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Over the course of the Somali Civil War, there have been many revolutionary movements and militia groups run by competing warlords which have held de facto control over vast areas of the country. The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988 Revolutionary movement is a specific type of Social movement dedicated to carrying out a Revolution. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority

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Factions Founded Prior to the Fall of Siad Barre (through 1991)

Somali National Movement (SNM)

Abdi Rahman "Tuur", first President of Somaliland. The Somali National Movement ( Dhaq dhaqaaqa wadaniga soomaliyeed, Arabic الحركة الوطنية الصوماليه was a 1980s Somali rebel group This is a list of presidents of Somaliland. The country is not recognized internationally

Isaaq tribe members had founded the movement in 1981 as emigres to London with the express purpose of overthrowing the Barre regime. They eventually moved to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and gained the support of the Ethiopian government. [1]

On January 2, 1982 operating near Berbera, the group attacked Mandera Prison to free political prisoners while simultaneously raiding Cadaadle armory. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) History The city was first described in the eighth chapter of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written by a Greek merchant in the first century CE

Between 1985 and 1987, the SNM conducted many attacks on government facilities and troops based out of camps in Ethiopia.

By 1988, the SNM moved out of their camps in Ethiopia and began operating in northern Somalia, the area now known as Somaliland. [2] They even temporarily occupied the provincial capitals of Burao and Hargeysa. [1]

They captured government Toyota Land Cruisers turned them into technicals by mounting 12. A technical is a type of Improvised fighting vehicle, typically a civilian or military non-combat vehicle modified to 7 mm and 14. 5 mm machineguns, 106 mm recoilless rifles, and BM-21 rocket launchers. For other uses of the phrase see Machine Gun (disambiguation. A recoilless gun or recoilless rifle (RCL is a lightweight form of Weapon that allows the firing of a heavier projectile than would be practical with a recoiling The BM-21 "Grad" (БМ-21 "Град" meaning Hail) is a launch vehicle of the Soviet 122 mm multiple-launch rocket system developed They also operated various antiaircraft guns, such as the ZU-23-2. The ZU-23, better known as ZU-23-2, is a towed Soviet short-range air defense cannon

By 1991, they had taken control of Hargeysa, Berbera, Burao, and Erigavo. History Prehistoric inhabitants The city is home to Neolithic Cave paintings recently discovered named Laas Geel. History The city was first described in the eighth chapter of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written by a Greek merchant in the first century CE Burao (Burco is the capital city of the Togdheer province of Somalia. Erigabo or Erigavo ( Ceerigaabo) is the administrative Capital of the Sanaag region of Somalia. On May 18, 1991, they declared the Republic of Somaliland. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.

Somali Patriot Movement (SPM)

Begun by a group of disaffected Ogadeni officers. The Somali Patriotic Movement is a Political party and Paramilitary organization in Somalia, and a key faction in the Somali Civil War. General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan ( Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Moorgan) was the Son-in-law of Siad Barre and minister of defense of Somalia.

A key accomplishment was the seizure of Balli-Dogle air base in the days prior to Barre's flight from Mogadishu. [3]

United Somali Congress (USC)

On January 26, 1991, the USC stormed the Presidential palace in Mogadishu, taking control of the capital and forcing Siad Barre into exile. General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (محمد فرح عيديدمحمد فرح عيديد December 15 1934 – August 2 1996 was a controversial Somali leader often described See also Somali Civil War, United Somali Congress Ali Mahdi Muhammad ( Cali Mahdi Maxamed, علي مهدي محمد (born 1938 was president of Mohamed Afrah Qanyare ( Maxamed Qanyare Afrax) (born c 1941 is an ex Somali warlord who was based to the south of Mogadishu Dayniile neighborhoods Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū

In November 1991, factionalism between Gen. Aidid and Ali Mahdi Mahammad caused a split in the USC. Mohamed Qanyare Afrah was chosen to be the Chairman of the smaller, breakaway "USC Madhi" faction. This leadership position was not recognized by Gen. Aidid.

Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF)

Main article: Somali Salvation Democratic Front

Took part in a 1982 Ethiopian border offensive against Somalia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page

The SSDF tried to ally with the SNM in 1983, but they failed to agree to a common strategy. [1]

Somali Democratic Movement (SDM)

Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI)

Factions Founded After the Fall of Siad Barre through the UN Interventions (1991-1995)

Republic of Somaliland

The Isaaq-dominated northern Somaliland region of Somalia declared its independence in 1991, but has not been recognized by any country or international organization as a sovereign nation. Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ( Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal, محمد الحاج ابراهيم ايغال (born August 15 1928 in Odweyne, Dahir Rayale Kahin ( Somali: Daahir Rayaale Kaahin, born 1952 is the President of the self-declared Republic of Somaliland. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. See also Somali clan The Isaaq (also Isaq, Ishaak) ( Reer Sheikh Isaxaaq, اسحاق is one of the main Somali clans The

Somali National Alliance (SNA)

Its constituents included Mohamed Aidid's breakaway United Somali Congress faction, the Somali Patriotic Movement, Southern Somali National Movement, and other southern factions. The Somali National Alliance ( SNA) was a political alliance formed in June 1992 with Mohamed Farrah Aidid as its head General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (محمد فرح عيديدمحمد فرح عيديد December 15 1934 – August 2 1996 was a controversial Somali leader often described Hussein Mohamed Farrah ( Xuseen Maxamed Faarax و حسين محمد فرح born August 16, 1962 in Beledweyne, Somalia) is the son The United Somali Congress (USC is one of the major political and paramilitary organizations of Somalia. The Somali Patriotic Movement is a Political party and Paramilitary organization in Somalia, and a key faction in the Somali Civil War. His son, Hussein Aidid, assumed leadership upon his death. The SNA became the core of the SRRC in 2001. The Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (abbreviated SRRC) was a political movement as well as an armed militia founded by Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aidid

Somali National Front (SNF)

Loyalists to Siad Barre, the remnants of his army forces founded the SNF militia after his ouster from office. The Marehan ( Somali: Mareexaan Arabic:مريحان Marehan bin Ahmed bin Abdirahman bin Is'mail bin Ibrahim al Jaberti) are a Somali

Their intent and goal was to recapture Mogadishu and reinstate the regime of Siad Barre, and to etablish regional state in Gedo, Middle and Lower Jubba.

Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA)

Pro-Barre faction. See also Somali clan The Gadabursi is a northern Somali clan, a sub-clan of the Dir. Fought against other liberation movements during Barre's reign. Reconciled in 1991 with the SNM to form the Republic of Somaliland. Thereafter, sought the independence of Somaliland from the rest of Somalia.

United Somali Front (USF)

The original USF joined with the SNM in the creation of the Republic of Somaliland.

The Issa clan is a Somali clan that spreads across northwest Somaliland and the nation of Djibouti. The "new" USF especially sought to represent the interests of the Djibouti-based Iise.

Somali Africans Muke Organization (SAMO)

(also called Somali Asal Muki Organization)

One of the few non-Somali entities. The Somali Bantu (also called Jareer or Gosha by ethnic Somalis are a minority ethnic group in Somalia, a country largely inhabited by ethnic [4]

Somali National Democratic Union (SNDU)

Somali National Union (SNU)

A political party that was active in the 1960s but was forced into dissolution during the Barre regime. The Benadiri people, also known as Reer Hamar (Reer Xamar are an ethnic group in Somalia. It revived after his downfall.

United Somali Party [USP]

The "new" USP had no affiliation to the original group founded in the 1950s. Mohamed Abdi Hashi ( Maxamed Cabdi Xaashi) is a Somali Politician. Erigabo or Erigavo ( Ceerigaabo) is the administrative Capital of the Sanaag region of Somalia. Las Anod ( Laascaanood) is the administrative capital of Sool region of Somalia. The new group that bore their name were generally pro-Siad, but key participants in the Reconciliation Conference of the Elders of the Republic of Somaliland at Borama in early 1993.

Factions Present at the 1993 Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia

The 1993 Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation and the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia saw the presence of no less than 15 separate factions, including the offshoot SNA branches of USC and SPM. See also Somali Civil War, Disarmament in Somalia A United Nations Economic Commission for Africa-sponsored meeting held in Addis Ababa, See also Somali Civil War, Disarmament in Somalia The Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia was an attempt to end the Somali Civil War It was a plethora of acronyms: SAMO, SDA, SDM, SNA, SNDU, SNF, SNU, SPM, SPM-(SNA), SSDF, SSNM-(SNA), USC-(SNA), USC, USF, USP. Aidid's four SNA-aligned factions comprised a powerful bloc.

The progressive tone of the proceedings was undercut by the actual lack of progress in the regions and on the streets of Mogadishu. In time, new factions emerged as the Somali Civil War entered a new phase: disintegration into independent and autonomous states.

Factions Created after the Departure of the UN Missions (1995 - Present)

Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA)

Jubaland under Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM)

Puntland

Jubaland under Allied Somali Forces (ASF)

Jubaland under Juba Valley Alliance (JVA)

Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SRRC)

Digil-Mirifle Supreme Governing Council (DMSGC)

(See RRA entry)

Transitional Federal Government (TFG)

Southwestern Somalia

Islamic Courts Union (ICU)

Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT)

Galmudug

Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations

References

  1. ^ a b c Somali National Movement Somaliland Net
  2. ^ The Fall of Siad Barre and the Descent into Civil War Nations Encyclopedia
  3. ^ The Liberation Movements of SomaliaJack L. The Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA also known as the Reewin Resistance Army is an autonomist militant group operating in the two southwestern regions of Somalia, Jubaland (Jubbaland or Juba Valley (Dooxada Jubba formerly Trans-Juba (Oltre Giuba is the southwesternmost part of Somalia, on the far side of The Somali Patriotic Movement is a Political party and Paramilitary organization in Somalia, and a key faction in the Somali Civil War. Puntland is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe ( Nugaal region whose leaders declared it to be an autonomous state in 1998 Jubaland (Jubbaland or Juba Valley (Dooxada Jubba formerly Trans-Juba (Oltre Giuba is the southwesternmost part of Somalia, on the far side of The Allied Somali Forces (ASF was a political faction of the Somali Civil War. Jubaland (Jubbaland or Juba Valley (Dooxada Jubba formerly Trans-Juba (Oltre Giuba is the southwesternmost part of Somalia, on the far side of The Juba Valley Alliance (JVA (Somali Isbahaysiga Dooxada Jubba) is a political faction of the Somali Civil War. The Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council (abbreviated SRRC) was a political movement as well as an armed militia founded by Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aidid The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia Southwestern Somalia ( Koonfur-Galbeed Soomaaliya) was an ostensibly autonomous self-proclaimed state in Somalia founded by Hasan Muhammad Nur The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim The Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism ( ARPCT) ( Isbaheysiga Ladagaalanka Argagaxisadda) was a Somali alliance created by various Galmudug, is a secular decentralized state in the central region of Somalia. Al-Shabaab (Arabic "The Youth") also known as As-Shabaab, Hizbul Shabaab (Arabic "The Party of Youth") and Davies, 27 August 1994
  4. ^ SAMO
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