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FROLINAT (French: Front de Libération Nationale du Tchad; English National Liberation Front of Chad) is an insurgent rebel group that was active in Chad between 1966 and 1993. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Chad (Tchad تشاد Tshād) officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a Landlocked country in Central Africa. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)

Contents

Origins

The organization was born as the result of a political union between the leftist Chadian National Union (UNT), led by Ibrahim Abatcha, and the General Union of the Children of Chad (Union Générale des Fils du Tchad or UGFT) which was led by Ahmed Hassan Musa. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions The Chadian National Union ( Union Nationale Tchadienne or UNT was a radical Muslim political party founded in 1958 in Chad by Issa Dana Mahamut Outman Ibrahim Abatcha (1938&ndash February 11, 1968) was a Muslim Chadian politician reputed of Marxist leanings and associations Ahmed Hassan Musa (died 1979 was a Chadian insurgent who participated to the first phase of the Chadian Civil War. Musa was close to the Muslim Brotherhood and was an Islamist. The Muslim Brothers ( Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only The UGFT remained autonomous within the new group under the banner of the Liberation Front of Chad (FLT). The Liberation Front of Chad ( Front de Libération du Tchad or FLT was an insurgent group active between 1965 and 1976 during the first phase of the Chadian Civil War The union was agreed at the Nyala Congress, in Sudan, between June 19 and June 22 of 1966. Nyala ( Daju: "the place of chatting or a theatre" is the capital of South Darfur state in the western part of the Sudan. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The group's flag was approved at the same congress.

Secretary-general was proclaimed Abatcha, while another cadre of the UNT, Abou Bakar Djalabou, was designed to lead the delegation that was to represent the movement abroad. A committee was also selected at the congress, composed of thirty members taken equally from the UNT and the FLT. The front was composed exclusively by Muslim northerners, and there was to be no attempt to create a link with the Southern expatriates in the Central African Republic. Central Africa|Central African FederationThe Central African Republic ( CAR) République Centrafricaine ʀepyblik sɑ̃tʀafʀikɛn or Centrafrique) is a Landlocked [1]

The movement's official program, also approved at the Nyala congress, proclaimed the rejection of secession, confessional politics and ethnic discrimination, and that neocolonialism should be fought in order to "regain the total national independence of our fatherland". Confessionalism is a System of government that distributes political and institutional power proportionally among religious communities List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Neocolonialism is a term used by post-colonial critics of Developed countries ' involvement in the developing world A coalition government, national and democratic, was to be formed, and all political prisoners freed. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity All foreign troops were to leave, and support was to be given to national liberation movements, and a foreign policy of positive neutrality searched. The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM) is an International organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc Quite vague were the economic objectives: wages would be raised, arbitrary taxes abolished and the land given to the tillers. In conclusion, "the document was so vague and so general it could have been written for any country under the sun. "[2]

While the FROLINAT was originally composed of few members, it could count on the fact that the Chadian state was already in disarray; the southern-dominated government despised and bypassed the Muslim traditional leaders, and already in 1963 the most important Northern politicians had been arrested, and all important positions in the Chadian Armed Forces and in the local administration was kept by non-Muslim Southerners. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Chadian Armed Forces ( Forces Armées Tchadiennes or FAT were the army of the central government of Chad from 1960 to 1979, under the southern To cite Sam Nolutschungu, "everyone knew that the regime was corrupt, cruel, arbitrary, and absurd. "[3]

This miscontent generated already in November 1965 the bloody Mangalmé riots, that gave way to a number of loosely knitted peasant revolts in central and eastern Chad, that from Mangalmé and nearby Batha Prefecture, rapidly spread to Ouaddaï and Salamat prefectures, where in February 1967 the prefect and his deputy were killed. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The Mangalmé riots are clashes that erupted in central Chad, starting in the village of Mangalmé in the Guéra Prefecture. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. Chad was divided into 14 Prefectures from 1960, the year of independence to 1999, when the country was divided in 28 departments A further Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. In northern Chad, in the BET Prefecture, also in 1965 unrest had started expanding. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad In 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. So Abatcha, when with seven North Korean trained companions, penetrated in Eastern Chad in November 1966, could count on a territory that was already in full revolt. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, [4]

