Eye surgery in the middle ages.

Eye surgery, also known as ophthalmic surgery or ocular surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa, typically by an ophthalmologist. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain In Anatomy, adnexa refers to the Appendages of an organ Examples of adnexa Adnexa of Eye Extraocular muscles Ophthalmology is the branch of Medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways including the Eye, Brain ^[1] Although most eye surgery can be performed by an experienced general ophthalmologist, more complex procedures are usually done by one who is fellowship trained.

Preparation and precautions

The eye is a delicate organ, requiring extreme care before, during and after a surgical procedure. An expert ophthalmologist must identify the need for specific procedure and be responsible for conducting the procedure safely. Many university programs allow patients to specify if they want to be operated upon by the consultant or the resident / fellow.

Proper anesthesia is a must for any eye surgery. Local anesthesia is most commonly used. Retrobulbar and peribulbar techniques for infiltrating the local area surrounding the eye muscle cone are used to immobilize the extraocular muscles and eliminate pain sensation. A retrobulbar block is a regional anesthetic Nerve block into the retrobulbar space the area located behind the globe of the Eye. Topical anesthesia using lidocaine topical gel is preferred for quick procedures. Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις In topical anesthesia, patient cooperation is a must for a smooth procedure. General anesthesia is recommended for children, traumatic eye injuries, major orbitotomies and for apprehensive patients. In modern medical practice general anaesthesia ( AmE: anesthesia) is a state of total unconsciousness resulting from General anaesthetic drugs Cardiovascular monitoring is preferable in local anesthesia and is mandatory in general anesthesia. Local anesthesia is any technique to render part of the body insensitive to pain without affecting consciousness Proper sterile precautions are taken to prepare the area for surgery, including use of antiseptics like povidone-iodine. Povidone-iodine ( PVPI) is a water- Soluble complex of Iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP with from 9 Sterile drapes, gowns and gloves are a must. A plastic sheet with a receptacle helps collect the fluids during phacoemulsification. An eye speculum is inserted to keep the eyes wide open. For anxious patients, supplementation with a facial nerve block using lidocaine and bupivacaine is recommended. Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Bupivacaine ( rINN) (bjuːˈpɪvəkeɪn is a Local anaesthetic drug belonging to the Amino Amide group

Laser eye surgery

Although the terms Laser Eye Surgery and Refractive surgery are commonly used as if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. Refractive eye surgery is any Eye surgery used to improve the refractive state of the Eye and decrease or eliminate dependency on Glasses or Contact Lasers may be used to treat nonrefractive conditions (e. g. to seal a retinal tear), while radial keratotomy is an example of refractive surgery without the use of a laser.

Cataract surgery

Main article: Cataract surgery

Cataract surgery, using a temporal approach phacoemulsification probe (in right hand) and "chopper"(in left hand) being done under operating microscope at a Navy medical center

A cataract is an opacification or cloudiness of the eye's crystalline lens due to aging, disease, or trauma that typically prevents light from forming a clear image on the retina. Cataract surgery is the removal of the lens of the Eye (also called "crystalline" that has developed an opacification which is referred to as a A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the Eye or in its envelope varying in degree from slight to complete opacity The lens is a transparent biconvex structure in the Eye that along with the Cornea, helps to Refract Light to be focused The vertebrate retina is a light sensitive part inside the inner layer of the Eye. If visual loss is significant, surgical removal of the lens may be warranted, with lost optical power usually replaced with a plastic intraocular lens (IOL). Vision loss or visual loss is the absence of vision where it existed before which can happen either acutely (i Optical power ( dioptric power or refractive power) is the degree to which a lens or Mirror converges or diverges light An intraocular lens (IOL is an implanted lens in the Eye, usually replacing the existing crystalline lens because it has been clouded over by a Cataract Due to the high prevalence of cataracts, cataract extraction is the most common eye surgery. ^[2]

