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Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become known as the Holocaust. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as [1] During World War II, under the orders of Heinrich Himmler, extermination camps were built during a later phase of the program of annihilation. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. Victims’ bodies were usually cremated or buried in mass graves. Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire A mass grave is a grave containing multiple usually unidentified human corpses The groups the Nazis sought to exterminate in these camps were primarily the Jews of Europe as well as Roma (Gypsies). PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The majority of prisoners brought to extermination camps were not expected to survive more than 24 hours beyond arrival.

Contents

Terminology

Extermination camp (German: Vernichtungslager) and death camp (Todeslager) are usually interchangeable and specifically refer to camps whose primary function is or was genocide. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group

In a generic sense, a death camp was a concentration camp that was established for the purpose of killing prisoners delivered there. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial All ages of people were killed at these camps. They were not intended as sites for punishing criminal actions; rather, they were intended to facilitate genocide. Historically, the most infamous death camps were the extermination camps built by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses the German invasion of Poland through to the end of World War II [2]

Nazi-German extermination camps are different than concentration camps such as Dachau and Belsen, which were mostly intended as places of incarceration and forced labor for a variety of “enemies of the state”—the Nazi label for people they deemed undesirable. See also List of Nazi-German concentration camps, Extermination camp Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany under Hitler maintained Dachau was a Nazi German Concentration camp, and the first one opened in Germany located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions Factory near the Belsen redirects here For other meanings see Belsen (disambiguation. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another In the early years of the Holocaust, the Jews were primarily sent to concentration camps, but from 1942 onward they were mostly deported to the extermination camps. See also List of Nazi-German concentration camps, Extermination camp Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany under Hitler maintained Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country.

Extermination camps should also be distinguished from forced labor camps (Arbeitslager), which were set up in all German-occupied countries to exploit the labor of prisoners of various kinds, including prisoners of war. Arbeitslager is a German language word which means Labor camp. Many Jews were worked to death in these camps, but eventually the Jewish labor force, no matter how useful to the German war effort, was destined for extermination. In most Nazi camps (with the exception of POW camps for the non-Soviet soldiers and certain labor camps), there were usually very high death rates as a result of executions, starvation, disease, exhaustion, and extreme brutality; nevertheless, only the extermination camps were intended specifically for mass killing. A prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of enemy combatants captured by the enemy in time of war and is similar to an Internment camp which is used for civilian Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly

The distinction between extermination camps and concentration camps was recognized by Germans themselves (although not expressed in the official nomenclature of the camps. ). As early as September 1942, an SS doctor witnessed a gassing and wrote in his diary: “They don't call Auschwitz the camp of annihilation (das Lager der Vernichtung) for nothing!”[3] When one of Adolf Eichmann’s deputies, Dieter Wisliceny, was interrogated at Nuremberg, he was asked for the names of extermination camps; his answer referred to Auschwitz and Majdanek as such. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Dieter Wisliceny ( 13 January 1912 – 4 May 1948) was a member of the Nazi SS, and a key executioner of the Final The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Majdanek was a Nazi Concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin, Poland. When asked “How do you classify the camps Mauthausen, Dachau and Buchenwald?” he replied, "They were normal concentration camps from the point of view of the department of Eichmann. Mauthausen Concentration Camp (known from the summer of 1940 as Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp) grew to become a large group of Nazi concentration camps ”[4]

The camps

Most accounts of the Holocaust recognize six Nazi extermination camps in occupied Poland[5]:

Of these, Auschwitz II and Chełmno were located within areas of western Poland annexed by Germany; the other four were located in the General Government area. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Chełmno extermination camp ( German name Kulmhof) was an Extermination camp of Nazi Germany that was situated 70 kilometres (43  Belzec (Bełżec approximate Polish pronunciation bew-zhets) was the first of the Nazi German Extermination camps created for implementing Majdanek was a Nazi Concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin, Poland. Treblinka II was a German Extermination camp in occupied Poland during World War II. At the beginning of World War II, significant Polish areas were annexed by Nazi Germany in contrary to Hague Convention IV 1907 and put under German civil The General Government (Generalgouvernement refers to a part of the territories of Poland (and Ostrava Czechoslovakia under German Military occupation

Another recognised death camp (over 1000), the much-less-known Maly Trostenets, was located in present-day Belarus, near or in the Lokot Republic. Maly Trascianiec extermination camp (see alternate spellings) a small village on the outskirts of Minsk, Belarus, was the site of a Nazi Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The Lokot Autonomy (Локотскoe самоуправление was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi -occupied Central Russia under an all-Russian administration

The euphemism “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” (Endlösung der Judenfrage) was used by the Nazis to describe the systematic killing of Europe’s Jews. A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or in the case of doublespeak The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World The decision to undertake the operation was made at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942 and carried out under the administrative control of Adolf Eichmann. The Wannsee Conference was a Meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on Treblinka, Bełżec, and Sobibór were constructed during Operation Reinhard, the codename for the extermination of Poland’s Jews. Treblinka II was a German Extermination camp in occupied Poland during World War II. Belzec (Bełżec approximate Polish pronunciation bew-zhets) was the first of the Nazi German Extermination camps created for implementing Sobibór is a Village in the administrative district of Gmina Włodawa, within Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland Operation Reinhard ( Aktion Reinhard or Einsatz Reinhard in German) was the code name given to the Nazi plan to murder Polish Jews A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over a Millennium.

