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Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. A plea bargain (also plea agreement, plea deal or copping a plea) is an agreement in a Criminal case whereby the Prosecutor offers A presentence investigation report ( PSI) is a Legal term referring to the investigation into the history of person convicted of a crime before sentencing to determine The term criminal law, sometimes called penal law, refers to any of various bodies of rules in different Jurisdictions whose common characteristic is the potential The Law of evidence governs the use of Testimony (eg oral or written statements such as an Affidavit) and exhibits (e Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the process that Courts will follow when hearing cases of a civil nature (a " Civil action " as opposed to Between nation states, extradition is regulated by treaties. Between sub-national regions (for example, the individual states of the U.S.), where extradition is required by law it is more accurately known as rendition. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Law, rendition is a "surrender" or "handing over" of Persons or Property, particularly from one Jurisdiction to another
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Extradition treaties or agreements
The consensus in international law is that a State does not have any obligation to surrender an alleged criminal to a foreign state, as one principle of sovereignty is that every state has legal authority over the people within its borders. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Such absence of international obligation and desire of the right to demand such criminals of other countries has caused a web of extradition treaties or agreements to evolve; most countries in the world have signed bilateral extradition treaties with most other countries. A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. No country in the world has an extradition treaty with all other countries; for example, the United States lacks extradition treaties with over fifty nations, including the People's Republic of China, Namibia, and North Korea. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia,
There are two types of extradition treaties: list and dual criminality treaties. The most common and traditional is the list treaty, which contains a list of crimes for which a suspect will be extradited. Dual criminality treaties, used since the 1980s, generally allow for extradition of a criminal suspect if the punishment is more than one year imprisonment in both countries. Occasionally the amount of the time of the sentence agreed upon between the two countries is varied. Under both types of treaties, if the conduct is not a crime in both countries then it will not be an extraditable offense.
Generally, an extradition treaty requires that a country seeking extradition be able to show that:
- The relevant crime is sufficiently serious.
- There exists a prima facie case against the individual sought. Prima facie is a Latin expression meaning "on its first appearance" or "by first instance"
- The event in question qualifies as a crime in both countries.
- The extradited person can reasonably expect a fair trial in the recipient country.
- The likely penalty will be proportionate to the crime.
Restrictions
Most countries require themselves to deny extradition requests if, in the government's opinion, the suspect is sought for a political crime. In Criminology, a political Crime is one involving overt acts or omissions (where there is a duty to act which prejudice the interests of the State Many countries, such as Mexico, Canada and most European nations, will not allow extradition if the death penalty may be imposed on the suspect unless they are assured that the death sentence will not subsequently be passed or carried out. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. In the case of Soering v. United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights held that it would violate Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights to extradite a person to the United States from the United Kingdom in a capital case. Soering v the United Kingdom 11 Eur Ct HR (ser A (1989 is a landmark judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR which established that The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the This was due to the harsh conditions on death row and the uncertain timescale within which the sentence would be executed. Parties to the European Convention also cannot extradite persons where they would be at significant risk of being tortured or inhumanely or degradingly treated or punished.
These restrictions are normally clearly spelled out in the extradition treaties that a government has agreed upon. They are, however, controversial in the United States, where the death penalty is practiced in some U.S. states, as it is seen by many as an attempt by foreign nations to interfere with the U. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government S. criminal justice system. Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring In contrast, pressures by the U. S. government on these countries to change their laws, or even sometimes to ignore their laws, is perceived by many in those nations as an attempt by the United States to interfere in their sovereign right to manage justice within their own borders. Famous examples include the extradition dispute with Canada on Charles Ng. Charles Chi-Tat Ng ( Chinese: 吳志達 Cantonese ŋ̩21 ʣ̥i33 d̥at̚22 Pinyin: Wú Zhìdá born December 24
Countries with a rule of law typically make extradition subject to review by that country's courts. The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law These courts may impose certain restrictions on extradition, or prevent it altogether, if for instance they deem the accusations to be based on dubious evidence, or evidence obtained from torture, or if they believe that the defendant will not be granted a fair trial on arrival, or will be subject to cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment if extradited. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally The right to fair trial is an essential right in all countries respecting the Rule of law.
