ( Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris, General Primo de Rivera believed in state planning and government intervention in the economy. His son and the Phalangists he led expressed regret for the demise of the elder Primo de Rivera's regime, and proposed to revive his policies and a program of national-syndicalist social organization. National syndicalism is a variant of Syndicalism typically associated with the Labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini

During the Spanish Civil War the doctrine of the Falange was used by General Franco, who virtually took possession of its ideology, while José Antonio Primo de Rivera was sentenced to death by the Spanish Republican Government. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante During the war, and after its founder's death, the Falange was combined by decree (Unification Decree) with the Carlist party, under the sole command of Generalísimo Franco, forming the core of the sole official political organization in Spain, the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, or "Spanish Traditionalist Phalanx of the Assemblies of National-Syndicalist Offensive" (FET y de las JONS). Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ( FET y de las JONS, Spanish for "Traditionalist Spanish Falange and National syndicalism is a variant of Syndicalism typically associated with the Labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini This organization, also known as the National Movement (Movimiento Nacional) after 1945, continued until Franco's death in 1975. Since 1975, Phallangists have diversified into several different political movements which have continued into the 21st Century.

Members of the party were called Falangists (Spanish: Falangistas).

Contents

Ideology

The yoke and arrows were carried from JONS.
The yoke and arrows were carried from JONS.

Symbols

flag of the FE JONS party
flag of the FE JONS party

Early history

Shirt Shield from the Frente de Juventudes, 1950s. This shield was also worn on the uniform of the "Milicias Universitarias"
Shirt Shield from the Frente de Juventudes, 1950s. This shield was also worn on the uniform of the "Milicias Universitarias"

The year after its founding, the Falange united with the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista of Onésimo Redondo, Ramiro Ledesma, and others, becoming Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista. Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ( JONS; Spanish for "Unions of the National-Syndicalist Offensive" was national syndicalist movement Onésimo Redondo Ortega ( Quintanilla de Onésimo, Valladolid, 1905, February 16 - Labajos, Segovia, 1936, Ramiro Ledesma Ramos ( May 23 1905, Alfaraz de Sayago, Zamora &mdash October 29 1936, Aravaca, Madrid The Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ( FET y de las JONS, Spanish for "Traditionalist Spanish Falange and

During the Second Spanish Republic, the Falange professed Christian values and confronted wealthy land-owners and communists. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country Its members were opposed by leftist revolutionaries.

After the electoral victory of the Popular Front, and still in a Democracy the party suffered official persecution and Primo de Rivera was arrested on (6 July 1936). The Popular Front (Frente Popular in Spain 's Second Republic was an electoral Coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Falange joined the conspiracy to overthrow the Republic: On 17 July, the African army led by Franco rebelled. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The next day nationalist forces in mainland Spain, including Primo de Rivera's party, followed suit.

Spanish Civil War

During the Spanish Civil War, the Falangists fought on the Nationalist side against the Left-led Republic, being the fastest growing party on their side (from a few thousands to some hundred thousand members before the Unification). The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of This sudden rise can be well explained; Franco used its ideological pillar. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid

The command of the party rested upon Manuel Hedilla, as many of the first generation leaders were dead or incarcerated by the Republicans. Among them was Primo de Rivera, who was a Government prisoner. As a result, he was referred to among the leadership as el Ausente, (the Absent One). José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante On 20 November 1936 (a date since known as 20-N in Spain), Primo de Rivera was sentenced to death by the Spanish legal Government in a Republican prison, giving him martyr status among the Falangists. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 20-N is an abbreviation for two well known dates in Spanish history The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom This conviction and sentence was possible because he had lost his Parliamentary immunity, after his party did not have enough votes during the last elections.

After Franco seized power on 19 April 1937, he united under his command the Falange with the Carlist Comunión Tradicionalista, forming Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS (FET y de las JONS), whose official ideology were the falangist's 27 puntos. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on The Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ( FET y de las JONS, Spanish for "Traditionalist Spanish Falange and Despite this, the party was in fact a wide ranging nationalist coalition, closely controlled by Franco. Parts of the original Falangist (including Hedilla) and many Carlists did not join the unified party.

None of the vanquished parties in the war suffered such a toll of deaths among their leaders as did the Falange. Sixty per cent of the pre-war Falange membership lost their lives in the war. [1]

Most of the property of all other parties and trade unions were assigned to the party. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming In 1938, all trade unions were unified under falangist command.