While Auschwitz II was part of a labor camp complex, and Majdanek also had a labor camp, the Operation Reinhard camps and Chełmno were pure extermination camps—in other words, they were built solely and specifically to kill vast numbers of people, primarily Jews, within hours of arrival. A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. Chełmno extermination camp ( German name Kulmhof) was an Extermination camp of Nazi Germany that was situated 70 kilometres (43  [6] The only prisoners sent to these camps not immediately killed were those needed as slave labor directly connected with the extermination process (for example, to remove corpses from the gas chambers. These camps were small in size—only several hundred meters on each side—as only minimal housing and support facilities were required. Arriving persons were told that they were merely at a transit stop for relocation further east or at a work camp.

Non-Jews were also killed in these camps, including many gentile Poles and Soviet prisoners of war. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. [1]

Major deportation routes to the extermination camps
Major deportation routes to the extermination camps

Polish reactions to alleged complicity

Notice posted by Dr. Franke, Town Commander of Częstochowa, warning of the death penalty for hiding, feeding, or selling food to Jews and for Jews found outside the Jewish ghetto without a permit. (Dated 24 September 1942).
Notice posted by Dr. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become Franke, Town Commander of Częstochowa, warning of the death penalty for hiding, feeding, or selling food to Jews and for Jews found outside the Jewish ghetto without a permit. (Dated 24 September 1942).

The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, numerous Polonia organizations, as well as all Polish governments since 1989, have attributed to ignorance or malice the act of calling Nazi extermination camps in occupied Poland “Polish death camps,” and they monitor and discourage the use of this expression in favor of “(Nazi) death camps in (Nazi-)occupied Poland”[2]:

Poland had been conquered by Nazi Germany during 1939 Defensive War, and its government went into exile in London; no Polish puppet state collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II; and the decision to place extermination camps in Poland was a German one. Structural organisation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland Foreign affairs administration covers Poland’s relations with other Polonia, the name for Poland in Latin and many Romance and other languages refers in modern Polish to the Polish Diaspora This is an article about a misnomer You may be looking for the German camps in occupied Poland during World War II. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied The Government of the Polish Republic in Exile was the government of Poland after the country had been occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union during September–October A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power The reasons for locating the camps in occupied Poland were simple:

Szmalcowniks, citizens of pre-war Poland who blackmailed Jews or persons hiding Jews or otherwise helped the Nazis exterminate the Jews, were treated as collaborators by the Polish Home Army and other Polish resistance movements and later punished with the death sentence. Szmalcownik (ʂmal 'ʦɔv ɲik is a Pejorative Polish Slang word used during World War II that denoted a person Blackmailing The Polish resistance movement was a Resistance movement in Poland which fought against the Occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany during World [10][11]

Operation of the camps

Majdanek crematorium
Majdanek crematorium

The method of killing at these camps was typically poison gas obtained from the German chemical company BASF, usually in gas chambers, although many prisoners died in mass shootings, by starvation or by torture. Majdanek was a Nazi Concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin, Poland. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. BASF SE () is a German chemical company and the largest chemical company in the world A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced Rudolf Höss (German spelling: Höß; not to be confused with Rudolf Hess), the commandant of Auschwitz, wrote after the war that many of the Einsatzkommandos involved in the mass shootings went mad or committed suicide, “unable to endure wading through blood any longer. Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Höß (in English commonly Hoess or Höss; November 25 1900 - April 16 1947 was an SS- Obersturmbannführer and Rudolf Walter Richard Hess ( Heß in German) (26 April 1894 &ndash 17 August 1987 was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler Einsatzkommando refers to a sub-group of the five Einsatzgruppen mobile killing squads — 3000 men — responsible for systematically killing every Jew and ”[7] The bodies of those killed were destroyed in crematoria (except at Sobibór, where they were cremated on outdoor pyres), and the ashes buried or scattered. Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire Sobibór is a Village in the administrative district of Gmina Włodawa, within Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland A pyre (from the Greek: πυρά pyrá, from πυρ pýr, fire is a structure usually made of Wood, for burning a body as part of a At Auschwitz-Birkenau, the number of corpses defied burial or burning on pyres: the only way to dispose of them was in purpose-designed furnaces built on contract by Topf und Söhne, which ran day and night. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany JA Topf and Sons (JA Topf und Söhne was a former German engineering company notorious for designing and manufacturing the Crematoria used by the Nazis

