According to some definitions an extinct language is a language which no longer has any speakers ^[1], whereas a dead language is a language which has stopped changing in grammar and vocabulary. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them In Linguistics, language death (also language extinction, linguistic extinction, and sometimes pejoratively as linguicide) is a process Normally this conversion to an extinct language occurs when a language undergoes language death while being directly replaced by a different one. In Linguistics, language death (also language extinction, linguistic extinction, and sometimes pejoratively as linguicide) is a process For example: Coptic, which was replaced by Arabic, and many Native American languages, which were replaced by English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese. Coptic or Coptic Egyptian ( MetRemenkīmi) is the final stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

Language extinction also occurs when a language undergoes rapid evolution or assimilation until it eventually gives birth to an offspring, i. e. , a dissimilar language or family of languages. Such is the case with Old English which is the parent of Modern English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

In some cases, an extinct language remains in use for scientific, legal, or ecclesiastical functions. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Old Church Slavonic, Avestan, Coptic, Old Tibetan and Ge'ez are among the many extinct languages used as sacred languages. to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. Coptic or Coptic Egyptian ( MetRemenkīmi) is the final stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, ɡɨʕɨz also transliterated Gi'iz, and referred to as Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic Language A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life

A language that does have living native speakers is called a modern language. A modern language is any Human Language that is currently in use Ethnologue claims there are 6,912 living languages known. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian [1]

Hebrew is an example of a formerly extinct spoken language that became a liturgical language that has been revived to become a living language. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions The revival of the Hebrew language was a process that took place in Europe and Israel at the end of the 19th century and There are other attempts at language revival. For example, young school children use Sanskrit in revived language in Mathoor village (India) [2]. Language revitalization is the attempt by interested parties including individuals cultural or community groups governments or political authorities to recover the spoken use of a Mattur (also spelled Mathur and Matthur) ( Kannada:ಮತ್ತೂರು is a small Village near the city of Shimoga in In general, the success of these attempts has been subject to debate, as it is not clear they will ever become the common native language of a community of speakers.

Contents 1 Recently extinct languages 2 See also 3 External links 4 Notes/References 5 Bibliography

Recently extinct languages

Main article: List of extinct languages

With last known speaker and/or date of death. List of extinct languages of Africa List of extinct languages of Asia List of extinct languages in Central America and the Caribbean

