The term FEMA trailer,^[1][2] or FEMA travel trailer, is the name commonly given by the United States Government^[1] to many forms of temporary manufactured housing assigned to the victims of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Manufactured housing (also known as prefabricated housing) is a type of housing unit that is largely assembled in factories and then transported Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States Hurricane Rita was the fourth-most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded and the most intense Tropical cyclone ever observed in the Gulf of Mexico The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities FEMA trailers were used to house thousands of persons in South Florida displaced by Hurricane Andrew in August 1992, for as long as two and a half years. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Hurricane Andrew is the second most powerful and the last of three Category 5 hurricanes that made U ^[3] They provide intermediate term shelter intended to function longer than tents used for immediate shelter after a disaster. They serve a similar function to "earthquake shacks" erected to provide interim housing after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. ^[4]

FEMA trailers have become part of the cultural landscape and language of New Orleans and other Gulf Coast communities, along with MRE's, toxic mold, Katrina refrigerators, Flood Insurance, and Levee Failure. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. Molds are ubiquitous in nature and mold Spores are a common component of household and workplace dust A Katrina Refrigerator is a term which refers to any of the many Refrigerators that were destroyed or rendered unusable during Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss In late August 2005 there were over 50 failures of the Levees and flood walls protecting New Orleans Louisiana, and nearby St Throughout the city of New Orleans, they have been the only habitable dwellings in some neighborhoods which received extreme flood damage from the recent storms. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Residential dwellings can be built in a large variety of configurations A neighbourhood or neighborhood (see spelling differences) is a geographically localised Community within a larger City, Town or A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge FEMA trailers have become a common sight, even in neighborhoods that received moderate flood or wind damage, such as Jefferson Parish. Jefferson Parish is a parish in Louisiana, United States that includes most of the Suburbs of New Orleans.

FEMA trailers remain the property of the U. S. Government and are to be returned after use; however, in 1995 some Florida residents after Hurricane Andrew "bought their FEMA trailers for an average of $1,100 each. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Hurricane Andrew is the second most powerful and the last of three Category 5 hurricanes that made U "^[3] On March 25, 2006, FEMA issued a news release^[1] requesting residents to call the FEMA Trailer Hotline to schedule removal of unneeded FEMA trailers after use. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities Surplus FEMA trailers are sold via online public auctions conducted by the General Services Administration (see: GSA website).

Contents 1 Need for FEMA trailers 2 Description 3 Application process 4 Trailer culture 5 Controversy and problems 6 References 7 External links

Need for FEMA trailers

For homeowners, FEMA trailers are intended to provide temporary housing until they are able to gut and repair or rebuild their homes. A home is a place of Residence or Refuge. It is usually a place where an individual or a family can rest in and be able to store Personal property. Because of the extensive destruction to residential neighborhoods by winds, flooding and tornadoes in 2005,^[5][6][7] many of these disaster areas were suffering from an extreme housing shortage. Within a urban area there is a tendency for land uses to Aggregate. The widespread extent of the rebuilding effort caused a shortage of building contractors and materials throughout the region, which further delayed the construction of new housing, and required existing apartments or motels to house the incoming construction workers. A general contractor is a group or individual that Contracts with another organization or individual (the owner for the Construction or Renovation

In New Orleans, the failure of the levee system inundated the city with standing flood water for several days after the storms. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana In late August 2005 there were over 50 failures of the Levees and flood walls protecting New Orleans Louisiana, and nearby St Even one inch of standing flood water is enough to cause an outbreak of toxic mold throughout an entire dwelling. Molds are ubiquitous in nature and mold Spores are a common component of household and workplace dust This is especially true because the storms took place in the heat and humidity of the New Orleans summer, ideal conditions for mold spores to flourish. The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Residents were prevented from returning home and gutting their houses for weeks by local government officials, until basic infrastructure for water and electricity were restored to the city. This gave mold colonies time to expand and cover sections of wall that were not flooded. Concentrations of indoor mold spores pose a serious health hazard and can even cause illness in people with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly and young children. Molds are ubiquitous in nature and mold Spores are a common component of household and workplace dust Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor

Flood damage of this type requires the complete removal and replacement of carpeting, flooring, insulation, and sheet rock. A carpet is any loom-woven felted textile or grass floor covering Laminate flooring is type of Flooring made of a Laminate material Building insulation refers broadly to any object in a building used as Insulation for any purpose For the musical group "Drywall" see Drywall (musical project Drywall is a common manufactured Building material Flood damage beyond a few inches may also destroy furniture, appliances, and other personal belongings. Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal Refrigerator1svg|left|100px]]A major appliance, or domestic appliance, is usually defined as a large Machine which accomplishes some routine housekeeping task which Almost all of these homes also received additional water damage from roof damage, so that roofs also needed to be replaced or repaired. Vietnam roofjpg|thumb|The roofs of Vietnam.]] A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a Building.

In coastal communities, such as Gulfport^[7] and Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, buildings were entirely demolished by storm surges. Gulfport is the second largest city in Mississippi after the state capital Jackson. Bay Saint Louis is a city located in Hancock County Mississippi. Storm surge or tidal surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system typically a Tropical cyclone. ^[6] Similarly, many apartments and public housing buildings were closed due to storm damage. Large buildings that sustained significant water damage, including apartment complexes, often require extensive rebuilding and a mold-removal process known as "mold remediation" before they can be rendered safe enough for habitation. This article is about Mold growth in buildings how to kill mold and the more formal topics of assessment and remediation With the housing shortage, leasing rates for apartments have become so prohibitively high that most working class storm victims cannot afford them. A rental agreement is a Contract, usually written between the owner of a property and a renter who desires to have temporary possession of the property Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Without FEMA trailers, some people who do not own or rent homes would be unable to find any form of housing within the disaster area.

Extensive flooding in the summer of 2006 in parts of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey also led to FEMA trailers being made available in the region. Trailers were installed relatively quickly, about a month or six weeks after the flooding, and response times from FEMA for repairs has been extremely quick.

Description

Many FEMA trailers are installed on the private property of homeowners, usually on lawns and sometimes in driveways next to the house. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual A lawn is an area of recreational or amenity land planted with grass, and sometimes Clover and other plants which are maintained at a low even height A driveway is a type of private road for local access to one or a small group of structures and is owned and maintained by an individual or group However, there are also numerous FEMA operated trailer parks where many storm victims are currently living. A trailer park is a neighborhood consisting of an area of land where Travel trailers rest Although several types and sizes of manufactured structures have been installed throughout the Gulf Coast region, most are mass-produced one bedroom travel trailers. Mass production (also called flow production, repetitive flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of A travel trailer or caravan is a trailer towed behind a road Vehicle to provide a place to sleep which is more comfortable and protected than a These typical FEMA trailers are designed to accommodate two adults and two children. There are larger trailers and other manufactured structures that can accommodate larger families.

The typical FEMA trailer consists of a master bedroom with a standard size bed, a living area with kitchen and stove, bunk beds, and a bathroom with shower. A bed is a piece of Furniture (or a location primarily used as a place to Sleep, and often used for Relaxation. For the Banana Yashimoto novel see Kitchen (novel A kitchen, is a room or part of a room (sometimes called "kitchen bunk bed is a type of bed in which one Bed frame is stacked on top of another A bathroom is a room that may have different functions depending on the cultural context A shower (also called shower bath is a booth for washing usually in a Bathroom, having an overhead nozzle that sprays water down on the body Each trailer is equipped with electricity, air conditioning, indoor heating, running cold and hot water, a propane-operated stove and oven, a small microwave oven, a large refrigerator, and a few pieces of fixed furniture attached to the floor, usually a sofabed, a small table, and two chairs. Small appliance refers to a class of Home appliances that are portable or semi-portable or which are used on tabletops countertops or other platforms An air conditioner is an Appliance, System, or mechanism designed to extract Heat from an area via a Refrigeration cycle For the Grand Central Records albums see Central Heating (Grand Central album and Central Heating 2. Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century A stove is an enclosed heated space The term is commonly taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating either to heat the space in which the stove is situated An oven is an enclosed compartment for Heating, Baking or Drying. A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. A refrigerator (often called a " fridge " for short is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a Heat pump - Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal A couch is an upholstered item of Furniture for the comfortable seating of more than one person and typically has an armrest on either side A table is a form of Furniture composed of a surface supported by a base usually four legs A chair is a kind of Furniture for Sitting, consisting of a back and sometimes arm rests commonly for use by one person Again, most FEMA trailers are identical mass-produced travel trailers. There are only a handful of FEMA trailer designs, so that nearly all trailers have the same general layout.