The camps differed slightly in operation, but all were designed to kill as efficiently as possible. For example Kurt Gerstein, an Obersturmführer in the SS medical service, testified to a Swedish diplomat during the war about what he had seen at the camps. Kurt Gerstein ( August 11 1905 &ndash July 25 1945) was a German SS officer and member of the Institute for Hygiene of Obersturmführer was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi party that was used by the Schutzstaffel and also as a rank of the SA. He describes how he arrived at Belzec on August 19, 1942, (at the time, the camp was still using in its gas chambers primarily carbon monoxide from a gasoline engine) where he was proudly shown the unloading of 45 train cars stuffed with 6,700 Jews, many of whom were already dead, but the rest were marched naked to the gas chambers, where, he said:

Unterscharführer Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. Belzec (Bełżec approximate Polish pronunciation bew-zhets) was the first of the Nazi German Extermination camps created for implementing Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. But it doesn’t go. Captain Wirth comes up. Christian Wirth ( 24 November, 1885 - 26 May, 1944) was a senior SS officer during the program to exterminate the Jewish I can see he is afraid because I am present at a disaster. Yes, I see it all and I wait. My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They can be heard weeping, “like in the synagogue,” says Professor Pfannenstiel, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian assisting Hackenholt twelve, thirteen times, in the face. After 2 hours and 49 minutes—the stopwatch recorded it all—the diesel started. Up to that moment, the people shut up in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons in four times 45 cubic meters. Another 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. After 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, all were dead… Dentists hammered out gold teeth, bridges and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and showing me a large can full of teeth, he said: “See for yourself the weight of that gold! It’s only from yesterday and the day before. You can’t imagine what we find every day—dollars, diamonds, gold. You’ll see for yourself!”[8]

According to Höss, the first time Zyklon B was used on the Jews, many suspected they would be killed, despite being led to believe that they were only being deloused. Zyklon B (tsykloːn ˈbeː also spelled Cyclon B or As a result, pains were taken to single out possibly “difficult individuals” in future gassings, so they could be separated and shot unobtrusively. Members of a Special Detachment (Sonderkommando)—a group of prisoners from the camp assigned to help carry out the exterminations—were also made to accompany the Jews into the gas chamber and remain with them until the doors closed. A guard from the SS also stood at the door to perpetuate the “calming effect. ” To avoid giving the prisoners time to think about their fate, they were urged to undress as speedily as possible, with the Special Detachment helping those who might slow down the process. [9]

Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia arriving at Auschwitz-Birkenau in May 1944. At Auschwitz, the majority of deportees were killed shortly after their arrival (without being registered into the camp system) in gas chambers, such as those housed in Crematoria II and III whose chimneys are visible in the background.
Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia arriving at Auschwitz-Birkenau in May 1944. At Auschwitz, the majority of deportees were killed shortly after their arrival (without being registered into the camp system) in gas chambers, such as those housed in Crematoria II and III whose chimneys are visible in the background.

The Special Detachment reassured the Jews being gassed by talking of life in the camp, and tried to persuade them that everything would be all right. Many Jewish women hid their infants beneath their clothes once they had undressed, because they feared the disinfectant would harm them. Höss wrote that the “men of the Special Detachment were particularly on the look-out for this,” and would encourage the womenfolk to bring their children along. The Special Detachment men were also responsible for comforting older children that might cry “because of the strangeness of being undressed in this fashion. ”[10]

These measures did not deceive all, however. Höss reported of several Jews “who either guessed or knew what awaited them nevertheless” but still “found the courage to joke with the children to encourage them, despite the mortal terror visible in their own eyes. ” Some women would suddenly “give the most terrible shrieks while undressing, or tear their hair, or scream like maniacs. ” These were immediately led away by the Special Detachment men to be shot. [11] Some others instead “revealed the addresses of those members of their race still in hiding” before being led into the gas chamber. [12]

Once the door was sealed with the victims inside, powdered Zyklon B would be shaken down through special holes in the roof of the chamber. Zyklon B (tsykloːn ˈbeː also spelled Cyclon B or The camp commandant was required to witness every gassing carried out through a peephole, and supervise both the preparations and the aftermath. Höss reported that the gassed corpses “showed no signs of convulsion”; the doctors at Auschwitz attributed this to the “paralyzing effect on the lungs” that Zyklon B had, which ensured death came on before convulsions could begin. [13]