After the war

Yoke and Arrows. Spain, 1940s.
Yoke and Arrows. Spain, 1940s.

After the war, the party was charged with developing an ideology for Franco's regime. This job became a cursus honorum for ambitious politicians -- new converts, who were called camisas nuevas ("new shirts") in opposition to the more overtly populist and ideological "old shirts" from before the war. The cursus honorum ( Latin: "course of honors" or "honors race" was the sequential order of Public offices held by aspiring

The Falange also developed youth organizations (Flechas, Pelayos; compare to Hitlerjugend and Italian Balilla and Arditi), a female section (Sección Femenina) led by José Antonio's sister, that instructed young women on how to be "good patriots, good Christians and good wives", and a student's union (the Sindicato Unificado de Estudiantes (SEU)) -mandatory till the 1950s. For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth ( German:, Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB was an Italian Fascist Youth organization functioning as an addition to School education between 1926 and 1937 Arditi was the name adopted by Italian Army elite Storm troops of World War I. The SEU ("Sindicato Español Universitario") was still mandatory during de 1960s.

After the opening to the United States and the Spanish Miracle of the 1960s, Franco began working with younger, more technocrats. The Spanish miracle (el milagro español was the name given to a broadly based economic boom in Spain between 1959 and 1973. Technocracy: A form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control "technocracy is described as that society in which those who govern justify themselves

Post-Franco era

After Franco's death (20 November 1975, also known as "20-N") the Spanish Crown was restored to the House of Borbón in the person of King Juan Carlos, and a move towards democratization begun under Adolfo Suárez, a former chief of the Movimiento. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 20-N is an abbreviation for two well known dates in Spanish history The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Early life Juan Carlos was born in Rome, where his grandfather Alfonso XIII of Spain lived in exile after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic Democratization ( British English: Democratisation) is the transition to a more democratic Political regime. Don Adolfo Suárez González 1st Duke of Suárez Grandee of Spain, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Don Adolfo Suárez González I Duque The new situation splintered the Falange. The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. In the first elections in 1977, three different groups fought in court for the right to the Falangist name. Today, decades after the fall of the Francoist regime, Spain still has a minor Falangist element, represented by a number of tiny political parties. Chief among these are Falange Auténtica, Falange Española Independiente, FE - La Falange and Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, the latter taking its name from the historical party. Vastly reduced in size and power today, these Falangist-inspired parties are rarely seen publicly except on ballot papers, in State-funded TV election advertisements, and during demonstrations on historic dates, like November 20 (death of Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera and General Francisco Franco). Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Even then their presence is greatly anecdotal, although (similar to parties representing historic movements like Carlists and republicans) they have won seats on local councils.

Falangism today

Despite changing times, Falangism remains a living political philosophy. The Kataeb, a political party in Lebanon, also espouses a Falangist ideology, and is the most prominent nationalist organization in the region; in Bolivia there is a political party called Falange Socialista Boliviana. The Lebanese Kataeb Party ( Arabic: الكتائب اللبنانية Kataeb is the Plural of Katiba which is a translation into Arabic of the Greek word Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. The Bolivian Socialist Falange ( Falange Socialista Boliviana) was a Bolivian party established in the year 1937. In the United States of America, one small group, the Christian Falangist Party of America, inspired by Kataeb, was formed in 1985. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It is vehement in rejecting racism, antisemitism, and neo-nazism and espousing traditional National Syndicalism, which it claims is neither racist nor socialist in nature. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, National syndicalism is a variant of Syndicalism typically associated with the Labor movement in Italy which would later become a basis of Benito Mussolini In Spain, the three Falange (Falange Española de las JONS, Falange Española and Falange Auténtica) parties received 27,166 votes in the 2004 legislative election. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. The Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ( FET y de las JONS, Spanish for "Traditionalist Spanish Falange and Authentic Falange (in Spanish: Falange Auténtica) is a Falangist Political party in Spain. Legislative elections were held in Spain on March 14, 2004. At stake were all 350 seats in the lower house of the Cortes Generales, the In Italy, new Head of State Silvio Berlusconi has declared "we are the new falange. "[1]

Notes

  1. ^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (2001), p. 903

See also

External links

Falangism in Latin America has been a feature of political life since the 1930s as movements have looked to the Integralism is a perspective according to which Society is an Organic unity. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology
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