Glaucoma surgery

Main article: Glaucoma surgery

Glaucoma is a group of diseases affecting the optic nerve that results in vision loss and is frequently characterized by raised intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma is a group of diseases affecting the Optic nerve that results in Vision loss and is frequently characterized by raised Intraocular pressure (IOP Glaucoma is a group of diseases of the Optic nerve involving loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy. The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve II, is the Nerve that transmits visual information from the Retina to the Brain. Vision loss or visual loss is the absence of vision where it existed before which can happen either acutely (i Intraocular pressure (IOP is the fluid Pressure inside the Eye. There are many types of glaucoma surgery, and variations or combinations of those types, that facilitate the escape of excess aqueous humor from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and a few that lower IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous humor. The aqueous humor is a thick watery substance that is between the lens and the cornea

Canaloplasty

Canaloplasty is an advanced, nonpenetrating procedure designed to enhance drainage through the eye’s natural drainage system to provide sustained reduction of IOP. Canaloplasty utilizes microcatheter technology in a simple and minimally invasive procedure. To perform a canaloplasty, an Ophthalmologist creates a tiny incision to gain access to a canal in the eye. A microcatheter circumnavigates the canal around the iris, enlarging the main drainage channel and its smaller collector channels through the injection of a sterile, gel-like material called viscoelastic. The catheter is then removed and a suture is placed within the canal and tightened. By opening up the canal, the pressure inside the eye can be reduced. [1] [2][3]

Refractive surgery

Main article: Refractive surgery

• Refractive surgery aims to correct errors of refraction in the eye, reducing or eliminating the need for corrective lenses
  • Keratomilleusis is method of reshaping the cornea surface to change its optical power. Refractive eye surgery is any Eye surgery used to improve the refractive state of the Eye and decrease or eliminate dependency on Glasses or Contact Keratomileusis is the surgical improvement of the refractive state of the Cornea performed by lifting up the front surface of the Eye by forming Optical power ( dioptric power or refractive power) is the degree to which a lens or Mirror converges or diverges light A disc of cornea is shaved off, quickly frozen, lathe-ground, then returned to its original power.
  • Automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK)
  • Laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK)^[3]
    • IntraLASIK
  • Laser assisted sub-epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), aka Epi-LASIK
  • Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)^[4]
  • Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK)
  • Conductive keratoplasty (CK) uses radio frequency waves to shrink corneal collagen. Automated Lamellar Keratoplasty, commonly abbreviated to ALK uses a device called a Microkeratome to separate a thin layer of the cornea and create a flap LASIK or Lasik ( Laser -assisted In situ Keratomileusis) is a type IntraLASIK is a form of refractive eye surgery similar to LASIK that creates a Corneal flap with a Femtosecond Laser Microkeratome Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK and Laser-Assisted Sub-Epithelial Keratectomy (or Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis) (LASEK are Laser Eye surgery Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK and Laser-Assisted Sub-Epithelial Keratectomy (or Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis) (LASEK are Laser Eye surgery Laser thermal keratoplasty is a non-contact Laser Refractive surgery. Conductive keratoplasty (CK is a type of refractive surgery that uses radio waves to adjust the contour of the cornea by shrinking the corneal collagen around it It is used to treat mild to moderate hyperopia. ^[3]
  • Limbal relaxing incisions (LRI)
  • Astigmatic keratotomy (AK), aka Arcuate keratotomy or Transverse keratotomy
  • Radial keratotomy (RK)
  • Hexagonal keratotomy (HK)
  • Epikeratophakia is the removal of the corneal epithelium and replacement with a lathe cut corneal button. Radial keratotomy (RK is a refractive surgical procedure to correct Myopia. Epikeratophakia is a refractive surgical procedure in which a donor Cornea is transplanted to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea ^[5]
  • Intracorneal rings (ICRs), or corneal ring segments (Intacs) ^[6]
  • Implantable contact lenses
• Presbyopia reversal
  • Anterior ciliary sclerotomy (ACS)
    • Laser reversal of presbyopia (LRP)
  • Scleral expansion bands