Each trailer is elevated about two feet above the ground on concrete supports. There is only one door on the side of the trailer accessible through a wooden or aluminum stairwell. There are also long ramps for wheelchair-bound occupants. This article deals with the physical structure For related terms see Canal inclined plane, Cable railway, Funicular, or Fixed-wing A wheelchair is a wheeled Mobility device in which the user sits Electrical service to the FEMA trailers is installed by the local power company, which is the Entergy Corporation in most of the Gulf Coast region. Electric power transmission, a process in the delivery of Electricity to consumers is the bulk transfer of electrical power Entergy Corporation is an integrated energy company engaged primarily in electric power productions and retail distribution operations Each trailer has its own power meter, separate from the power meter of the house. These trailers do have ports for telephone access, cable, and Internet access. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information Internet access refers to the means by which users connect to the Internet. However, these services are not handled by FEMA, and a trailer occupant must arrange to have these services installed by a local provider.

The typical FEMA trailer has two propane tanks on the front of the trailer behind the master bedroom, which provide the hot water, indoor heating, and gas for the stove and oven. Propane is a three- Carbon Alkane, normally a gas but compressible to a liquid that is transportable Running water for the trailer is usually provided by some sort of water source on the property, usually through a garden hose. A water supply network is a system of engineered Hydrologic and Hydraulic components including the watershed or geographic area that collects Sewage is piped directly to an underground sewage main on the property. Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Most trailers have several windows which can be opened, as well as small light fixtures in each room. GlassWindowjpg|thumb|right|190px|A stained glass panel depicting Biblical scenes at a historic church in Scotland]] A window is an opening Lighting includes both artificial Light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of interiors from Daylight.

The trailer parks operated by FEMA range from small lots, consisting of a dozen trailers in the parking lots of office buildings and supermarkets scattered throughout the region, to several massive parks occupying large plots of land with hundreds of trailers. Parking lot (called a car park in Australia and the UK) is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for Parking vehicles In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good The larger parks are typically surrounded by a chain-link fence and brightly lit at night. A chain-link fence or wire netting or chain-wire fence is a type of Woven Fence usually made from galvanized or LLDPE -coated In the field of Physical security, security lighting is often used as a preventative and corrective measure against intrusions or other criminal activity on a physical piece FEMA has also provided police security and controlled access to the larger parks. Security is the condition of being protected against danger loss and criminals

While occupying FEMA travel trailers or mobile homes, residents are responsible for maintaining their trailers, such as keeping the trailers clean, changing lightbulbs and smoke-detector batteries, and making sure propane fuel tanks are refilled with fuel. A travel trailer or caravan is a trailer towed behind a road Vehicle to provide a place to sleep which is more comfortable and protected than a Mobile homes or static caravans are prefabricated homes built in factories rather than on site and then taken to the place where they will be occupied The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is a source of electric Light that works by Incandescence, (a general A smoke detector is a device that detects Smoke and issues an Alarm. Propane is a three- Carbon Alkane, normally a gas but compressible to a liquid that is transportable ^[1]

Travel trailers and mobile homes are inspected once a month for the occupant's safety and convenience: if a travel trailer or mobile home requires maintenance beyond basic upkeep, residents should call the appropriate travel trailer maintenance hotline for their parish or county. In Telecommunication, a hotline (also called an automatic signaling service, Ringdown, or off-hook service) is a Point-to-point A civil parish in the United Kingdom is a unit of local government. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. ^[1]

Application process

Storm victims throughout the disaster area are eligible to receive a FEMA trailer. Storm victims must complete a FEMA application form, after which they will be interviewed by a FEMA adjuster, who is similar to an insurance claims adjuster. Claims adjusters investigates claims by interviewing the claimant and witnesses consulting police and hospital records and inspecting property damage to determine the extent of the company’s If the storm victim owns or rents a house in the disaster area, the adjuster will determine if the damage to the home warrants temporary housing until the home is repaired. Victims who do not own or rent a home will be assigned a trailer if they were living in the disaster area before the storm.

