A faculty is a division within a university. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects The concept of a university with different faculties for different subjects dates back to Al-Azhar University,^[1] which had individual faculties for a Madrasah and theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy, and logic in Islamic philosophy. Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. A seminary, theological college, or divinity school is a specialized and often live-in Higher education institution for the purpose of instructing students Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Arabic is a Semitic language See Arabic language for more information on the language in general Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar Logic ( Arabic: Mantiq) played an important role in Early Islamic philosophy. ^[2]

The medieval University of Paris, which served as a model for most of the later medieval universities in Europe, had four faculties: the Faculties of Theology, Law, Medicine, and finally the Faculty of Arts, which every student had to graduate from in order to continue his training in one of the other three, sometimes known as the higher faculties. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century The privilege to establish these four faculties was usually part of all medieval charters for universities, but not every university could in reality do so.

The Faculty of Arts took its name from the seven liberal arts: the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, dialectics) and the quadrivium (arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy). The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education. In medieval universities, the trivium comprised the three subjects taught first Grammar, Logic, and Rhetoric. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions The quadrivium comprised the four subjects or arts taught in Medieval universities after the trivium. Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word αριθμός = number is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics used by almost everyone Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study In German (and Scandinavian) universities this faculty has more often been known as the Faculty of Philosophy. The degree of Magister Artium (Master of Arts) derives its name from the Faculty of Arts, while the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. D) originates within German education and derives its name from the German name of the Arts faculty.

The number of faculties has usually multiplied in modern universities, both through subdivisions of the traditional four faculties, and through the absorption of academic disciplines which have developed within originally vocational schools, in areas such as engineering or agriculture.

North American usage

In North American English, the word "faculty" has also come to be used as a collective noun for the academic staff of a university: senior teachers, lecturers, and/or researchers. North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in North America, namely in the United States In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or Lecturer is a term of Academic rank. In the United Kingdom lecturer is the name given to University Teachers in their first permanent Usually a researcher or scientific researcher is someone who is professionally engaged in Scientific research, technological research or Engineering research The term is most commonly used in this context in the United States and Canada, and generally includes professors of various rank: Assistant Professors, Associate Professors, and (Full) Professors, usually tenured or tenure-track in nature. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Tenure commonly refers to life tenure in a job and specifically to a senior Academic 's Contractual right not to have their position terminated Members of university administration (e. g. , department chairs, deans, vice presidents, presidents) are often also faculty members, in many cases beginning as (and remaining) professors. In Academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit or over a specific area of concern or both

Most university faculty hold a Ph.D. or equivalent doctorate degree. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing Some professionals or instructors from other institutions who are associated with a particular university (e. This article is about people called professionals For the Movie, see The Professional or Leon. g. , by teaching some courses or supervising graduate students) but do not hold professorships may be appointed as adjunct faculty. A graduate school or ("grad school" is a school that awards advanced degrees such as doctoral degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned

Other than universities, community colleges and secondary or primary schools also use the terms faculty and professor to describe their instructors, but this does not hold the same status as a professor in a university. A community college is a type of Educational institution. The term has different meanings in different countries High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Other institutions (e. g. , teaching hospitals) may likewise use the term faculty. A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for In all cases, faculty is a distinct category from staff, although members of both groups are employees of the institution in question. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. This is distinct from, for example, the Australian usage, in which all employees of the institution are staff, of two types - academic staff (North American faculty) and general staff (North American staff).

See also

• Academic rank
• Professor
• University
• College

Notes

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