Some countries, such as France, Russian Federation, Germany, Austria, China and Japan, have laws that forbid extraditing their respective citizens. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Others, such as Iraq, prohibit extradition of their own citizens in their constitutions. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Some others stipulate such prohibition on extradition agreements rather than their laws. Such restrictions are occasionally controversial in other countries when, for example, a French citizen commits a crime abroad and then returns to their home country, perceived as to avoid prosecution[1]. These countries, however, make their criminal laws applicable to citizens abroad, and they try citizens suspected of crimes committed abroad under their own laws. Such suspects are typically prosecuted as if the crime had occurred within the country's borders.
Exemptions in the European Union
The usual extradition agreement safeguards relating to dual-criminality, the presence of prima facie evidence and the possibility of a fair trial have been waived by many European nations for a list of specified offences under the terms of the European Arrest Warrant. Prima facie is a Latin expression meaning "on its first appearance" or "by first instance" The right to fair trial is an essential right in all countries respecting the Rule of law. The European Arrest Warrant (EAW or more rarely EUAW is an Arrest warrant to allow the arrest of criminal suspects and their transfer for trial or detention which is valid The warrant entered into force in eight European Union (EU) member-states on 1 January 2004, and is in force in all member-states since 22 April 2005. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Defenders of the warrant argue that the usual safeguards are not necessary because every EU nation is committed by treaty, and often by legal and constitutional provisions, to the right to a fair trial, and because every EU member-state is subject to the European Convention on Human Rights. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the
Extradition to federations
The federal structure of some nations, such as the United States, can pose particular problems with respect to extraditions when the police power and the power of foreign relations are held at different levels of the federal hierarchy. A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" Police power is the capacity of a State to Regulate behaviours and enforce order within its Territory, often framed in terms of Public welfare For instance, in the United States, most criminal prosecutions occur at the state level, and most foreign relations occurs on the federal level. In fact, under the United States Constitution, foreign countries may not have official treaty relations with sub-national units such as the individual states; rather, they may have treaty relations only with the federal government. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. As a result, a state that wishes to prosecute an individual located in foreign territory must direct its extradition request through the federal government, which will negotiate the extradition with the requested state. However, due to the constraints of federalism, any conditions on the extradition accepted by the federal government — such as not to impose the death penalty — are not binding on the states. Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing In the case of Soering v. United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the United Kingdom was not permitted under its treaty obligations to extradite an individual to the United States, because the United States' federal government was constitutionally unable to offer binding assurances that the death penalty would not be sought in Virginia courts. Soering v the United Kingdom 11 Eur Ct HR (ser A (1989 is a landmark judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR which established that The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Ultimately, the Commonwealth of Virginia itself had to offer assurances to the federal government, which passed those assurances on to the United Kingdom, which extradited the individual to the United States.
Less important problems can arise due to differing qualifications for crimes. For instance, in the United States, crossing state lines is a prerequisite for certain federal crimes (otherwise crimes such as murder, etc. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries are handled by state governments except in certain circumstances such as the killing of a federal official). This transportation clause is, understandably, absent from the laws of many countries. Extradition treaties or subsequent diplomatic correspondence often include language providing that such criteria should not be taken into account when checking if the crime is one in the country from which extradition should.
To clarify the above point, if a person in the United States crosses the borders of the United States to go to another country, then that person has crossed a federal border, and then federal law would apply. In addition, taking a flight in the United States subjects one to federal law, as all airports are considered subject to federal jurisdiction.
Controversies
International strains
The refusal for a country to extradite suspects or criminals to another may lead to international relations being strained. Often, the country to which extradition is refused will accuse the other country of refusing extradition for political reasons (regardless of whether this is justified). As examples,
- Some U. S. political observers and officials of the state of Pennsylvania accused the government of France, including Jacques Chirac in particular, of wanting to make a point about justice in the United States and the death penalty by refusing to extradite Ira Einhorn despite the facts that an independent court (rather than the French president or prime minister) decides extradition cases in France and that French executives cannot intervene. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ira Samuel Einhorn, aka "The Unicorn Killer" (born May 15, 1940) is a former American activist of the 1960s and 1970s who is now serving a life Einhorn was extradited after three years.