Musa and the most conservative elements of the FLT pulled out of the FROLINAT already at the end on 1966, but a dualism was always to remain between the socialist, anti-imperialist, even Pan-African UNT element and more the conservative and regionalist UGFT tradition. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Anti-imperialism, strictly speaking is a term that may be applied to or movement opposed to some form of Imperialism. Pan-Africanism is a Sociopolitical World view, and Philosophy, as well as a movement which seeks to unify both Native Africans and those of Another element of division consisted in the dualism between the two originary areas of the rebellion, that is Kanem and the East: the first region mainly attracting support from Chadians living in Egypt and the Central African Republic, the second mainly from Sudan. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. [5]

With the forces of both groups combined began in the same year to operate in the mid-east of the country, under the direct command of Abatcha. Shortly after, in March 1968, a lieutenant of Abatcha, Mohammed Taher, instigated a mutiny by the Daza Toubou of the Nomad and National Guard (GNN) of Aozou, that was evacuated by the national army in September. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Daza people are a Semi-nomadic ethnicity living primarily in the Sahara regions of south-eastern Niger and north and central Chad The Toubou (also called Tebu or Tubu or Tebou) are an Ethnic group that live mainly in northern Chad, but also in Libya The National and Nomadic Guard of Chad ( Garde Nationale et Nomade du Tchad or GNNT) is one of four defence and security forces in Chad. Taher had already recruited militants among the Teda Toubou in the Borkou, and shortly after the Aozou mutiny obtained the support of Goukouni Oueddei, an influential figure among the Teda of the Tibesti and son of the derde of the Toubou, Oueddei Kichidemi. The Teda are a Toubou ethnic group that lives mostly in northern Chad, but is present also in Libya, Niger and Nigeria. Borkou, or Borku, is a region of Central Africa, mostly in Northern Chad, forming part of the transitional zone between the arid wastes of the Sahara and Goukouni Oueddei (born 1944 is a Chadian political figure He was Head of State of Chad in 1979 and again from 1979 to 1982 The Tibesti Mountains are a group of Dormant volcanoes forming a Mountain range in the central Sahara Desert in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti The derde is the title held by the highest religious and political authority among the Toubou Teda of the Tibesti, in north-western Chad Oueddei Kichidemi was the father of the former Chadian President Goukouni Oueddei and was the tribal leader or Derde, of the Toubou This extended the insurgency to the north and Toubou nomads, adding a new element of complexity to the rebellion and bringing in the support to the movement of the Chadians living in Libya, and especially the students of the Islamic University of al-Bayda. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Zawiyat Al Bayda' (also transliterated as Al-Baidhah, El-Beda or Beida) (البيضاء is a city in northeast Libya. [6]

Dissensions

On February 11, 1968 Abatcha was killed in combat and a battle for succession ensued, in which two candidates were assassinated and a third was forced to escape to Sudan. Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. At the end had emerged victorious Abba Sidick, a moderate left-wing intellectual and former minister of Tombalbaye, who was made in 1970 new secretary-general of the FROLINAT, establishing the headquarters of the organization in Tripoli. Abba Siddick is a Muslim Chadian politician and revolutionary born in what was the Oubangui-Chari French colony (today Central African An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: [7]

In the meanwhile, Abatcha's death did not easy the situation for the government, nor did the formation in 1969 of two separate FROLINAT armies. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. These were the First Liberation Army of the FROLINAT, or la Première Armée, a loose coalition of warlords engaged in hit-and-run tactics, that was a faction-ridden force whose groups often fought among themselves and engaged in banditry, active mainly in central Chad; and the Second Liberation Army, or la Deuxième Armée, which operated in the north, and was composed mainly by Toubou. This last force after the death of Mohammed Taher in 1969 came under the control of Goukouni Oueddei. [8]

