Citizendia

This article is about Fabaceae s. l. (or Leguminosae), as defined by the APG System. For Fabaceae s. s. (or Papilionaceae), as defined by less modern systems, see Faboideae . Faboideae is a Subfamily of the Flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae
Legumes
Kudzu
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Magnoliophyta
Class:Magnoliopsida
Order:Fabales
Family:Fabaceae
Lindl.
Subfamilies

Caesalpinioideae
Mimosoideae
Faboideae

References
GRIN-CA 2002-09-01

The Fabaceae or Leguminosae are a large and economically important family of flowering plants, which is commonly known as the legume family, pea family, bean family or pulse family. Pueraria lobata (syn P montana P thunbergiana) (sometimes known as foot a night vine, mile a minute vine, Gat Gun, Ge Gan and Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Fabales is an order of Flowering plants It is included in the rosid group of the Eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II John Lindley ( February 8, 1799 - November 1, 1865) was an English Botanist. Caesalpinioideae is a Botanical name at the rank of Subfamily, placed in the large family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. As noted below in some classifications (eg the Cronquist system) "Mimosoideae" refers to what here is considered the tribe Mimoseae. Faboideae is a Subfamily of the Flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The name 'Fabaceae' comes from the defunct genus Faba, now included into Vicia. Vicia ( Vetches) is a large genus of about 140 species of Flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to Europe, 'Leguminosae' is an older name still considered valid according to ICBN Art. 18. 5 (Vienna Code) and it refers to the typical fruit of these plants: the legume. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants

It is the third largest family of flowering plants (after Orchidaceae and Asteraceae) with 730 genera and over 19,400 species, according to the Royal Botanical Gardens. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The family Asteraceae or Compositae (known as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family) is the largest family of Flowering The largest genera are Astragalus (more than 2,000 species), Acacia (more than 900 species), Indigofera (700 species), Crotalaria (600 species), Mimosa (500 species). Astragalus ( As-trá-ga-lus) is a large genus of about 2000 species of Herbs and small Shrubs belonging to the Legume Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Indigofera is a large genus of about 700 species of Flowering plants belonging to the family Fabaceae. Desert Senna ( Senna covesii) is also sometimes called "rattlepod" Mimosa is a Genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae.

Glycine max (soya bean), Phaseolus (bean), Pisum sativum (pea), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), and Arachis hypogaea (peanut) are amongst the most well-known Fabaceae. Phaseolus ( Bean, Wild Bean) is a Genus in the Family Fabaceae of about fifty Plant Species, A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico

It is found throughout the world, in many different environments and climates.

Contents

Taxonomy

The Fabaceae are placed into the order Fabales according to most taxonomic systems, including the APG system. Fabales is an order of Flowering plants It is included in the rosid group of the Eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II

The Fabaceae comprise three subfamilies (with distribution and some representative species):

These three subfamilies have been alternatively treated at family level, as in the Cronquist and Dahlgren systems. A system of plant taxonomy, the Cronquist system is a scheme for the classification of flowering plants (or Angiosperms) One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren. However, this choice has not been supported by late 20th century and early 21st century evidence which has shown the Caesalpinioideae to be paraphyletic and the Fabaceae sensu lato to be monophyletic. [1]

The subfamilial name Papilionoideae for Faboideae is approved by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, as is 'Leguminosae' for the Fabaceae s. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal Botanical names that are given to l. .

While the Mimosoideae and the Faboideae are largely monophyletic, the Caesalpinioideae appear to be paraphyletic[2][1] and the tribe Cercideae is probably sister to the rest of the family[3][1]. Moreover, there are a number of genera whose placement into the Caesalpinioideae is not always agreed on (e. g. Dimorphandra). UserPolbot. --> Dimorphandra is a genus of Legume in the Fabaceae family

Description

Fabaceae can be giant trees (see Koompassia excelsa) to annual herbs. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or UserPolbot. --> Koompassia excelsa is an Emergent Tropical Rainforest Tree Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of Synapomorphies include indeterminate inflorescences (sometimes reduced to one flower), a short hypanthium, a single carpel with a short gynophore, and fruits that are legumes. In Evolutionary biology, a synapomorphy is a derived Character state shared by two or more terminal groups ( taxa included in a Cladistic analysis A hypanthium is a floral structure consisting of the bases of the sepals petals and stamens fused together A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower.

