A facsimile (From Latin fac simile, "make like") is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art print or other item of historical value that is as true-to-the-original source as possible using, normally, some form of photographic technique. The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry or simply the Très Riches Heures ( The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry) is a very richly decorated An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes An old master print is a work of art produced by a Printing process within the Western tradition (European or New World Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing They differ from other forms of reproduction by attempting to replicate the source as accurately as possible in terms of scale, colour, condition, and other material qualities. For books and manuscripts, this also entails a complete copy of all pages; hence an incomplete copy is known as a "partial facsimile". Facsimiles are used, for example, by scholars to research a source that they do not have access to otherwise and by museums and archives for museum and media preservation. Preservation of document pictures recordings digital content etc Many are sold commercially.
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Facsimiles in the age of mechanical reproduction
Advances in the art of facsimile is closely related to advances in printmaking. Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Maps, for instance, were the focus of early explorations in making facsimiles, although these examples often lack the rigidity to the original source that is now expected. [1] An early example being Abraham Ortelius's Peutinger map (1598). Abraham Ortelius ( Abraham Ortels) ( April 2, 1527 – June 28, 1598) was a Belgian Cartographer and The Tabula Peutingeriana ( Peutinger table) is an Itinerarium showing the Cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. [1] Innovations during the 18th century, especially in the realms of lithography and aquatint saw an explosion in the number of facsimiles after old master drawings that could be studied from afar. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Aquatint is an intaglio Printmaking technique a variant of Etching. " Old Master " (or " old master " is a term for a European painter of skill who worked before about 1800, or a painting by such [2]
Facsimiles and conservation
Important illuminated manuscripts like Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry are not only on display to the public as facsimiles, but now even scholars may only consult high-quality copies. An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry or simply the Très Riches Heures ( The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry) is a very richly decorated [3] However, unlike normal book reproduction processes, facsimiles remain truer to the original colours—which is especially important for illuminated manuscripts—as well as defects. [4]
Facsimiles play an important role in the study of history, palaeography and other fields where ready-access to an otherwise unavailable original document is essential for close examination. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Palaeography, palæography ( British) or paleography ( American) (from the Greek grc παλαιός palaiós, The copy of Edgar Allan Poe's original manuscript for "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" allows a wider availability of such resources and for researchers to see corrections and changes in the writer's autograph hand in a quality that rivals the original. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " is a Short story by Edgar Allan Poe published in Graham's Magazine in 1841 An autograph is a Document written entirely in the handwriting of its Author, as opposed to a typeset document or
Facsimiles are best suited to printed or hand-written documents, and not to items such as three dimensional objects or oil paintings with unique surface texture. [5] Reproductions of those latter objects are often referred to as replicas. A replica is a copy that is relatively indistinguishable from the original
Books of which facsimiles have been made
A very incomplete list includes:
- Gutenberg Bible
- Book of Kells
- Hours of Catherine of Cleves
- Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry
- Utrecht Psalter
- Voynich Manuscript
References
- ^ a b C. Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible or the Mazarin Bible) is a printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that The Book of Kells (Leabhar Cheanannais (Dublin Trinity College Library MS A The Hours of Catherine of Cleves (The Hours Morgan Library and Museum M The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry or simply the Très Riches Heures ( The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry) is a very richly decorated WikipediaCITE#Citation_styles -->The Utrecht Psalter (Utrecht Universiteitsbibliotheek The Voynich manuscript is a mysterious illustrated Book written in an indecipherable text Koeman, "An Increase in Facsimile Reprints," Imago Mundi, vol. 18 (1964), pp. 87-88.
- ^ Craig Hartley, "Aquatint," The Oxford Companion to Western Art, ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001; Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2005. The Grove Dictionary of Art ( 1996) is a 34-volume Encyclopedia of art [accessed 20 April 2008]. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Paul Lewis, "Preservation takes rare manuscripts from the public," New York Times - 25 January 1987 [accessed 19 April 2008]. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Bronwyn Stocks, "The Facsimile and the Manuscript," - an exhibition in the Leigh Scott Gallery, University of Melbourne (on-line catalogue with additional images). The University of Melbourne is a Public university located in Melbourne, Victoria.
- ^ Richard Godfrey, "Reproduction reproductive prints," The Oxford Companion to Western Art, ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001; Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2005. The Grove Dictionary of Art ( 1996) is a 34-volume Encyclopedia of art [accessed 20 April 2008]. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
External links
Dictionary
facsimile
-noun
- A copy or reproduction.
- A fax, a machine for making and sending copies of printed material and images via radio or telephone network.
- The image sent with the machine itself.
-verb
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