These divisions did not help much the Chadian government; Tombalbaye's authority in the central and northern parts of the country limited itself to a patchwork of urban centers, often connected only by air. [9] This forced the Chadian President to ask in 1968 for French intervention, on the ground of military accords between the two countries. The French President De Gaulle accepted in 1969, giving start on April 14 to Opération Bison. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Opération Bison is the name given to the French military operation in Chad in the years 1969&ndash1972 [10]

When Siddick made in 1971 a call for the union of the different groups he was opposed by Goukouni Oueddei and Hissène Habré, who commanded the Second Liberation Army of the FROLINAT, renamed Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North (Conseil de Commandement des Forces Armeés du Nord or CCFAN) in February 1972. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Goukouni Oueddei (born 1944 is a Chadian political figure He was Head of State of Chad in 1979 and again from 1979 to 1982 Hissène Habré (born 1942 also spelled Hissen Habré, was the leader of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 The Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North ( Conseil de Commandement des Forces Armées du Nord or CCFAN was a Chadian rebel army active during the Chadian Civil Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Only the first army of the FROLINAT, operating in eastern and centre-eastern Chad, remained loyal to Siddick. Another armed faction that emerged was the Volcan Army, built by Muhammad Baghlani, a FROLINAT group with an Islamist tendency. The Volcan Army was a Chadian insurgent rebel group that was active during the Chadian Civil War. Mohamed Baghlani (d 1977 was a Chadian insurgent leader during the Chadian Civil War.

In 1969 Chadian President, François Tombalbaye, appealed to France for help. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. List of Heads of State of Chad (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office Affiliations Last elections François Tombalbaye, also called Ngarta Tombalbaye ( June 15, 1918 &ndash April 13, 1975) was a teacher and a Trade union This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. As a result, a French mission arrived with ample powers to reform the army and the civil service and to recommend the abolition of unpopular laws and taxes. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Also following their recommendations, the judicial powers of traditional Muslim rulers were restored. Another conciliatory move was the liberation in 1971 of many political prisoners and the formation of a more balanced government, including many more northerners than before. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. The result of these moves was positive; the insurgents were confined to the Tibesti and the French started retiring their troops, which had played a key role in the years 1969–1971. The Tibesti Mountains are a group of Dormant volcanoes forming a Mountain range in the central Sahara Desert in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Certain to have defeated the FROLINAT, Tombalbaye left the reforms in the summer of 1971 and accused some of the recently freed political prisoners of having attempted a coup d'état with the help of Libya. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab In reaction Libyan president Muammar al-Gaddafi officially recognized Abba Siddick's FROLINAT, offering him economic and logistic support. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi The Libyans then began to occupy the Aouzou strip.

The manifestations of student rioting in November 1971 caused the destitution of the Chadian Chief of Staff, general Jacques Doumro; his position was occupied by colonel Félix Malloum. The chief of staff is the chief aide to the Commander of larger military Formations and Units It is sometimes the case that the chief of staff is more directly Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country General Félix Malloum or Félix Malloum Ngakoutou Bey-Ndi (born 1932 is a Chadian politician from the south In 1972 Tombalbaye jailed hundreds of political opponents and to block his enemies initiated a policy of gestures towards Libya and France. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Libya reduced its support for Siddick and infighting exploded between the first army of the FROLINAT and Habré's FAN. The first army won assuming control of Ennedi, while the FAN retired to the Borkou and Tibesti. The Ennedi Plateau, located in the North-East of Chad, in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region, is a Sandstone bulkwark in the middle of the Sahara Borkou, or Borku, is a region of Central Africa, mostly in Northern Chad, forming part of the transitional zone between the arid wastes of the Sahara and The Tibesti Mountains are a group of Dormant volcanoes forming a Mountain range in the central Sahara Desert in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti The kidnapping at Bardaï of a French archaeologist, Françoise Claustre, by Habré's forces clouded the relations of the latter with France (April 1974). Bardaï is a small town and Oasis in the extreme north of Chad, the main town of the Tibesti area, one of the four departments of the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Françoise Claustre (8 February 1937 &ndash 3 September 2006 was a French archeologist who was taken hostage by a group of Chadian rebels led by Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