Leaves

The leaves are usually alternate and compound. In Botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of the leaves on the stem of a Plant. Most often they are even- or odd-pinnately compound (e. g. Caragana and Robinia respectively), often trifoliate (e. Caragana is a genus of about 80 species of Flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to Asia and eastern Europe. Robinia is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, native to North America and northern g. Trifolium, Medicago) and rarely palmately compound (e. Alsike redirects here Alsike Sweden is also a town in the Knivsta Municipality, Sweden. Medicago (family Fabaceae, the Legume family is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as medick or burclover. g. Lupinus), in the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae commonly bipinnate (e. Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the Genus Lupinus in the legume family g. Acacia, Mimosa). Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Mimosa is a Genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae. They always have stipules, which can be leaf-like (e. In Botany, stipule ( Latin stipula: straw stalk is a term coined by Linnaeus g. Pisum), thorn-like (e. Pisum is a genus of the family Fabaceae, native to southwest Asia and northeast Africa. g. Robinia) or be rather inconspicuous. Robinia is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, native to North America and northern The leaflets have sometimes evolved into tendrils (e. In Botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, Leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape that is used by Climbing plants for support g. Vicia). Vicia ( Vetches) is a large genus of about 140 species of Flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Their margin is entire or, occasionally, serrate. Both the leaves and the leaflets often have wrinkled pulvini to permit nastic movements. A pulvinus (pl pulvini) is a Joint -like thickening at the base of a plant Leaf or leaflet that facilitates nyctinastic and thigmonastic Nastic movements are non-directional Responses to stimuli (eg

In many species the leaves have structures evolved to attract ants, that, being predatory, protect the plant from herbivore insects (a form of coevolution). Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order In a broad sense biological co-evolution is "the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object" Extrafloral nectaries are common among the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae and are also found in some Faboideae (e. Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral g. Vicia sativa). Common Vetch ( Vicia sativa L also known as Tare or Vetch, is a Nitrogen fixing leguminous plant In some Acacia the modified hollow stipules are inhabited by ants. Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first

Flowers

A flower of Wisteria sinensis, Faboideae. Two petals have been removed to show stamens and pistil
A flower of Wisteria sinensis, Faboideae. Wisteria sinensis ( Chinese Wisteria) is a woody, Deciduous, perennial climbing Vine in the genus Wisteria Two petals have been removed to show stamens and pistil

The flowers always have five generally fused sepals and five free petals. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla The are generally hermaphrodite and have a short hypanthium, usually cup shaped. Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom A hypanthium is a floral structure consisting of the bases of the sepals petals and stamens fused together There are normally ten stamens and one elongated superior ovary, with a curved style. The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male In the Flowering plants an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or Gynoecium. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. They are usually arranged in indeterminate inflorescences. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches Fabaceae are typically entomophilous plants (i. See also Pollination syndrome Entomophily is a form of pollination whereby Pollen is distributed by Insects particularly Bees e. they are pollinated by insects) and the flower are usually showy to attract the pollinators. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described A pollinator is the biotic agent ( vector) that moves Pollen from the male Anthers of a Flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish

In the Caesalpinioideae the flowers are often zygomorphic, as in Cercis, or nearly symmetrical with five equal petals in Bauhinia. Caesalpinioideae is a Botanical name at the rank of Subfamily, placed in the large family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts Cercis, or Redbuds, is a genus of about 6-10 species in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the pea family Fabaceae, native to warm- Temperate Bauhinia is a Genus of more than 200 species of Flowering plants in the Subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the large Flowering The upper petal is the innermost one, unlike in the Faboideae. Faboideae is a Subfamily of the Flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae Some species, like some in the genus Senna, have asymmetric flowers, with one of the lower petals larger than the opposing one and the style bent to one side. Senna (from Arabic sanā) the sennas, is a large Genus of around 250 Species of Flowering plants in the The calyx, corolla, or stamens can be showy in this group.

In the Mimosoideae the flowers are actinomorphic and arranged in globose inflorescences. As noted below in some classifications (eg the Cronquist system) "Mimosoideae" refers to what here is considered the tribe Mimoseae. Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches The petals are small and the stamens, which can be more than just ten, have long coloured filaments which are the most showy part of the flower. All of the flowers in an inflorescence open at once.