The matters are often complex when the country from which suspects are to be extradited is a democratic country with a rule of law. The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law Typically, in such countries, the final decision of extradition lies with the national executive (prime minister, president or equivalent). This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. However, such countries typically allow extradition defendants recourse to the law, with multiple appeals. These may significantly slow down the procedures. On the one hand, this may lead to unwarranted international difficulties, as the public, politicians and journalists from the requesting country will ask their executive to put pressure on the executive of the country from which extradition is to take place, while that executive may not in fact have the authority to deport the suspect or criminal on their own. On the other hand, certain delays, or the unwillingness of the local prosecution authorities to present a good extradition case before the court on behalf of the requesting state, may possibly result from the unwillingness of the country's executive to extradite.
For example, there is at present a disagreement between the United States and the United Kingdom about the Extradition Act 2003 (text here) that dispenses with the need for a prima facie case for extradition. The Extradition Act 2003 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It is important to emphasise, however, that even had the treaty been ratified by the U. S. , the treaty would still be one-sided, because it stipulates that extradition requests from the UK to the U. S. must show a "reasonable case" that the suspect committed the offense, but requests from the U. S. to the UK have no such requirement imposed on them. [1]
This came to a head over the extradition of the Natwest Three from the UK to the U. The NatWest Three, also known as the Enron Three, are three British businessmen - Giles Darby, David Bermingham and Gary Mulgrew. S. , for their alleged role in the Enron fraud, with various British political leaders weighing in to attack the British government's handling of the issue [2]. Enron Creditors Recovery Corporation (formerly Enron Corporation, former NYSE ticker symbol ENE was an American Energy company based in The former leader of the UK's Liberal Democrat party, Sir Menzies Campbell, had argued that the U. S. had not ratified the treaty primarily due to the influence of what he calls the "Irish lobby" — which, he said, is opposed to the treaty because it could make it easier for Britain to have alleged IRA terrorist suspects extradited from the U. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann ( IRA; also referred to as the PIRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion S.
The precedent of the Natwest Three may also be used to extradite/prosecute Philip Watts in connection with the Royal Dutch Shell reserves scandal. The NatWest Three, also known as the Enron Three, are three British businessmen - Giles Darby, David Bermingham and Gary Mulgrew. Sir Philip Watts, KCMG is the former chairman of the multinational energy company Shell. Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known simply as Shell, is a multinational oil company of Dutch and British origins The press has carried vocal criticisms of the present extradition arrangements from the UK's business community, some of whom stated that they were avoiding doing business with or in the U. S. , because of legal concerns such as the extradition treaty, among other concerns. [3]
Extradition and abduction
Issues of international law relating to extradition have proven controversial in cases where a state has abducted and removed an individual from the territory of another state without previously requesting permission, or following normal extradition procedures. Such abductions are usually in violation of the domestic law of the country in which they occur, as infringements of laws forbidding kidnapping. In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment Many also regard abduction as violation of international law — in particular of a prohibition on arbitrary detention. A small number of countries have been reported to use kidnapping to circumvent the formal extradition process.
Notable or controversial cases involving abduction of foreign citizens:
- Morton Sobell from Mexico by the United States in 1950
- Adolf Eichmann from Argentina by Israel in 1960
- Isang Yun from West Germany by South Korea in 1967[2]
- Ronnie Biggs from Brazil by independent bounty hunters in 1981
- Mordechai Vanunu from Italy by Israel in 1986
- Manuel Noriega from Panama by the United States following a US invasion in 1989 (although this was arguably taking an enemy head of state as a prisoner of war)
- Humberto Álvarez Machaín from Mexico by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration in 1990
- Mir Aimal Kansi from Pakistan by the CIA in 1997
- Martin Mubanga from Zambia to Guantanamo Bay by the United States in 2002
- Andrew Luster from Mexico by Duane Chapman in 2003
- Khaled El-Masri from the Republic of Macedonia by the CIA in 2004
- Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr from Italy to Egypt by the CIA in 2005
'Extraordinary rendition'
