Fakhr al-Daula (Arabic: فخر الدولة) (d. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language October or November 997) was the Buyid amir of Jibal (976-980, 984-997), Hamadan (984-997) and Gurgan and Tabaristan (984-997). Events By Place Europe First documented reference to the City of Gdańsk. The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian Jibāl ( جبال) was a short-lived Arab-ruled province located in western Iran, under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad For the 976 telephone prefix see Premium-rate telephone number Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 10 — Events By Place Europe Otto II renounces his claim to Lorraine. Events By Place Asia Emperor Kazan succeeds Emperor En'yū on the throne of Japan. Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) Gorgan ( Persian: گرگان Caspian: Vergen is the capital of the Golestan Province, Iran. He was the second son of Rukn al-Daula. Hasan (d September 976 was the first Buyid amir of northern and central Iran (c
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Rise to power and deposition
In January of 976 Rukn al-Daula met with his eldest son, 'Adud al-Daula, who ruled in Fars. Aḍud al-Dawla ( Arabic: عضد الدولة) or Azod od-Dowleh Fana Khusraw ( ( September 24, 936, Isfahan - March Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. 'Adud al-Daula consented to Rukn al-Daula's request that Fakhr al-Daula be made the ruler of Ray upon his death, while Hamadan would go to a third son, Mu'ayyad al-Daula, in exchange for a promise that both of them would recognize him as senior amir. See Rayshahr for the Sassanid center of learning in Fars province Mu'ayyad al-Daula (d 983 was the Buyid amir of Hamadan (976-983 Jibal (977-983 Tabaristan (980-983 and Gorgan (981-983 Only eight months later, Rukn al-Daula died and Fakhr al-Daula succeeded him in Ray.
Fakhr al-Daula's reign was shortened by his attempts to repudiate 'Adud al-Daula's authority over him. He allied with his cousin 'Izz al-Daula, who ruled in Baghdad and was an enemy of 'Adud al-Daula. ' Izz al-Daula (d 978 was the Buyid amir of Iraq (967-978 He was born Bakhtiyar and was the son of Mu'izz al-Daula. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous When the latter was defeated by 'Adud al-Daula in 978, Fakhr al-Daula struck up an alliance with the Ziyarid prince Qabus and asked for support from the Samanids. Events By Place Europe Badìa Fiorentina, an abbey in Florence, Italy, is founded by Willa Margravine of Tuscany The Ziyarids, also spelled Zeyarids (زیاریان or آل زیار were an Iranian dynasty that ruled in the Caspian sea provinces of Gorgan The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman Mu'ayyad al-Daula, an ally of 'Adud al-Daula, was entrusted by the senior amir to eradicate Fakhr al-Daula's power. He marched into Fakhr al-Daula's territory, forcing the latter to flee to the Ziyarids. Mu'ayyad al-Daula continued his campaign, however, causing both Fakhr al-Daula and Qabus to seek refuge in Samanid Khurasan. Mu'ayyad al-Daula then ruled Ray as 'Adud al-Daula's subordinate.
Return and height of power
The deaths of 'Adud al-Daula in 983 and Mu'ayyad al-Daula in 984 gave Fakhr al-Daula the chance to recover his inheritance. Events By Place Asia Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon Mu'ayyad al-Daula's vizier, Sahib ibn 'Abbad, held a gathering of the army in Gurgan and convinced it to accept Fakhr al-Daula as his late master's successor. Fakhr al-Daula, who was still in Khurasan, traveled to Gurgan, where he was proclaimed amir. This second ascension resulted in him actually possessing more territory than he had owned before his expulsion in 980. In addition to Ray, he now controlled Mu'ayyad al-Daula's holdings of Hamadan, as well as the formerly Ziyarid lands of Gurgan and Tabaristan. Taking the title of Shâhanshâh, he made Sahib ibn 'Abbad his vizier, and took his advice not to restore Qabus to his former territory. Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages
Fakhr al-Daula managed to gain recognition as senior amir by Taj al-Daula and Diya' al-Daula, who had in the years following 'Adud al-Daula's death become the rulers of Khuzestan and Basra respectively. Taj al-Daula was the Buyid ruler of Khuzestan during the 980s. Diya' al-Daula was the Buyid ruler of Basra during the 980s. He was the son of 'Adud al-Daula. Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra This diplomatic success was of little consequence, however, as the two princes were relatively minor and were forced to seek refuge in Ray when Sharaf al-Daula, who ruled in Fars, expelled them from their provinces. Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris (c 960 - September 7, 988 or September 6, 989) was the Buyid amir of Kerman and Fars At the same time, Fakhr al-Daula attempted to gain a footing in Samanid Khurasan, by supporting the Turkish rebel Tash in his attempts to recover the governorship of that province. This support did not help him, however, as he was defeated and forced to flee to Gurgan at the end of 987. Events By Place Europe Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, is crowned King of France. Fakhr al-Daula made him the governor of Gurgan, where Tash died in 988. Events By Place Africa Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt (the second oldest university in the world
Sharaf al-Daula, who had united Fars and Iraq in 987, had died in 988 and left his brother Baha' al-Daula his empire. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Baha' al-Daula (d December 22 1012) was the Buyid amir of Iraq (988-1012 along with Fars and Kerman (998-1012 Another brother, Samsam al-Daula, seized Fars, Kerman and Khuzestan, depriving Baha' al-Daula of those areas. Marzuban (c 963-December 998 was the Buyid amir of Iraq (983-987 as well as Fars and Kerman (988 or 989-998 Kerman (کرمان is a city in Iran. It is the center of Kerman province. Fakhr al-Daula attempted to take advantage of their rivalry by invading Khuzestan, with the goal of cutting off Iraq from Fars. This action failed due to the rough terrain and climate, and succeeded only in uniting the two brothers against him.
This threat did not last, however, as Samsam al-Daula and Sharaf al-Daula eventually resumed hostilities against each other. Only a few years later, Samsam al-Daula recognized Fakhr al-Daula as senior amir in an effort to secure his increasingly weak position. This marked the height of Fakhr al-Daula's power; in addition to his own territories, he now had authority over Samsam al-Daula, who ruled Fars, Kerman, Khuzestan, and Oman. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast
Campaign against Khurasan and death
Now the ruler of all of Buyid Iran, Fakhr al-Daula, with the support of his vizier Sahib ibn 'Abbad, decided to undertake a campaign to seize Khurasan from the Samanids. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. In 994 or 995 he invaded the province, but was to ultimately prove unsuccessful. Events By Place Europe Sweyn Forkbeard marries Sigrid the Haughty Events By Place Europe Erik Segersäll is succeeded by Olof Skötkonung, the first baptized ruler of Sweden (see Mahmud, the son of the Ghaznavid ruler Sebük Tigin, had been appointed by the Samanids as governor of Khurasan, causing the Ghaznavids to support the defense against the invasion. Mahmud of Ghazni (محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī ( November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030) also known as Yāmīn The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. Abu Mansur Sebük Tigin (in English more commonly called Sebüktegin;) (ca 942 - August 997 is generally regarded by historians as the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire Despite his large amount of forces, Fakhr al-Daula was forced to retreat.
In 995 Sahib ibn 'Abbad died. The vizier had played an important part in maintaining Fakhr al-Daula's grip on Buyid Iran, and his loss was unfortunate. In 997 Fakhr al-Daula himself died. His eldest son, Majd al-Daula, succeeded him in Ray, while his younger son, Shams al-Daula, succeeded him in Hamadan. Abu Taleb Rostam was the Buyid amir of Ray, a city in Iran (997-1029 Abu Taher (d 1021 was the Buyid ruler of Hamadan from 997 to 1021 Due to their youth, Fakhr al-Daula's wife, the "Sayyida", assumed the regency. Fakhr al-Daula's death marked the beginning of the decline of the Buyids in northern Iran; shortly afterwards Qabus managed to restore Ziyarid rule to Gurgan and Tabaristan.
References
- R. N. Frye (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Four: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. ISBN 0-521-20093-8
- Nagel, Tilman. Buyids, Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/articles/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home1/iranica/articles/v4_articles/buyids&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/logs/pdfdownload.html
| Preceded by Rukn al-Daula |
Buyid Amir (in Ray) 976–980 |
Succeeded by Mu'ayyad al-Daula |
| Preceded by Mu'ayyad al-Daula |
Buyid Amir (in Ray, Second Reign) 984–997 |
Succeeded by Majd al-Daula |
| Preceded by Mu'ayyad al-Daula |
Buyid Amir (in Hamadan) 984–997 |
Succeeded by Shams al-Daula |
| Preceded by Mu'ayyad al-Daula |
Buyid Amir (in Gurgan/Tabaristan) 984–997 |
Succeeded by None |