The f-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy f-orbitals. The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. In Quantum mechanics, a stationary state is an Eigenstate of a Hamiltonian, or in other words a state of definite energy The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An atomic orbital is a Mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom
Unlike the other blocks, the conventional divisions of the f-block follow periods of similar atomic number rather than groups of similar electron configuration. In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Thus, the f-block is divided into the lanthanoid series and the actinoid series. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally [1] [2]
The name 'inner transition' is derived by analogy with the transition metals. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in
Like the s-block, the elements of the f-block are highly reactive metals. They catch fire in air very easily, and react with water to liberate hydrogen. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Physically they are denser and have higher melting and boiling points than the alkaline earth metals, but their reactivity makes them of very limited use structurally. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Biological occurrences Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems it has no known role in living organisms and when encountered They are used together to make cigarette lighter flints because they catch fire in air so easily. A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured Most of them are extracted by electrolysis of molten chlorides: the metals are much too reactive to be extractable from aqueous solutions. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current
The compounds of most f-block elements are ionic salts with M3+ ions, often hydrated in aqueous solutions. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Cerium also forms a small series of strongly oxidising compounds with the +4 oxidation state, including ceric oxide (CeO2). Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. The lighter actinides (protactinium to americium) have f-electrons that can participate in bonding and form compounds in a variety of oxidation states from +2 to +6. Protactinium (ˌproʊtækˈtɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pa and Atomic number 91 Americium (ˌæməˈrɪsiəm is a Synthetic element that has the symbol Am and Atomic number 95 Owing to the pulling of the inner f-electrons towards the nucleus, the heavier actinides (curium to lawrencium) tend not to use their inner f-electrons and resemble the lanthanides in forming salts with M3+ ions. This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103
Interactive f-orbital models can be found at this site:[1]
| Period | f1 | f2 | f3 | f4 | f5 | f6 | f7 | f8 | f9 | f10 | f11 | f12 | f13 | f14 | d1 |
| 6 | 57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
71 Lu |
| 7 | 89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
103 Lr |
| 8 | 139 Ute |
140 Uqn |
141 Uqu |
142 Uqb |
143 Uqt |
144 Uqq |
145 Uqp |
146 Uqh |
147 Uqs |
148 Uqo |
149 Uqe |
150 Upn |
151 Upu |
152 Upb |
153 Upt |
References
See also
External links
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