1. Adai: (late 19th century)
2. Akkala Sami: Marja Sergina (2003)
3. entire Alsean family
   1. Alsea: John Albert (1942)
   2. Yaquina: (1884)
4. Apalachee: (early 18th century)
5. Atakapa: (early 20th century)
6. Atsugewi: (1988)
7. Beothuk: Shanawdithit (a. Adai (also Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos) is the name of a people and language Akkala Sami is a Sami language that was spoken in the Sami villages of A´kkel and Ču´kksuâl in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia The Alsean (also Yakonan) Language family consists of two closely related languages that were spoken along the central Oregon coast The Alsea were a Native American tribe of Western Oregon. They are probably extinct although a few members may be mixed in with the Confederated Tribes Yaquina originally denoted a Tribe of Native Americans, now nearly extinct, along with their Language (an Alsean language that is also Atakapa is an extinct Language isolate native to southwestern Louisiana and nearby eastern Texas. Atsugewi is a moribund Palaihnihan language of northeastern California spoken by the Hat Creek and Dixie Valley people The Beothuk language (also called Beothukan) was spoken by the indigenous Beothuk people of Newfoundland. Shanawdithit (c 1801 – June 6 1829 also referred to as Shawnadithit, Shawnawdithit, and Nancy April, was last surviving member of the k. a. "Nancy April") (1829)
8. entire Catawban family:
   1. Catawba: before 1960
   2. Woccon
9. Cayuse: (ca. The Catawban (also Eastern Siouan) languages form a small Language family in east North America Waccamaw Siouan Indians are one of eight state-recognized Native American tribal nations in North Carolina. The Cayuse are a Native American tribe in the state of Oregon in the United States. 1930s)
10. Chemakum: (ca. 1940s)
11. Chicomuceltec: (late 20th century)
12. Chimariko: (ca. Chicomuceltec (also Chikomuselteko or Chicomucelteco; archaically Cotoque) is a Mayan language formerly spoken in the region defined by the The Chimariko were a Native American group living primarily in a narrow 20-mile section of canyon on the Trinity River in Trinity County in northwestern California 1930s)
13. Chitimacha: Benjamin Paul (1934) & Delphine Ducloux (1940)
14. entire Chumashan family: Barbareño language was last to become extinct. The Chitimacha language is a Language isolate historically spoken by the Chitimacha people of Louisiana, United States. Chumashan is a family of languages that were spoken on the southern California coast (from San Luis Obispo to Malibu) in neighboring inland regions
15. Barbareño: Mary Yee (1965)
16. Ineseño
17. Island Chumash
18. Obispeño
19. Purisimeño
20. Ventureño
21. Coahuilteco: (18th century)
22. Cochimí (a Yuman-Cochimí language): (early 19th century)
23. entire Comecrudan family
    1. Comecrudo: recorded from children (Andrade, Emiterio, Joaquin, & others) of last speakers in 1886
    2. Garza: last recorded in 1828
    3. Mamulique: last recorded in 1828
24. entire Coosan family
    1. Hanis: Martha Johnson (1972)
    2. Miluk: Annie Miner Peterson (1939)
25. Cornish: (Dolly Pentreath, last fluent speaker, died 1777) (undergoing attempts at revival)
26. all Costanoan languages (which make up a subfamily of the Utian language family): (ca. Ventureño is one of the extinct Chumash languages a group of Native American languages previously spoken along the coastal areas of Southern California from Coahuilteco (also Pajalate) was a Language isolate that was spoken in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. The Cochimí were the aboriginal inhabitants of the central part of the Baja California peninsula from El Rosario in the north to San Javier in the south Yuman-Cochimí is a family of languages spoken in Baja California and northern Sonora in Mexico and southern California and western Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande. This article is about the language Hanis for the Akkadian god see Hani The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of This article is about the language Hanis for the Akkadian god see Hani The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of This article is about the language Hanis for the Akkadian god see Hani The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. Dolly Pentreath (died December 1777 is often considered to have been the last Monoglot speaker of the Cornish language (that is the last person who spoke only Cornish The Ohlone people also known as the Costanoan and as the Muwekma, are the indigenous people of Northern California who have lived in the Utian (also Miwok-Costanoan, Mutsun) is a family of indigenous languages spoken in the central and north portion of California, United 1940s)
    1. Karkin
    2. Mutsun
    3. Northern Costanoan:
       1. Ramaytush
       2. Chochenyo
       3. Tamyen
       4. Awaswas
    4. Rumsen: last recorded speaker died 1939 in Monterey, California. Karkin (also called Los Carquines in Spanish is a name of one sub-group of the indigenous Ohlone people of California, as well as the name of the Mutsun is a name of one sub-group of the indigenous Ohlone people of California, as well as the name of the language they spoke The Ramaytush were one of the major divisions of the Ohlone Native Americans of Northern California who inhabited the San Francisco Peninsula The Chochenyo (also called Chocheño Chocenyo are one of the divisions of the indigenous Ohlone (Coastanoan people of Northern California. The Tamyen (also spelled as Tamien, Thamien) are one of eight linguistic divisions of the Ohlone (Coastanoan people groups of Native Americans The Awaswas people (also known as Santa Cruz) are one of eight divisions of the Ohlone (Coastanoan Native Americans of Northern California The Rumsen (also known as the Rumsien) are one of eight divisions of the Ohlone (Coastanoan Native American people of Northern California