In the Faboideae the flowers are always zygomorphic and have a specialized structure. Faboideae is a Subfamily of the Flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae Floral symmetry refers to whether and how a Flower can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts The upper petal, called the banner, is large and envelops the rest of the petals in bud, often reflexing when the flower blooms. The two adjacent petals, the wings, surround the two bottom petals. The two bottom petals are fused together at the apex (remaining free at the base), forming a boat-like structure called the keel. The stamens are always ten in number and their filaments can be fused in various configurations, often in a group of nine stamens plus one separate stamen.

Fruit

Main article: Legume
Legume of Vicia angustifolia
Legume of Vicia angustifolia

The ovary most typically develops into a legume. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants A legume is a simple dry fruit that usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Dehiscence is the spontaneous opening at maturity of a plant structure such as a Fruit, Anther, or Sporangium, to release its contents A common name for this type of fruit is a "pod", although that can also be applied to a few other fruit types. A few species have evolved samarae, loments, follicles, indehiscent legumes, achenes, drupes, and berries from the basic legume fruit. A samara is a type of Fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous papery tissue develops from the ovary wall A loment is a type of modified Legume that breaks apart at constrictions occurring between the segments of the seeds In botany a follicle is a dry unilocular many-seeded Fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing by the ventral suture in order to release seeds such as in Larkspur An achene is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants Achenes are "monocarpellate" (formed from one Carpel In Botany, a drupe is a Fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( Exocarp, or skin and Mesocarp, or flesh surrounds a shell (the pit Berrie was the original band name of The Mad Capsule Markets.

Roots

Main article: Root nodule

Many Fabaceae host bacteria in their roots within structures called root nodules. Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with Vigna bacteria. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with Vigna bacteria. These bacteria, known as rhizobia, have the ability to take nitrogen gas (N2) out of the air and convert it to a form of nitrogen that is usable to the host plant ( NO3- or NH3 ). Rhizobia (from the Greek words rhiza = root and bios = Life are Soil bacteria that fix Nitrogen ( Diazotrophy Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor This process is called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into The legume, acting as a host, and rhizobia, acting as a provider of usable nitrate, form a symbiotic relationship. Rhizobia (from the Greek words rhiza = root and bios = Life are Soil bacteria that fix Nitrogen ( Diazotrophy This article is about the biological phenomenon for other uses see Symbiosis (disambiguation The term symbiosis (from the Greek

Uses

The history of legumes is tied in closely with that of human civilization, appearing early in Asia, the Americas (the common bean, several varieties) and Europe (broad beans) by 6,000 BC, where they became a staple, essential for supplementing protein where there was not enough meat. Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America

Their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen reduces fertilizer costs for farmers and gardeners who grow legumes, and means that legumes can be used in a crop rotation to replenish soil that has been depleted of nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which Nitrogen is taken from its natural relatively inert molecular form (N2 in the atmosphere and converted into Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Legume seed and foliage has a comparatively higher protein content than non-legume material, due to the additional nitrogen that legumes receive through the process. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl

Farmed legumes can belong to numerous classes including forage, grain, blooms, pharmaceutical/industrial, fallow/green manure and timber species, with most commercially farmed species filling two or more roles simultaneously. In Agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any Foodstuff that is used specifically to feed Domesticated Livestock, such as

There are of two broad types of forage legumes. Some, like alfalfa, clover, vetch, Arachis, are sown in pasture and grazed by livestock. Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop Alsike redirects here Alsike Sweden is also a town in the Knivsta Municipality, Sweden. Vicia ( Vetches) is a large genus of about 140 species of Flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Arachis is a Genus of about 70 Species of annual and perennial Flowering plants in the pea family ( Fabaceae) native to South Pasture is land with Herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of Ungulate Livestock as part of a Farm or Ranch. Other forage legumes such as Leucaena or Albizia are woody shrub or tree species that are either broken down by livestock or regularly cut by humans to provide stock feed. Leucaena is a Genus of about 24 species of leguminous trees and shrubs distributed from Texas, U Albizia is a Genus of about 150 Species of mostly fast-growing Subtropical and Tropical Trees and Shrubs

Grain legumes are cultivated for their seeds, and are also called pulses. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve Grains or Seeds of variable size shape and color within a Pod, according The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for the production of oils for industrial uses. Grain legumes include both herbaceous plants like beans, lentils, lupins, peas and peanuts. Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal The lentil or daal or pulse ( Lens culinaris) is a bushy Annual plant of the legume family grown for its lens-shaped Seeds Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the Genus Lupinus in the legume family A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico [4] and trees such as carob and tamarind. The Carob tree (from Arabic: خروب "kharūb" and Hebrew: חרוב Charuv) Ceratonia siliqua, is a Leguminous This article refers to the tree For other uses see Tamarindo (disambiguation.