In June of 1973 Tombalbaye jailed his Chief of Staff General Malloum. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. A political opponent, the liberal Outel Bono, was on the verge of forming a new political party when he was assassinated in Paris and Tombalbaye was accused of the crime. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Outel Bono (died 26 August 1973) was a Chadian medical doctor and politician Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The president lost support within his party, the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), causing Tombalbaye to replace it with a new one, the National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution (MNRCS), and to start an Africanization campaign. The Chadian Progressive Party ( Parti Progressiste Tchadien or PPT was the first African political party created in Chad, active from 1947 to 1973 The National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution ( Mouvement National pour la Révolution Culturelle et Sociale or MNRCS was a political party in Chad. Africanization (lit making something African or Africanized has been applied in various contexts notably in naming and in the composition of staff The colonial names of some cities were changed with autochthonous names: Fort-Lamy became N'Djamena, Fort-Archambault became Sarh, among others. N'Djamena (ənʤəˈmeɪnə Arabic Niǧāmīnā نجامينا population 721000 (2005 is the Capital city of Chad. Sarh (formerly Fort Archambault) is the third largest city in Chad, the capital of Moyen-Chari region and the department of Barh Köh He himself changed his name from François to Ngarta. An element of this Africanization was the introduction of yondo initiation rites proper of the Sara (his ethnic group) for all those who wanted to obtain positions in the civil service and the army, rites that were seen as anti-Christian. The Sara are an Ethnic group in Central Africa, who reside mostly in Chad, making up approximatively 30% of its southern population See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings This, with forced "voluntary" mobilization of the population in agricultural campaigns, mined his support in the south. He also lost the support of the army by arresting many young officers whom he accused of planning a coup: as a result, Tombalbaye was killed and overthrown by a coup on April 13, 1975. The Chadian coup of 1975 was in considerable part generated by the growing distrust of the President of Chad, François Tombalbaye, for the army Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was succeeded by Félix Malloum as head of the Supreme Military Council (CSM). General Félix Malloum or Félix Malloum Ngakoutou Bey-Ndi (born 1932 is a Chadian politician from the south The new government included many northerners, but southerners retained a majority. Notwithstanding some popular measures, the government could not satisfy the people's demands. The capital saw new student strikes and the trade unions were suspended. In April 1976 there was an unsuccessful attempt to kill Malloum, and in March 1977 a mutiny by units army in the capital was suppressed by the execution of its ringleaders. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays

After the death of Tombalbaye, FROLINAT had continued its dismemberment. A group active in the east, the FLT, entered in the new government of N'Djamena in July. Oueddei Kichidemi returned from his exile in Libya in the summer of 1975; his son Goukouni Oueddei remained there instead. Oueddei Kichidemi was the father of the former Chadian President Goukouni Oueddei and was the tribal leader or Derde, of the Toubou Goukouni Oueddei (born 1944 is a Chadian political figure He was Head of State of Chad in 1979 and again from 1979 to 1982 Habré and Goukouni had formed the CCFAN with the design to unite all the northern elements of the FROLINAT under their banner, but now the situation was heavily embroiled by the affair Claustre, which brought France to negotiate directly with the rebels and not sustain Tombalbaye's successor, Malloum, who reacted by asking the 1,500 French troops in Chad to leave the country.