    5. Chalon
27. Cotoname: last recorded from Santos Cavázos and Emiterio in 1886
28. Crimean Gothic: language vanished by the 1800’s
29. Cuman: (early 17th century)
30. Dalmatian: Tuone Udaina, (June 10, 1898)
31. Esselen: report of few speakers left in 1833, extinct before end 19th century
32. Eyak (a Na-Dené language): Marie Smith Jones, January 21, 2008
33. Gabrielino (an Uto-Aztecan language): elderly speakers last recorded in 1933
34. Galice-Applegate (an Athabaskan language):
    1. Galice dialect: Hoxie Simmons (1963)
35. Jassic (17th century)
36. Juaneño (an Uto-Aztecan language): last recorded in 1934
37. Kakadu (Gagadju): Big Bill Neidjie (July 2002)
38. entire Kalapuyan family:
    1. Central Kalapuya:
       1. Ahantchuyuk, Luckimute, Mary's River, and Lower McKenzie River dialects: last speakers were about 6 persons who were all over 60 in 1937
       2. Santiam dialect: (ca. The Chalon (also known as Soledad) are one of eight divisions of the Ohlone (Coastanoan people groups of Native Americans who lived in Northern Cotoname is an extinct Language isolate spoken by Native Americans indigenous to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Crimean Gothic was a Germanic dialect spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea (now in Ukraine) until the late 18th Cuman was a Turkic language spoken by the Cumans and was similar to today's Crimean Tatar language. Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro Tuone Udaina (died June 10, 1898; Antonio Udina in Italian was the last speaker of the Dalmatian language. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Esselen were a Native American linguistic group in the hypothetical Hokan language family who resided in what is now known as Big Sur in the Eyak is an extinct Na-Dené language that was historically spoken in southcentral Alaska, near the mouth of the Copper River. Marie Smith Jones ( May 14, 1918 &ndash January 21, 2008) was the last surviving speaker of the Eyak language of Southcentral Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Tongva may also refer to the Tongva language. The Tongva are a Native American people who inhabited the area in and around Los Angeles Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American Language family. Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Athapascan, Athapaskan, Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes) is the name of a large group of closely Jassic (jász is a Dialect of the Ossetian language and the name of a nomadic tribe settled in Hungary in the 13th century The Juaneño or Acagchemem are a Native American group from Southern California. Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American Language family. Gaagudju (also spelt Gagadu and Kakadu) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken in Arnhem Land, northern Big Bill Neidjie (c 1920 &ndash May 23, 2002) was the last surviving speaker of the Gagudju language an indigenous language from northern See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct Language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United Central Kalapuyan was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States. 1950s)
    2. Northern Kalapuya:
       1. Tualatin dialect: Louis Kenoyer (1937)
       2. Yamhill dialect: Louisa Selky (1915)
    3. Yonkalla: last recorded in 1937 from Laura Blackery Albertson who only partly remembered it. Northern Kalapuyan is a Kalapuyan language indigenous to northwestern Oregon in the United States. Yoncalla (also Southern Kalapuya) is a Kalapuyan language once spoken in southwest Oregon in the United States.
39. Kamassian: (1989)
40. Karankawa: (1858)
41. Kathlamet (a Chinookan language): (ca. Kamassian or Kamas is an extinct Uralic language belonging to the southern group of the Samoyedic languages. The Karankawa (also Karankawan, Clamcoëhs, and called in their language Auia) were a group of Native American peoples now Extinct 1930s)
42. Kitanemuk (an Uto-Aztecan language): Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, Refugia Duran (last recorded 1937)
43. Kitsai (a Caddoan language): (ca. The Kitanemuk were a Native American people who lived in the Tehachapi Mountains and the western Mojave Desert of southern California. Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American Language family. The Kitsai (also Kichai) language is an extinct Caddoan language. The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. 1940)
44. Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (an Athabaskan language): children of the last speakers remembered a few words, recorded in 1935 & 1942
    1. Clatskanie dialect: father of Willie Andrew (ca. Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Athapascan, Athapaskan, Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes) is the name of a large group of closely 1870)