To date, almost all applications for FEMA trailers have been approved, even in two-story homes with slight flood damage on the first floor. This is because any amount of standing floodwater requires extensive repairs, during which the house may not be habitable. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge Large families may apply for larger trailers or even multiple trailers for a single property. After approval, the applicant is placed on a waiting list. The time between approval and actually receiving a trailer can vary from a few weeks to several months.

FEMA subcontracts the installation of FEMA trailers to numerous private contractors. A subcontractor is an individual or in many cases a Business that signs a Contract to perform part or all of the obligations of another's contract First, a subcontractor installs the trailer itself. After this, other contractors install the access stairs or ramps, furniture, appliances, and water. Next, the trailer occupant must contact the power company to install a power line and power meter for the trailer. Finally, a FEMA inspector will inspect the trailer for safety compliance. Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) the condition of being protected against physical social spiritual financial political Only after this lengthy process, will the occupant receive the keys for their trailer.

FEMA originally stated that residents could live in their FEMA trailers for 18 months. ^[8]

Trailer culture

In general, most Katrina Victims appreciate their trailers and commend FEMA for creating the trailer program. So far, all FEMA trailers have been issued to storm victims without charge. FEMA trailers are manufactured from plastic, aluminum, and particle board. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products WikipediaNaming Particle board, or particleboard, (called "chipboard" in some countries is an Engineered wood product manufactured from Wood particles such As such, they are somewhat flimsy and require more maintenance than a permanent structure. They are also poorly insulated, offer little sound insulation, and are known to sway in high winds. Building insulation refers broadly to any object in a building used as Insulation for any purpose Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life

Nevertheless, most FEMA trailer occupants had been living in their cars, tents, FEMA subsidized hotels, partially gutted homes, or sharing the crowded homes of relatives before receiving their trailers. A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over or attached to a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope Entering dictionaries after World War II, the word motel, a Portmanteau of motor and hotel or motorists' hotel, referred Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent As such, the relative personal privacy of a trailer is seen as a vast improvement. FEMA trailers are considered surprisingly spacious, although they have very little storage space for personal belongings.

Many trailer occupants consider their trailers actual homes, and have affectionately personalized their trailers with curtains, paintings, and houseplants. A curtain (in the US also known as a drape or drapery) is a piece of Cloth intended to block or obscure Light, or Drafts, or Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e During the Christmas season, many FEMA trailers have been elaborately decorated with Christmas lights. Christmas lights (also sometimes called fairy lights, twinkle lights or holiday lights in the United States are strands of Electric lights used FEMA trailers have been similarly decorated during Halloween, Easter, and other holidays. Halloween, or Hallowe’en, is a Holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Trailers have also been decorated with political statements, sometimes praising and other times satirizing local government officials and FEMA itself. The term political statement is usually used to refer to any act or non verbal form of communication that is intended to influence a decision to be made for or by a group

FEMA trailer parks have developed into small communities. In New Orleans and other Gulf Coast cities, extended families often live near each other in the same neighborhoods, and several trailer parks are located near the same neighborhoods. As such, many members of the same family live in different trailers in the same parks. Neighbors frequently convene to have barbecues, crawfish boils, and parties for watching Saints Football. barbeque block party Kansas cityjpg|thumb|right|275px|A barbecue on a trailer at a Block party in Kansas City. Seafood boil is the generic term for any number of different kinds of social events in which Shellfish is the central element The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans Louisiana.

Controversy and problems

However, FEMA's handling of the FEMA trailer program is among the long list of criticisms of the Federal government's response to Hurricane Katrina. The criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina (a The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities Until the summer of 2006, nearly a year after the storm made landfall, many storm victims were still waiting to receive the trailers that they had applied for. Some storm victims were still living in "temporary" FEMA-subsidized hotels, when they were forcibly evicted by FEMA, even though they had not yet been assigned a trailer. This left hundreds of storm victims effectively homeless. Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who lack housing because they cannot afford or are otherwise unable to maintain regular safe and adequate shelter

The private companies contracted to install and maintain the FEMA trailers have criticized FEMA for the tremendous amount of paperwork and lack of coordination within the program.

