Liberation Front of Mozambique Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
Founded	June 25, 1962
Headquarters	Rua Pereira Lago N. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 10, Bairro da Sommerschield, Maputo
Youth wing	Mozambican Youth Organisation
Ideology	Today Social Democracy, in the past Marxism Leninism
International affiliation	Socialist International
Website frelimo.org.mz

The Liberation Front of Mozambique, better known by the acronym FRELIMO, from the Portuguese Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (IPA: /fɾeˈlimo/) is a political party which was founded in 1962 to fight for Mozambican independence, which was achieved in 1975. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted Socialist International is a worldwide organization of socialist ( social democratic and labour) political parties Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa It has ruled Mozambique from then until the present (2008), first as a single party, and later as the majority party in a multi-party parliament. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa

Contents 1 Independence war (1962-1975) 2 Civil War (1975-1992) 3 1990s and 2000s 4 Foreign support 5 Mozambican presidents representing FRELIMO 6 Other prominent FRELIMO members 7 Notes 8 See also 9 External links 10 For Further Reading

Independence war (1962-1975)

Main article: Mozambican War of Independence

FRELIMO was founded in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on 25 June 1962, when three regionally based nationalist organizations – the Mozambican African National Union (MANU), National Democratic Union of Mozambique (UDENAMO), and the National African Union of Independent Mozambique (UNAMI) merged into one broad based guerrilla movement. The Mozambican War of Independence was an Armed conflict between the Guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO (Frente de Libertação Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Groups iterested in freeing Mozambique from Portuguese colonial rule and making it an independent nation emerged in the early 1900s shortly after Portugal had defeated the last The National Democratic Union of Mozambique (União Democrática Nacional de Moçambique UDENAMO was a Nationalist organization founded in Salisbury, Southern Groups iterested in freeing Mozambique from Portuguese colonial rule and making it an independent nation emerged in the early 1900s shortly after Portugal had defeated the last Under the leadership of Eduardo Mondlane, elected president of the newly formed Mozambican Liberation Front, FRELIMO settled its headquarters in 1963 in Dar-es-Salaam. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane ( June 20 1920 - February 23 1969) served as President of the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO from 1962 Headquartering the movement in Mozambique would not have been practicable because of the intolerance of the Portuguese for nationalist movements and the strength of the police. (The three founding groups had also operated as exiles. ) Tanzania and its president, Julius Nyerere, were sympathetic to the Mozambican nationalist groups. Julius Kambarage Nyerere ( April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika Convinced by recent events, such as the Mueda massacre, that peaceful agitation would not bring about independence, FRELIMO contemplated the possibility of armed struggle from the outset, although it did not launch its first attack until September 1964. Mueda is the largest town of the Makonde Plateau in northeastern Mozambique and the capital of the Mueda District.

During the ensuing war of independence, FRELIMO received supported from China, the USSR, the Scandanavian countries, and some non-governmental organisations in the West. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Its initial military operations were in the North of the country; by the late 1960s it had established "liberated zones" in Northern Mozambique in which it rather than the Portuguese constituted the civil authority. In administering these zones it was necessary for FRELIMO to tangibly improve the lot of the peasantry in order to receive their support. It freed them from subjegation to landlords and Portuguese-appointed "chiefs", and established cooperative forms of agriculture. A collective is a group of people who share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest or work together on a specific project(s to achieve a common objective It also greatly increased peasant access to education and health-care -- the latter often administered by FRELIMO soldiers assigned to medical assistance projects. Its practical experience in the liberated zones lead FRELIMO increasingly toward a Marxist policy. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. FRELIMO came to regard economic exploitation by Western capital as the principal enemy of the common Mozambican people, not the Portuguese as such, and not Whites. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Thus, although an African nationalist party, it adopted a non-racial stance, and in fact included a number of Whites and mulattoes among its members.

The early years of the party, during which its Marxist direction evolved, were the occasion of some internal turmoil. The line described above: that is, to fight not merely for independence but also for a change to a socialist society, was championed by Mondlane, along with dos Santos, Machel, Chissano and a majority of the Party's Central Committee. Marcelino dos Santos ( Lumbo, 20 May 1929 is a Mozambican Poet, Revolutionary, and Statesman. Samora Moisés Machel ( September 29, 1933 &ndash October 19, 1986) was a Mozambican military commander revolutionary socialist Joaquim Alberto Chissano (born 22 October 1939) served as the second President of Mozambique for nineteen years from 6 November 1986 Its opponents, prominent among whom were Nkavandame and Simango, wanted independence, but not a fundamental change in social relations: essentially the substitution of a black elite for the white elite. The socialist position was approved by the Second Party Congress, held in July 1968; Mondlane was reelected party President, and a strategy of protracted war based on support amongst the peasantry (as opposed to a quick coup attempt) was adopted.