    2. Kwalhioqua dialect: mother of Lizzie Johnson (1910)
45. Lower Chinook (a Chinookan language): (ca. 1930s)
46. Mahican: last spoken in Wisconsin (ca. Mohican redirects here For other uses of Mohican see Mohican (disambiguation The Mahicans (also Mohicans) are a 1930s)
47. Manx: Ned Maddrell (December 1974) (but is being revived as a second language)
48. Mattole-Bear River (an Athabaskan language):
    1. Bear River dialect: material from last elderly speaker recorded (ca. Manx ( Gaelg or Gailck, ɡilk or) also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Goidelic language once spoken on the Isle Edward "Ned" Maddrell (ca 1878–December 27 Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Language revitalization is the attempt by interested parties including individuals cultural or community groups governments or political authorities to recover the spoken use of a A second language (L2 is any Language learned after the first language or mother tongue (L1 Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Athapascan, Athapaskan, Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes) is the name of a large group of closely 1929)
    2. Mattole dialect: material recorded (ca. 1930)
49. Mbabaram: Albert Bennett (1972)
50. Miami-Illinois: (1989)
51. Mochica: ca. Mbabaram is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of north Queensland. The Miami-Illinois language is a Native American language formerly spoken in the United States primarily in Illinois, Missouri, Indiana The Miami-Illinois language is a Native American language formerly spoken in the United States primarily in Illinois, Missouri, Indiana Mochica (also Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Muchic, Mochika, Muchik, Chimu) is a Chimuan language formerly 1950s
52. Mohegan: Fidelia Fielding (1908)
53. Molala: Fred Yelkes (1958)
54. Munichi: Victoria Huancho Icahuate (late 1990s)
55. Natchez: Watt Sam & Nancy Raven (early 1930s)
56. Negerhollands: Alice Stevenson (1987)
57. Nooksack: Sindick Jimmy (1977)
58. Northern Pomo: (1994)
59. Nottoway (an Iroquoian language): last recorded before 1836
60. Pentlatch (a Salishan language): Joe Nimnim (1940)
61. Pánobo (a Pano-Tacanan language): 1991
62. Pochutec (Uto-Aztecan last documented 1917 by Franz Boas
63. Polabian (a Slavic language): (late 18th century)
64. Salinan: (ca. The Mohegan tribe is an Algonquian-speaking tribe that lives in eastern upper Thames valley Connecticut The Molala (also Molale, Molalla, Molele) were a people of the Plateau culture area in central Oregon, United States. Munichi ( Ethnologue code MYR is a recently extinct language which was spoken in the village of Munichis about 10 miles or 16 km West of Yurimaguas, Loreto Region The Natchez are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area near the present-day city of Natchez Mississippi. Negerhollands is a Dutch-based creole language that was once spoken in the Danish West Indies, now known as the U Northern Pomo is an extinct Pomoan language formerly spoken around Clear Lake in Lake County California by one of the several Pomo peoples The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. The Pentlatch or Puntlatch or Puntledge language is a Salishan language that was spoken on Canada 's Vancouver Island in a small area This article is about the Salish/Salishan language For the Tacoma Washington neighborhood see Salishan Tacoma Washington. Tacana redirects here for the Peruvian region see Tacna Region. Pochutec is an extinct Uto-Aztecan language of the Aztecan branch which was spoken in around the town of Pochutla on the pacific coast of Oaxaca Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American Language family. Franz Boas ( July 9, 1858 &ndash December 21, 1942) was a German - American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern The Polabian language, which became extinct in the 18th century was a group of Slavic Dialects spoken in present-day northern Germany: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Salinan Native Americans lived in what is now the Central Coast of California, in the Salinas Valley. 1960)
65. entire Shastan family
    1. Konomihu
    2. New River Shasta
    3. Okwanuchu
    4. Shasta: 3 elderly speakers in 1980, extinct by 1990
66. Siuslaw: (ca. The Shastan (also Sastean) family consisted of four languages spoken in present-day northern California and southern Oregon. The Okwanuchu were one of a number of small Shastan -speaking tribes of Native Americans in Northern California, who were closely related to the adjacent The Shasta language was a Shastan language spoken from northern California into southwestern Oregon Siuslaw (also Upper Umpqua) is one of the three Confederated Tribes of Coos Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians located on the southwest Oregon 1970s)
67. Slovincian (a Slavic language): (20th century)
68. Susquehannock: all last speakers murdered in 1763
69. Takelma: Molly Orton (or Molly Orcutt) & Willie Simmons (both not fully fluent) last recorded in 1934
70. Tasmanian: (late 19th century)
71. Tataviam (an Uto-Aztecan language): Juan José Fustero who remembered only a few words of his grandparents' language (recorded 1913)
72. Teteté (an Tucanoan language)
73. Tillamook (a Salishan language): (1970)
74. Tonkawa: 6 elderly people in 1931
75. Tsetsaut (an Athabaskan language): last fluent speaker was elderly man recorded in 1894