Corneal surgery

• Corneal surgery includes most refractive surgery as well as the following:
  • Corneal transplant surgery, is used to remove a cloudy/diseased cornea and replace it with a clear donor cornea. Intrastromal corneal rings (or intracorneal rings) are small devices implanted in the Eye to correct vision. The cornea is the transparent front part of the Eye that covers the iris, Pupil, and Anterior chamber. Corneal transplantation, also known as corneal grafting or penetrating keratoplasty, is a Surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased Cornea ^[5]
    • Penetrating keratoplasty (PK)
    • Boston Keratoprosthesis(KPro)
  • Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK)^[7]
  • Pterygium excision^[8]
  • Corneal tattooing
  • Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis (OOKP), in which support for an artificial cornea is created from a tooth and its surrounding jawbone. Corneal transplantation, also known as corneal grafting or penetrating keratoplasty, is a Surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased Cornea Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK is a type of Eye surgery that uses a Laser to treat various ocular disorders by removing tissue from the Cornea. Pterygium refers to any winglike triangular membrane occurring in the Neck, eyes Knees elbows Ankles Corneal tattooing is a form of Cosmetic surgery applied to the Cornea, used to improve the visual look of the Eye, improve vision or reduce the ^[9] This is a still-experimental procedure used for patients with severely damaged eyes, generally from burns. ^[10]

Vitreo-retinal surgery

Vitrectomy.

• Vitreo-retinal surgery includes the following
  • Vitrectomy^[11]
    • Anterior vitrectomy is the removal of the front portion of vitreous tissue. Vitrectomy is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humor from the Eye. It is used for preventing or treating vitreous loss during cataract or corneal surgery, or to remove misplaced vitreous in conditions such as aphakia pupillary block glaucoma.
    • Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), or trans pars plana vitrectomy (TPPV), is a procedure to remove vitreous opacities and membranes through a pars plana incision. It is frequently combined with other intraocular procedures for the treatment of giant retinal tears, tractional retinal detachments, and posterior vitreous detachments [4].
  • Pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP) is a type of photocoagulation therapy used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is Retinopathy (damage to the Retina) caused by complications of Diabetes mellitus, which can eventually lead to Blindness ^[12]
  • Retinal detachment repair
    • Ignipuncture is an obsolete procedure that involves cauterization of the retina with a very hot pointed instrument. Retinal detachment is a disorder of the Eye in which the Retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue Ignipuncture ( Latin: Ignis (fire + puncture) is the original procedure of closing a Retina break in retinal separation by transfixation of the Cauterize redirects here For the band see Cauterize (band Cauterization is a medical term describing the burning of the body to remove ^[13]
    • A scleral buckle is used in the repair of a retinal detachment to indent or "buckle" the sclera inward, usually by sewing a piece of preserved sclera or silicone rubber to its surface. A scleral buckle is one of several ophthalmologic procedures that can be used to repair a Retinal detachment. ^[14]
    • Laser photocoagulation, or photocoagulation therapy, is the use of a laser to seal a retinal tear. ^[12]
    • Pneumatic retinopexy
    • Retinal cryopexy, or retinal cryotherapy, is a procedure that uses intense cold to induce a chorioretinal scar and to destroy retinal or choroidal tissue. ^[15]
  • Macular hole repair
  • Partial lamellar sclerouvectomy^[16]
    • Partial lamellar sclerocyclochoroidectomy
    • Partial lamellar sclerochoroidectomy
  • Posterior sclerotomy is an opening made into the vitreous through the sclera, as for detached retina or the removal of a foreign body [5].
  • Radial optic neurotomy
  • macular translocation surgery
    • through 360 degree retinotomy
    • through scleral imbrication technique

Eye muscle surgery

Isolating the inferior rectus muscle

Disinserting the medial rectus muscle, after pre-placing vicryl suture

Main article: Strabismus surgery

With approximately 1. Strabismus surgery is Surgery on the Extraocular muscles to correct the misalignment of the Eyes With approximately 1 2 million procedures each year, extraocular muscle surgery is the third most common eye surgery in the United States [6]. The extraocular muscles are the six Muscles that control the movements of the (human eye.