Goukouni vs. Habré

In 1976 and 1977 Libya supported active to the FROLINAT. Faya-Largeau was besieged twice in 1976 and Bardaï was conquered in June 1977 by Habré. The question of Libyan support caused a rupture between Goukouni and Habré, both Toubous but of traditionally opposed clans, whom circumstances had made allies in 1971. The Toubou (also called Tebu or Tubu or Tebou) are an Ethnic group that live mainly in northern Chad, but also in Libya Habré opposed the Libyan plans of annexation of the Aozou Strip, while Goukouni was against the Claustre kidnapping. In 1976 Habré, commanding only a minority of the CCFAN, broke away from the main organization with a few hundred followers and assumed his headquarters in the Batha and Biltine prefectures, founding the Armed Forces of the North (FAN). This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. Chad was divided into 14 Prefectures from 1960, the year of independence to 1999, when the country was divided in 28 departments A further The Armed Forces of the North ( Forces Armées du Nord or FAN was a Chadian rebel army active during the Chadian Civil War. Goukouni, along with the rest of the forces, kept the name CCFAN and gave the hostages to the French in January 1977.

In September 1977 Habré started negotiating an alliance with the Malloum and the Military Supreme Council for the formation of a national unity government, that was created in August 1978 with Malloum as president and Habré as Prime minister. National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) At the same time Goukouni consolidated his positions in the north, united most of the insurgent formations, including the first army of the FROLINAT and the majority of the CCFAN. All these formations united under the banner of the newly formed People's Armed Forces (FAP), leaded by Goukouni, who conquered Faya-Largeau in February 1979, assuming control of half the Chadian territory. The People's Armed Forces ( Forces Armées Populaires or FAP was a Chadian insurgent group composed of followers of Goukouni Oueddei after the schism with His advance towards the capital seemed unstoppable, and only the intervention of the French army made it possible to block him at Ati, less than 300 miles north of N'Djamena. Ati is a city in Chad, the capital of the region of Batha. It lies 278 miles by road east of the capital N'Djamena.

In 1979 the national unity government was finished. Habré and Malloum confronted each other in the capital and in February Habré was left in control, while Chadian Armed Forces (FAT) retired itself towards the south. The Chadian Armed Forces ( Forces Armées Tchadiennes or FAT were the army of the central government of Chad from 1960 to 1979, under the southern Shortly before another FROLINAT group was had been formed in January 1978 as the Third Liberation Army of the FROLINAT (later called Popular Movement for the Liberation of Chad, or MPLT), led by Aboubakar Abdel Rahmane, once an ally of Goukouni; this group defeated the government's forces in the west. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Chad ( Mouvement Populaire pour la Libération du Tchad or MPLT was a small rebel group active in Chad during the civil Aboubakar Abdel Rahmane (died 1979 was a Chadian warlord active during the civil war (1966&ndash1993 The First Liberation Army of the FROLINAT reassumed its autonomy, taking control of the eastern prefectures of Ouaddaï and Biltine. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. This article refers to one of the former prefectures of Chad From 2002 the country was divided into 18 regions. In the south the Chadian Armed Forces, the former national army, was reorganized by the lieutenant Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué, former head of Malloum's gendarmerie, who established in May 1979 the south of the country a government called Permanent Committee. The Chadian Armed Forces ( Forces Armées Tchadiennes or FAT were the army of the central government of Chad from 1960 to 1979, under the southern Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué (born May 20, 1939) is a Chadian politician and former army officer A gendarmerie or gendarmery (dʒɛnˈdɑrməriː or /ˌʒɑndɑrməˈriː/ after the French is a Military body charged with Police duties among civilian Goukouni took advantage of such a chaotic situation and appeared in N'Djamena before Habré had obtained complete control, and took the capital.