But the harshest criticism has come from the storm victims. FEMA is routinely criticized by local residents and local new media for slow response times and bureaucratic errors within the program. FEMA discourages trailer occupants from performing maintenance on their own trailers. Home repair involves the diagnosis and resolution of problems in a home and is related to home maintenance to avoid such problems But in order to have maintenance performed on a FEMA trailer, an occupant must call a FEMA 1-800 or 1-866 "FEMA Trailer Maintenance" number for the region,^[1] often wait a long time before a FEMA representative answers, and explain the nature of the problem; the FEMA representative then determines what kind of repair or maintenance is required and schedules a service request. A toll-free, Freecall, Freephone, or 800 number is a special Telephone number, in that the Called party is charged the cost of the Then the occupant must wait for a private contractor to perform the maintenance task. FEMA is unable to schedule specific appointment times, and some occupants must wait for days before a contractor arrives, assuming FEMA doesn't mishandle the call and a contractor actually arrives. This is all true even when the maintenance call is an emergency, such as lack of heating, or lack of clean water.

The process for receiving a FEMA trailer itself has been heavily criticized for being too convoluted. Many homeowners have had a FEMA trailer sitting on their properties for weeks, but were not given the keys because of lack of electricity or because the trailer has not been inspected by a FEMA inspector. Many of these homeowners have been sleeping in tents or in their cars, while a useless FEMA trailer lay idle in front of their homes.

Some have alleged that FEMA trailers are inherently hazardous because they employ propane-operated stoves. Since the trailers are essentially a very small enclosed space, even a minor kitchen fire can quickly destroy the entire trailer. Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a Fire that may result in death injury or property damage alert those in a structure FEMA trailer fires have become commonplace throughout the disaster area.

There have also been accusations of health problems caused by high formaldehyde levels in the trailers,^[9] produced by formaldehyde emissions from manufactured materials used in construction of the trailers. Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl Residents have reported breathing difficulties, persistent flu-like symptoms, eye irritation, and nosebleeds. Tests on a number of FEMA trailers by the Sierra Club showed some 83% had levels of formaldehyde in the indoor air at levels above the EPA recommended limit. Mission statement To explore enjoy and protect the wild places of the earth To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources To educate and Congressmen Henry Waxman and Charlie Melancon have requested FEMA test trailers and address the issue. Henry Arnold Waxman (born September 12, 1939 in Los Angeles California) is an American politician. Charles Joseph "Charlie" Melancon (pronounced muh-LAW-saw (born October 3, 1947, in Napoleonville) is a Democratic member of the ^[10]

Some have questioned whether the FEMA trailer program is cost-effective. Some critics have alleged that the millions of dollars spent on temporary housing could have instead been directly spent on repairing and replacing flood-damaged homes. In neighborhoods with moderate flood damage, the money spent on trailers could have been allocated to the homeowners themselves so that their homes could be repaired more quickly. However since there was such an urgent, immediate need for housing to respond to the largest natural disaster to ever hit the United States, [2] the FEMA trailer was a quick fix to an immediate need for housing. Still, throughout the region, FEMA took so many months to install FEMA trailers that they were installed on properties AFTER the homeowners had completed all of the repairs to their homes, thus rendering the trailers unnecessary. In places like New Orleans East and Plaquemines Parish, where nearly every building had been destroyed, money could have been spent on the rapid construction of large numbers of permanent homes, especially prefabricated structures. Eastern New Orleans is a large section of the city of New Orleans Louisiana. Plaquemines Parish ( Cajun French: Paroisse Plaquemine) is the parish with the most combined land and water area in the U Prefabricated building is a type of building that consists of several factory-built units that are assembled on-site to complete the unit

References

External links

• LSU AgCenter — Extensive information on mold and mold removal.
• Toxic Mold — General information on toxic mold from the LSU AgCenter.
• The Federal Emergency Management Agency says something
• FEMAanswers.org — A wikimedia site to collect information on FEMA assistance.
• The KatrinaRitaVille Express Tour: Activists take a FEMA trailer on the road article from Dollars & Sense magazine

Dollars & Sense is a Magazine dedicated to providing Left-wing perspectives on Economics.

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