• Eye muscle surgery typically corrects strabismus and includes the following^[17] [7]:
  • Loosening / weakening procedures
    • Recession involves moving the insertion of a muscle posteriorly towards its origin. There are six Orbital Muscles; Four of the muscles control the movement of the eye going up and down and side to side Strabismus (from Greek: στραβισμός strabismos, from στραβίζειν strabizein "to squint" from στραβός strabos
    • Myectomy
    • Myotomy
    • Tenectomy
    • Tenotomy
  • Tightening / strengthening procedures
    • Resection
    • Tucking
    • Advancement is the movement of an eye muscle from its original place of attachment on the eyeball to a more forward position.
  • Transposition / repositioning procedures
  • Adjustable suture surgery is a method of reattaching an extraocular muscle by means of a stitch that can be shortened or lengthened within the first post-operative day, to obtain better ocular alignment [8].

Oculoplastic surgery

Main article: Oculoplastics

• Oculoplastic surgery, or oculoplastics, is the subspecialty of ophthalmology that deals with the reconstruction of the eye and associated structures. Oculoplastics, or oculoplastic surgery, and includes a wide variety of surgical procedures that deal with the orbit (eye socket eyelids tear ducts and the face Oculoplastic surgeons perform procedures such as the repair of droopy eyelids (blepharoplasty)[9], repair of tear duct obstructions, orbital fracture repairs, removal of tumors in and around the eyes, and facial rejuvenation procedures including laser skin resurfacing, eye lifts, brow lifts, and even facelifts. Blepharoplasty can be both a functional and cosmetic surgical procedure intended to reshape the upper Eyelid or lower eyelid by the removal or repositioning of excess tissue Common procedures are:

Eyelid surgery [10]

• • Blepharoplasty (Eyelift)
    • Blepharoplasty is plastic surgery of the eyelids to remove excessive skin or subcutaneous fat. Blepharoplasty can be both a functional and cosmetic surgical procedure intended to reshape the upper Eyelid or lower eyelid by the removal or repositioning of excess tissue Plastic surgery is a medical specialty interested in the correction of form and function An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an Eye. ^[18]
      • Asian blepharoplasty
  • Ptosis repair for droopy eyelid
  • Ectropion repair[11]
  • Entropion repair
  • Canthal resection
  • A canthectomy is the surgical removal of tissue at the junction of the upper and lower eyelids. Asian blepharoplasty, also known as "double eyelid surgery" is a type of Cosmetic surgery where the skin around the Eye is reshaped ( Blepharoplasty Ptosis is an abnormally low position (drooping of the upper Eyelid. Ectropion is a Medical condition in which the lower Eyelid turns outwards Entropion is a Medical condition in which the Eyelids fold inward ^[19]
  • Cantholysis is the surgical division of the canthus. ^[19]
  • Canthopexy
  • A canthoplasty is plastic surgery at the canthus. Canthus (pl canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the Eye where the upper and lower Eyelids meet ^[19]
  • A canthorrhaphy is suturing of the outer canthus to shorten the palpebral fissure. Palpebral fissure is the Anatomic name for the separation between the upper and lower Eyelids In the adult this measures about 10mm vertically and 30 mm horizontally ^[19]
  • A canthotomy is the surgical division of the canthus, usually the outer canthus. ^[19]
    • A lateral canthotomy is the surgical division of the outer canthus.
  • Epicanthoplasty
  • Tarsorrhaphy is a procedure in which the eyelids are partially sewn together to narrow the opening (i. Epicanthoplasty sometimes referred to as " Westernization " is a type of Eye surgery to remove the presence of Epicanthal folds It is considered Tarsorrhaphy is a surgical procedure in which the Eyelids are partially sewn together to narrow the opening (i An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an Eye. e. palpebral fissure). Palpebral fissure is the Anatomic name for the separation between the upper and lower Eyelids In the adult this measures about 10mm vertically and 30 mm horizontally

Oculoplastic surgery refers to Specialist Reconstructive and Cosmetic (aesthetic) surgery in the eyelid region of the face for abnormalities which may be present by birth or acquired later by aging, accident or tumour etc.