The GUNT and its failure

International moves were made to put an end to the civil war. Nigeria kept in March 1979 at Kano a reconciliation conference. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Kano is the administrative center of the Kano State and the third largest City in Nigeria, in terms New parties with little or none roots in Chad were formed to be present at this conference, like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Chad (FPLT), headed by Awad Muktar Nasser, a force sustained by Sudan; or the South Front, founded in April 1979, a Muslim group composed of a few dozens of fighters commanded by the Sudanese police sergeant (of Chadian origin) Hadjaro al-Senousi, who boasted to lead an "original FROLINAT", and to have no less than 3,000 men ready in Sudan. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Chad ( Front Populaire pour la Libération du Tchad or FPLT was a small insurgent group active during the Chadian Civil War Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Sergeant is a rank used in some form by most militaries police forces and other uniformed organizations around the world Similar to these was in Sudan a so-called "Government in exile of the Islamic republic of Chad".

But only four forces were at the end invited at Kano I: these were the FAN, the FAP, Malloum for the national government, and, more surprisingly, the small MPLT, supported by Nigeria. On the basis of the Kano Accord a national unity government was formed on April 29, 1979, with Goukouni as Interior minister, Habré at the Defence, the general Negue Djogo vice-president (who represented the south, but had broken with Kamougué). The Kano Accord was preceded by the collapse of central authority in Chad in 1979, when the Prime Minister Hissène Habré had unleashed on February A defence minister (or defense minister) is a Cabinet position which regulates the Armed forces in some sovereign nations Negue Djogo was a Chadian officer and politician A French -trained Sara officer his first prominent assignement came in 1966 when still a lieutenant The president was Lol Mahamat Choua, a protegé of Habré recommended by Nigeria. Lol Mahamat Choua (born 1939 is a Chadian politician who served as his country's Head of State for four months in 1979 Libya protested against these arrangements because they excluded Ahmat Acyl, who had succeeded Baghlani as commander of the Volcan Army aftr the death of the latter in a flight accident. Ahmat Acyl (1944 - 1982 was a Chadian Arab insurgent leader during the Chadian Civil War. As a result Acyl and other pro-Libyan elements formed the Front for Joint Provisional Action (Front d'Action Commune Provisoire or FACP) to oppose the new government (it was renamed a month later Revolutionary Democratic Council). Weeks later, to settle these dissensions, another peace conference was celebrated May in the Nigerian city of Lagos. Lagos ( pron ˈleɪgɒs or /ˈlɑːgoʊs/ overseas is the most populous Conurbation in Nigeria with In summer yet a new government was formed, the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT), after a third conference held in July at Lagos which proclaimed Goukouni president, Kamougué vice-president and Habré Defence minister. The Transitional Government of National Unity ( Gouvernement d'Union Nationale de Transition or GUNT was the coalition government of armed groups that nominally ruled Chad As a result, by September the French troops had left almost completely the country.

But the cohesion of the GUNT did not much survive their departure: on March 22, 1980, a new battle exploded in N'Djamena among Goukouni and Habré's forces. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) A few ceasefire were negotiated, but none resisted. A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees In the meanwhile other warlords entered in the fray: Kamougué sided with Goukouni, Acyl with Habré, leaving the city divided in two with the northern part kept by Goukouni and the southern by Habré, who lost now the Defence ministry. The fighting extended to other parts of the country. The forces of Goukouni took Faya-Largeau and cut Habré's supply lines with Sudan. Faya-Largeau (also known as Faya) is the largest city in northern Chad and the capital of the region of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti. On June 15, 1980, Chad and Libya signed a treaty of mutual defence. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history In virtue of this agreement the forces of Kamougué and Goukouni received tanks, airplanes and other materials, and crushed the forces of Habré who fled to Cameroon while his men in the capital and the east of the country were disarmed. The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa.

In 1981 the governments of Chad and Libya announced their intention to form a single country. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 But French increasing support for Goukouni prepared what happened on October 29, 1981, when the GUNT's president asked Libyan troops to leave the country. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II A multi-national contingent of African peace-keepers was to be sent, but only small Nigerian, Senegalese and Zairian forces arrived. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to Libya's president, Qaddafi, accepted to retire Libyan soldiers in exchange for being chosen for the presidency of the Organisation of African Unity (OUA), and a year was fixed for completing the withdrawal of all the Libyans from Chad. The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine ( OUA) was established on 25 May 1963.