"Extraordinary rendition" is an extra-judicial procedure and policy of the United States in which criminal suspects, generally suspected terrorists or supporters of terrorist organisations, are sent to countries for imprisonment and interrogation. Morton Sobell (born April 11 1917) is a self-confessed spy for the Soviet Union. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Isang Yun (also spelled Yun I-sang; 17 September 1917 - 3 November 1995 was a Korean German Composer originally from Korea West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Ronald Arthur Biggs better known as Ronnie Biggs (born August 8, 1929) is an English Prisoner who is known for escaping from prison |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld A bounty hunter captures Fugitives for a monetary reward ( bounty) Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Mordechai Vanunu (מרדכי ואנונו born in Marrakech, Morocco on October 13 1954 is an Israeli former nuclear Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Manuel Antonio Noriega (born February 11, 1934) He was never officially the President of Panama, but held the post of "chief executive officer" Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) An attack took place on January 25, 1993 near the entrance of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA headquarters in Langley Virginia where two CIA employees Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Martin Mubanga is a joint citizen of both the United Kingdom and Zambia. The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. The Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp is a controversial United States Detention center operated by Joint Task Force Guantanamo since 2002 in Guantanamo The United States of America —commonly referred to as the See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Andrew Stuart Luster (born December 15, 1963) is the great-grandson of cosmetics giant Max Factor Sr The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Duane Lee "Dog" Chapman (born February 2, 1953 in Denver Colorado) is an American Bounty hunter and Bail bondsman Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. For information about Khalid al-Masri the suspected Al-Qaeda operative believed to be a native of the former Soviet Union, see Khalid al-Masri. The Republic of Macedonia (Република near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr ( حسن مصطفى أسامة نصر) (born 18 March, 1963) also known as Abu Omar, is an Egyptian Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Interrogation or questioning is Interviewing as commonly employed by officers of the Police and Military. The procedure differs from extradition as the purpose of the rendition is to extract information from suspects, while extradition is used to return fugitives so that they can stand trial or fulfill their sentence. Critics of the procedure have accused the CIA of rendering suspects to other countries in order to circumvent U. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all S. laws prescribing due process and prohibiting torture. Due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that a person has a right to receive notice and be heard in an orderly proceeding in order to protect his or her Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally
List of extradition laws by country
- United States
- Australia
- Canada
- Singapore
- UAE
Footnote
- ^ One famous example of the French custom in practice is the case of the director Roman Polanski. See also Extradition Extradition law in the United States is the formal process by which a fugitive found in one country or state is surrendered to another country or See also Extradition Extradition law in Australia is the formal process under Australian law by which a fugitive found outside one jurisdiction is surrendered to the Polanski was convicted of statutory rape of a 13 year old in the United States in 1977 but fled to France before sentencing. The phrase statutory rape is a term used in some legal jurisdictions to describe consensual Sexual relations that take place when an individual (regardless of gender has sexual Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays From there, as a French citizen, he cannot be extradited to the United States. The French government has pointed out that Polanski could be prosecuted in France if the U. S. authorities so requested. U. S. authorities declined that possibility.
- ^ Gil, Yun-hyeong. "독일, 당시 국교단절 검토: 67년 윤이상씨등 서울로 납치 '동백림사건' 항의 (Germany considered breaking off relations at the time: Protests over the 1967 "East Berlin incident" kidnapping of Isang Yun and others)", The Hankyoreh, 2004-10-30. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Retrieved on 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
See also
- Extraterritorial jurisdiction
- Universal jurisdiction
- Brian O'Rourke (1540?–1591), first man to be extradited within Britain. Extraterritorial jurisdiction or ETJ is the legal ability of a Government to exercise Authority beyond its normal boundaries Universal jurisdiction or universality principle is a controversial principle in International law whereby States claim criminal Jurisdiction Lord Brian na Múrtha Ó Ruairc (1540? – 1591 hereditary lord of West Bréifne in Ireland during the later stages of the Tudor reconquest of that country
- Right of asylum
- Deportation
- Luis Posada Carriles, anti-Castrist detained in the U. Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient Judicial notion under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. Luis Clemente Faustino Posada Carriles (born February 15, 1928) is a Cuban born Venezuelan anti- Castro terrorist S. and wanted by Cuba and Venezuela
External links
- Extradition Lawyers' Association
- McNabb Associates, P.C. International Extradition Database
- UN list of extradition information by country (1996)
- US State Department - Using the Criminal Justice System
- The McNabb Associates International Extradition Blog
- A Brief Primer on International Law With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.
- Official United Nations website
- Official UN website on International Law
- Official website of the International Court of Justice
- Extraditions Cut Short
Dictionary
extradition
-noun
- a formal process by which a criminal suspect held by one government is handed over to another government for trial or, if the suspect has already been tried and found guilty, to serve his or her sentence
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