In 1969, Eduardo Mondlane was murdered by a bomb. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After the discovery of Gladio's secret "stay-behind" NATO armies in the 1990s, it was discovered that Aginter Press, Portugal's branch of Gladio, had been directly involved in the assassination of FRELIMO's leader^[1]. Gladio ( Italian, from Latin Gladius, meaning Sword) is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO " Stay-behind

FRELIMO controlled most of the northern region of the country by 1964. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. By the early 1970s, FRELIMO's 7,000-strong guerilla force had wrested control of much of the central and northern parts of the country from the Portuguese authorities and was engaging a Portuguese force of approximately 60,000 men. In 1975, after the April 1974 Carnation Revolution, Portugal and FRELIMO negotiated Mozambique's independence, which came into effect in June of that year. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos was an almost bloodless military-led pro-democratic Coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon FRELIMO then established a one-party state based on Marxist principles with Samora Machel as President. A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Samora Moisés Machel ( September 29, 1933 &ndash October 19, 1986) was a Mozambican military commander revolutionary socialist Latest election List List of Heads of State of Mozambique The official residence is the Palácio da Ponta Vermelha. The new government received diplomatic and some military support from Cuba and the Soviet Union. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Civil War (1975-1992)

Main article: Mozambican Civil War

The new government was engaged in a civil war with an anti-Communist political faction known as RENAMO sponsored by the apartheid governments of Rhodesia and South Africa. The Mozambican Civil War began in 1975 following the war of independence. The Mozambican Civil War began in 1975 following the war of independence. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The Mozambican National Resistance ( RENAMO; Portuguese: Resistência Nacional Moçambicana) is a conservative Political party in Mozambique Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Rome General Peace Accords that put an end to this civil war were not signed until 1992. The Rome General Peace Accords between the Mozambican Civil War parties the Frelimo (government and the Renamo (rebels put an end to the Mozambique Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) In later years, reflecting its move towards social democratic views FRELIMO received active support from Margaret Thatcher's government in the UK and Mozambique became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

After Machel's death in 1986, in a suspicious airplane crash, Joaquim Chissano began to lead both the party and the state. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Joaquim Alberto Chissano (born 22 October 1939) served as the second President of Mozambique for nineteen years from 6 November 1986 Despite his education in the Communist bloc countries, Chissano was not a hard-line Marxist and called for democratic, multi-party elections in 1994 that put an end to single-party rule. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)

1990s and 2000s

At the elections in late 1999, President Chissano was re-elected with 52. 3% of the vote, and FRELIMO secured 133 of 250 parliamentary seats. Due to a mass of scams and several cases of corruption, Chissano's government has become the target of wide criticism.

The party thus selected Armando Guebuza as its candidate in the presidential election on December 1-2 2004 where he won expectedly with about 60% of the vote. Armando Emílio Guebuza (born 20 January 1943 is a Mozambican Politician and the President of Mozambique since 2005 Elections in Mozambique gives information on Election and election results in Mozambique. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " At the last legislative elections of the same date the party won 62. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Elections in Mozambique gives information on Election and election results in Mozambique. 0 % of the popular vote and 160 out of 250 seats. RENAMO and some other opposition parties made claims of election fraud and denounced the result. These claims were supported by international observers (among others by the European Union Election Observation Mission to Mozambique and the Carter Center) to the elections who criticized the fact that the National Electoral Commission (CNE) did not conduct fair and transparent elections. They listed a whole range of shortcomings by the electoral authorities that benefited the ruling party FRELIMO. However, the elections shortcomings have probably not (also according to EU observers) affected the final result in the presidential election. The distribution of parliamentary seats among the parties will have been somewhat altered though, RENAMO probably losing some seats to FRELIMO. The Shangaan ethnic group is noted for its support for FRELIMO. The Shangaan (Vatsonga or Vitsonga are a large group of people living mainly in southern Mozambique in Maputo and in Gaza Province; there is also

Mozambique's national anthem from 1975 to 1992 was Viva, Viva a FRELIMO ("Long Live FRELIMO"). Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) "Viva Viva a FRELIMO " ( Portuguese: "Long Live FRELIMO") was the National anthem of Mozambique from June

Foreign support

FRELIMO received support from the governments of Tanzania, Algeria, Ghana, Zambia, Libya, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian ^[2]

Mozambican presidents representing FRELIMO

• Samora Machel: 25 June 1975 - 19 October 1986
• Joaquim Chissano: 6 November 1986 - 2 February 2005
• Armando Guebuza: 2 February 2005 -

Other prominent FRELIMO members

• José Ibraimo Abudo, Justice minister since 1994

Notes

See also

• African independence movements

External links

• FRELIMO official site
• Special Report on Mozambique 2004 Elections by the Carter Center
• Final Report of the European Union Election Observation Mission

For Further Reading

Bowen, Merle. The African Independence Movements took place in the 1960s when a wave of struggles for independence in African colonies was witnessed The State Against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique. University Press Of Virginia; Charlottesville, Virginia, 2000.

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