Habré ascends to power

In the meanwhile, Habré was reorganizing his forces in the east with Sudanese help, and had started campaigning taking several cities, and controlled part of the prefectures of Ouaddaï and Biltine. In December the FAN, convinced that they could not seize Libyan materials, passed west and seized Ourn Hadjer, Ati and Faya-Largeau. Ati is a city in Chad, the capital of the region of Batha. It lies 278 miles by road east of the capital N'Djamena. The OUA demanded in February 1982, but its request was ignored. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) By May the GUNT was stationed on the defensive in the capital, when Kamougué retired his forces to crush a revolt that had exploded in the south. Habré didn't loose this opportunity, and on June 7, 1982, he conquered the capital almost without opposition, while Goukouni escaped to Cameroon. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins On June 19 Habré formed a State Council as new national government, and on October 21 he proclaimed himself President and nominated a new government. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Goukouni and his followers regrouped in the north and obtained the support of Libya, which caused Habré to reclaim the Aouzou Strip which had been annexed by Libya.

On October 28 Goukouni allied eight of the eleven tendencies represented in the GUNT and formed the National Government for Peace in Chad (GNPT) and the Liberation Armed Forces (FAL), both headed by him. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine The FAL's first goal was to capture Faya-Largeau, which was attacked in January 1983; Habré sent his forces to defend the town, but they were defeated on February 20. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Notwithstanding this, Faya-Largeau remained in Habré's hands. Goukouni reported some other victories in the north, but in the meanwhile Habré was being given abundant help by France and the west to counter the Libyan-supported Goukouni.

In March 1983 Chad requested the United Nations the recognition of Chadian sovereignty over the Aozou Strip, and posed the case of the Libyan occupation to the International Court of Justice of The Hague. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour But the FAL conquered on June 25 Faya-Largeau, and with it a third of the country; an attack on the capital appeared imminent, but it never happened also for France's strong support of Habré; great amounts of modern military equipment were provided to him by France and other western countries, giving him the possibility to retake Faya-Largeau on July 30. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Libya reacted by launching a massive counter-offensive composed almost entirely by Libyan regular troops: Habré was inflicted on August 10 a crushing defeat, losing thousand of soldiers and falling back 200km to the south. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire

On November 18, 1986 the GUNT was reconstituted under the direction of Habré and with participation of Goukouni and Kamougué. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) In 1989 opposition groups to Habré's rule present in Sudan, under the command of Idriss Déby, formed the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) and initiated a new phase of the civil war. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Lieutenant General Idriss Déby Itno (born 1952 is the President of Chad and the head of the Patriotic Salvation Movement. The Patriotic Salvation Movement ( French: Mouvement Patriotique du Salut or MPS is the ruling Political party in Chad. After conquering Abéché, in December 1990 they entered in the capital. Abéché is the 4th largest city in Chad, the capital of Ouaddaï Region. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Habré was forced once again to escape, but a few months later attempted from September 1991 to January 1992 a counter-offensive that proved unsuccessful. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Finally a national conference attended by all the parties and guerrilla forces took place between January 15 and April 6, 1993, that culminated with the formation of a High Transitional Council under the presidency of Déby. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The FROLINAT, of which Goukouni was still nominally the head, dissolved itself on January 14, 1993. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.

References

  1. ^ Nolutschungu, p. 58
  2. ^ Nolutschungu, pp. 58–59
  3. ^ Nolutschungu, p. 57
  4. ^ A Country Study: Chad, "Rebellion in Eastern and Northern Chad"
  5. ^ Nolutschungu, pp. 58-59
  6. ^ J. Fearon & D. Laitan, Chad - Random Narratives
  7. ^ A Country Study: Chad, ibid.
  8. ^ J. Fearon & D. Laitan, ibid.
  9. ^ Ibid.
  10. ^ Nolutschungu, p. 93

External links

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