This includes eyelid cysts and tumours, malpositions such as drooping eyelids ( ptosis ), inturning ( entropion) or outturning ( ectropion ) of lid margin, staring eyes in thyroid eye disease, watering eyes, facial palsy rehabilitation and artificial ( prosthetic ) eyes.

Oculoplastic surgeons also undertake aesthetic treatments and surgery to improve the cosmetic appearance of the face, such as blepharoplasty (eyelid lift) to remove excess overhanging skin of the upper eyelids and puffy bags from under the eyes ; brow lift, Botox and dermal filler injections to remove wrinkles ( crow feet) , forehead lines and tear trough deformity

Surgery involving the lacrimal apparatus

• • A dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) or dacryocystorhinotomy is a procedure to restore the flow of tears into the nose from the lacrimal sac when the nasolacrimal duct does not function. The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for Tear production and drainage Dacryocystorhinostomy is a Surgical procedure to restore the flow of tears into the nose from the Lacrimal sac when the Nasolacrimal duct does not function Dacryocystorhinostomy is a Surgical procedure to restore the flow of tears into the nose from the Lacrimal sac when the Nasolacrimal duct does not function ^[19][20]
  • Canaliculodacryocystostomy is a surgical correction for a congenitally blocked tear duct in which the closed segment is excised and the open end is joined to the lacrimal sac. The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each Eyelid that commence at minute orifices The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the Nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the Lacrimal bone and Frontal process of the ^[19][21]
  • Canaliculotomy involves slitting of the lacrimal punctum and canaliculus for the relief of epiphora^[19]
  • A dacryoadenectomy is the surgical removal of a lacrimal gland. The Lacrimal canaliculi, one in each Eyelid, commence at minute orifices termed puncta lacrimalia (or lacrimal punctum, or lacrimal point) The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each Eyelid that commence at minute orifices ^[19]
  • A dacryocystectomy is the surgical removal of a part of the lacrimal sac. ^[19]
  • A dacryocystostomy is an incision into the lacrimal sac, usually to promote drainage. ^[19]
  • A dacryocystotomy is an incision into the lacrimal sac. ^[19]

Eye removal

• • An enucleation is the removal of the eye leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact. Enucleation is removal of the Eye, leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact ^[22]
  • An evisceration is the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell intact. An evisceration is the removal of the Eye 's contents leaving the Scleral shell and Extraocular muscles intact Usually performed to reduce pain in a blind eye. ^[23]
  • An exenteration is the removal of the entire orbital contents, including the eye, extraocular muscles, fat, and connective tissues; usually for malignant orbital tumors. ^[24]

Orbital surgery

• Orbital reconstruction / Ocular prosthetics (False Eyes)
• Orbital decompression for Grave's Disease

Other oculoplastic surgery

• Botox injections
• Ultrapeel Microdermabrasion
• Endoscopic forehead and browlift
• Face lift (Rhytidectomy)
• Liposuction of the face and neck
• Browplasty [12]

Other surgery

Many of these described procedures are historical and are not recommended due to a risk of complications. An ocular prosthesis or Artificial eye (a type of Craniofacial prosthesis) replaces an absent natural Eye following an Enucleation, evisceration Botulinum toxin is a Neurotoxin Protein produced by the Bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Microdermabrasion (often referred to as Microderm is a family of cosmetic procedures popular in Day spas doctors' practices and medical spas in which A facelift, technically known as a rhytidectomy (literally surgical removal of wrinkles) is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to give a more youthful Liposuction, also known as lipoplasty ("fat modeling" liposculpture or suction lipectomy ("suction-assisted fat removal" is Particularly, these include operations done on ciliary body in an attempt to control glaucoma, since highly safer surgeries for glaucoma, including lasers, non-penetrating surgery, guarded filtration surgery and seton valve implants have been invented.