76. Tunica: Sesostrie Youchigant (ca. Slovincian is an extinct dialect of the Pomeranian language, spoken between the lakes Gardno (Gardersee and Łebsko (Lebasee in Pomerania The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Susquehannock people were natives of areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its Tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York Takelma was the language spoken by the Takelma people Dialects Latgawa dialect spoken in southwestern Oregon along the upper The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Tataviam which means "people facing the sun" also sometimes called the Alliklik, are a Native American group in southern California Uto-Aztecan (also Uto-Aztekan) is a Native American Language family. Teteté is an extinct Tucanoan language that was spoken in Ecuador close to the Ecuador-Colombia border Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a Language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Tillamook is an extinct Salishan language formerly spoken by the Tillamook tribe in northwestern Oregon, USA. This article is about the Salish/Salishan language For the Tacoma Washington neighborhood see Salishan Tacoma Washington. The Tonkawa language was spoken in Oklahoma Texas and New Mexico by the Tonkawa people Tsetsaut is an extinct Athabascan language formerly spoken in the Portland Canal area of northwestern British Columbia. Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Athapascan, Athapaskan, Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes) is the name of a large group of closely The Tunica (or Tonica, or less common form Yuron) language was a Language isolate spoken in what is now Louisiana in the United States Sesostrie Youchigant was the last native speaker of the Tunica language. mid 20th century)
77. Ubykh: Tevfik Esenç (October 1992)
78. all dialects of Upper Chinook (a Chinookan language) are extinct, except for the Wasco-Wishram dialect. Ubykh or Ubyx is a Language of the Northwestern Caucasian group, spoken by the Ubykh people up until the early 1990s Tevfik Esenç (1904 &ndash October 7, 1992) was a Circassian exile in Turkey and the last known speaker of the Ubykh language. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Clackamas dialect became extinct in the 1930s, other dialects have little documentation. The Clackamas Indians were a tribe of American Indians of the American state of Oregon. (The Wasco-Wishram dialect is still spoken by 6 elders. )
79. Upper Umpqua: Wolverton Orton, last recorded in 1942
80. Vegliot Dalmatian: Tuone Udaina (Italian: Antonio Udina) (10 June 1898)
81. Wappo
82. Wiyot: Della Prince (1962)
83. Yana: Ishi (1916)
84. Yola related to English (mid 19th c. Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language formerly spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro Tuone Udaina (died June 10, 1898; Antonio Udina in Italian was the last speaker of the Dalmatian language. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Wappo is an extinct Yuki-Wappo language spoken in the Alexander Valley north of San Francisco in western California. Wiyot (also Wishosk) is an extinct Algic language spoken by the Wiyot people of Humboldt Bay California. Ishi (c 1860 – March 25, 1916) was the Pseudonym of the last member of the Yahi, in turn the last surviving group of the Yana people Yola is an extinct West Germanic language formerly spoken in Ireland. )

See also

• Language death
• Endangered language
• List of extinct languages
• Language revival

External links

• The Dodo's Fate: How languages become extinct
• Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages&A list of ancient and extinct languages with temporary codes

Notes/References

Bibliography

• Adelaar, Willem F. H. ; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521362757.
• Brenzinger, Matthias (ed. ) (1992) Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013404-9.
• Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds. ). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292746245.
• Dorian, Nancy C. (1978). Nancy C Dorian is an American linguist who has carried out research into the death of the East Sutherland dialect of Scottish Gaelic for over 40 years Fate of morphological complexity in language death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic. Language, 54 (3), 590-609.
• Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812277856.
• Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth (eds. ) (1977) Language death (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
• Gordon, Raymond G. , Jr. (Ed. ). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed. ). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
• Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195181920.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). Discontinuity in a life cycle: The death of Trinidad Bhojpuri. Language, 62 (2), 291-319.
• Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1992) 'Theory of language death', in Brenzinger (ed. ) Language Death, pp. 7–30.
• Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language, 75 (3), 486-521.
• Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed. ). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
• Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-3468-0.

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