Bloom legume species include species such as lupin, which are farmed commercially for their blooms as well as being popular in gardens worldwide. Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the Genus Lupinus in the legume family Laburnum, Robinia, Gleditsia, Acacia, Mimosa, and Delonix are ornamental trees and shrubs. "Indian laburnum" is the Golden Shower Tree, a distant relative of the genus Laburnum Robinia is a Genus of Flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, native to North America and northern Gleditsia is a Genus of locust Trees in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, native to North America Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Mimosa is a Genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae. The Genus Delonix forms part of the Subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the pea family Fabaceae. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree

Industrial farmed legumes include Indigofera, cultivated for the production of indigo, Acacia, for gum arabic and Derris for the insecticide action of rotenone, a compound it produces. Indigofera is a large genus of about 700 species of Flowering plants belonging to the family Fabaceae. Indigo is the Color on the Electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in Wavelength, placing it between Blue and violet Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Gum arabic, a Natural gum also called gum acacia, and chaar gund or char goond (in India is the hardened Sap taken from two species Derris is a climbing leguminous plant of Southeast Asia and the southwest Pacific islands including New Guinea. Rotenone is an odorless chemical that is used as a broad-spectrum Insecticide, Piscicide, and Pesticide.

Fallow or green manure legume species are cultivated to be tilled back into the soil in order exploit the high nitrogen levels found in most legumes. Numerous legumes are farmed for this purpose including Leucaena, Cyamopsis and Sesbania. Leucaena is a Genus of about 24 species of leguminous trees and shrubs distributed from Texas, U Cyamopsis is a genus of the family Fabaceae. Its species are distributed across Africa, Asia and the Pacific. Sesbania is a genus from the family Fabaceae with some aquatic species

Various legume species are farmed for timber production worldwide including numerous Acacia species, Erythroxylum and Castanospermum australe. Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first Erythroxylum (= Erythroxylon) is a Genus of tropical Flowering plants in the family Erythroxylaceae. Castanospermum australe ( Moreton Bay Chestnut or Blackbean) the only species in the genus Castanospermum, is a Flowering

Some plants of this family are important pests. A pest is an organism which has characteristics that are regarded by Humans as injurious or unwanted For example, Pueraria lobata (kudzu), an east Asian species originally planted in the U. Pueraria lobata (syn P montana P thunbergiana) (sometimes known as foot a night vine, mile a minute vine, Gat Gun, Ge Gan and S. southeast for soil improvement and as a cattle feed, has there become extremely invasive. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions

Image gallery

Acacia baileyana

Indigofera gerardiana

Tendrils of Lathyrus odoratus

Inflorescence of Trifolium repens

Pisum sativum; note the leaf-like stipules

Inflorescence of Lupinus arboreus

Loment of Alysicarpus vaginalis

References and sources

  1. ^ a b c Martin F. The Cootamundra Wattle is a Shrub or Tree in the Family Fabaceae. Sweet Pea ( Lathyrus odoratus) is a Flowering plant in the genus Lathyrus in the family Fabaceae ( Legumes, native White Clover ( Trifolium repens) is a Species of Clover native to Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum Lupinus arboreus ( Yellow Bush Lupine) is a species of Lupine native to the western United States in California, where it is widely Alysicarpus is a genus of plants in the family Fabaceae. some species Alysicarpus nummularifolius; according to some Wojciechowski, Johanna Mahn, and Bruce Jones (2006). Fabaceae. The Tree of Life Web Project.
  2. ^ Chapphill 1994; Tucker & Douglas 1004; Doyle 1983; Doyle & al. 1997.
  3. ^ J. J. Doyle & al. 2000 and references; Bruneau & al. 2001
  4. ^ The gene bank and breeding of grain legumes (lupine, vetch, soya and beah) / B. S. Kurlovich and S. I. Repyev (Eds. ), - St. Petersburg, The N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, 1995, 438p. - (Theoretical basis of plant breeding. V. 111)

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