• A ciliarotomy is a surgical division of the ciliary zone in the treatment of glaucoma. ^[19]
• A ciliectomy is 1) the surgical removal of part of the ciliary body, or 2) the surgical removal of part of a margin of an eyelid containing the roots of the eyelashes. ^[19]
• A ciliotomy is a surgical section of the ciliary nerves. ^[19]
• A conjunctivoanstrostomy is an opening made form the inferior conjuctival cul-de-sac into the maxillary sinus for the treatment of epiphora. ^[19]
• Conjuctivoplasty is plastic surgery of the conjunctiva. ^[19]
• A conjunctivorhinostomy is a surgical correction of the total obstruction of a lacrimal canaliculus by which the conjuctiva is anastomosed with the nasal cavity to improve tear flow. ^[19]
• A corectomedialysis, or coretomedialysis, is an excision of a small portion of the iris at its junction with the ciliary body to form an artificial pupil. ^[19]
• A corectomy, or coretomy, is any surgical cutting operation on the iris at the pupil. An iridectomy, also known as a surgical iridectomy or corectomy, is the surgical removal of part of the iris. ^[19]
• A corelysis is a surgical detachment of adhesions of the iris to the capsule of the crystalline lens or cornea. In medicine synechia refers to an adhesion, usually involving the iris (see article below but also within the uterus as in Asherman's syndrome. ^[19]
• A coremorphosis is the surgical formation of an artificial pupil. ^[19]
• A coreplasty, or coreoplasty, is plastic surgery of the iris, usually for the formation of an artificial pupil. ^[19]
• A coreoplasy, or laser pupillomydriasis, is any procedure that changes the size or shape of the pupil. ^[23]
• A cyclectomy is an excision of portion of the ciliary body. ^[19]
• A cyclotomy, or cyclicotomy, is a surgical incision of the ciliary body, usually for the relief of glaucoma. In Mathematics, the n th roots of unity, or de Moivre numbers are all the Complex numbers that yield 1 when raised to a given power ^[19]
• A cycloanemization is a surgical obliteration of the long ciliary arteries in the treatment of glaucoma. ^[19]
• An iridectomesodialsys is the formation of an artificial pupil by detaching and excising a portion of the iris at its periphery. ^[19]
• An iridodialysis, sometimes known as a coredialysis, is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body. Iridodialysis, sometimes known as a coredialysis, is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the Ciliary body Iridodialysis, sometimes known as a coredialysis, is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the Ciliary body ^[19][23]
• An iridencleisis, or corenclisis, is a surgical procedure for glaucoma in which a portion of the iris is incised and incarcerated in a limbal incision. ^[19] (Subdivided into basal iridencleisis and total iridencleisis. ^[25])
• An iridesis is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the iris is brought through and incarcerated in a corneal incision in order to reposition the pupil. ^[19][13]
• An iridocorneosclerectomy is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris, the cornea, and the sclera. ^[19]
• An iridocyclectomy is the surgical removal of the iris and the ciliary body. ^[19]
• An iridocystectomy is the surgical removal of a portion of the iris to form an artificial pupil. ^[19]
• An iridosclerectomy is the surgical removal of a portion of the sclera and a portion of the iris in the region of the limbus for the treatment of glaucoma. ^[19]
• An iridosclerotomy is the surgical puncture of the sclera and the margin of the iris for the treatment of glaucoma. ^[19]
• A rhinommectomy is the surgical removal of a portion of the internal canthus. ^[19]
• A trepanotrabeculectomy is used in the treatment of chronic open and chronic closed angle glaucoma. Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure used in the treatment of Glaucoma to relieve Intraocular pressure by removing part of the Eye 's Trabecular meshwork ^[25]

See also

• LASIK
• Ophthalmology
• Topical anesthetic
• SEE-KID-Computer-assisted Simulation and Treatment of Eye Motility Disorders

References

External links

• Video of LASIK procedure
• Operations on the Eye - 2006 ICD-9-CM OFFICIAL CODES
• Operations (Word doc)
• EyeMDLink.com - Cataract Surgery
• eMedicine.com - Glaucoma, Complications and Management of Glaucoma Filtering
• American Board of Eye Surgeons
• Everything about Lasik eye surgery, do's and don'ts, is it for me, risks and expectations