After the gassings had been carried out, the Special Detachment men would remove the bodies, extract the gold teeth and shave the hair of the corpses before bringing them to the crematoria or the pits. In either case, the bodies would be cremated, with the men of the Special Detachment responsible for stoking the fires, draining off the surplus fat, and turning over the “mountain of burning corpses” so that the flames would constantly be fanned. Höss found the attitude and dedication of the Special Detachment amazing. Despite them being “well aware that … they, too, would meet exactly the same fate,” they managed to carry out their duties “in such a matter-of-course manner that they might themselves have been the exterminators. ” According to Höss, many of the Special Detachment men ate and smoked while they worked, “even when engaged on the grisly job of burning corpses. ” Occasionally, they would come across the body of a close relative, but although they “were obviously affected by this, … it never led to any incident. ” Höss cited the case of a man who, while carrying bodies from the gas chamber to the fire pit, found the corpse of his wife, but behaved “as though nothing had happened. ”[14]

Some high-ranking leaders from the Nazi Party and the SS were sent to Auschwitz on occasion to witness the gassings. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 Höss wrote that although “all were deeply impressed by what they saw,” some “who had previously spoken most loudly about the necessity for this extermination fell silent once they had actually seen the ‘final solution of the Jewish problem’. ” Höss was repeatedly asked how he could stomach the exterminations. He justified them by explaining “the iron determination with which we must carry out Hitler’s orders,” but found that even “[Adolf] Eichmann, who [was] certainly tough enough, had no wish to change places with me. ”[15]

Post war

The English-language memorial in Auschwitz-Birkenau camp
The English-language memorial in Auschwitz-Birkenau camp

As Soviet armed forces advanced into Poland in 1944, the camps were closed and partly or completely dismantled by the Nazis to conceal what had taken place in them. The postwar Polish communist government further partly dismantled the camps and generally allowed the sites to decay. The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian Monuments of various kinds were erected at the sites of the former camps, but they usually did not mention that most of the people killed in them were Jews. A monument is a structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past

After the fall of communism in 1989, the camp sites became more accessible and have become centres of tourism, particularly at the most-recognized, Auschwitz (Polish: Oświęcim). In the 1970s and 1980s tension grew between the people of Poland and its Communist government as with the rest of the Eastern bloc as the influence of the Soviet Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Oświęcim (Auschwitz Yiddish Oshpitsin אָשפּיצין Romany: Aushvitsa, Osvyenchim, Czech: Osvětim There has been a series of disputes between the Jewish organizations and the Polish about what is appropriate at these sites. Some Jewish groups have objected strongly to the erection of Christian memorials at the camps. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth A memorial is an object which serves as a memory of something usually a person (who has died or an event In the most notable case—that of the Auschwitz cross—a cross was located near Auschwitz I, where most of the victims were Poles, rather than near Auschwitz II (Auschwitz=Birkenau), which was used for exterminating Jews. Auschwitz cross refers to the Cross erected near the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Holocaust denial

Main article: Holocaust denial

Some groups and individuals deny that the Nazis killed anyone using extermination camps, or they question the manner or extent of the Holocaust. Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the For example, Robert Faurisson claimed in 1979 that “Hitler’s ‘gas chambers’ never existed. Robert Faurisson (born January 25, 1929) is a French former professor of literature at the University of Lyon and a Holocaust denier ” He contended that the notion of the gas chambers was “essentially of Zionist origin”. [16] Another famous denier is British historian David Irving, who was sentenced to prison in Austria for his Holocaust denials: Holocaust denial is a criminal offense in Austria. David John Cawdell Irving (born 24 March 1938 is a British writer specializing in the Military history of World War II. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich

Scholars and historians point out that Holocaust denial is contradicted by the testimonies of survivors and perpetrators, material evidence, and photographs, as well as by the Nazis’ own record-keeping. In Classical logic, a contradiction consists of a logical incompatibility between two or more Propositions It occurs when the propositions taken together yield Efforts such as the Nizkor Project, the work of Deborah Lipstadt, Simon Wiesenthal and his Simon Wiesenthal Center, and more at Holocaust resources, all track and explain Holocaust denial. The Nizkor Project ( Hebrew: נִזְכּוֹר we will remember) is an ongoing Internet -based project run by Ken McVay which is dedicated Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18 1947 New York City) is an American Historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. Simon Wiesenthal ( Buczacz, December 31, 1908 &ndash Vienna, September 20, 2005) was an Austrian Jewish The Simon Wiesenthal Center (often abbreviated SWC) with headquarters in Los Angeles This entry provides a select bibliography and other resources for the main article The Holocaust. Virtually all mainstream Historians reject the claims of Holocaust denial. The work of historians such as Raul Hilberg (who published The Destruction of the European Jews), Lucy Davidowicz (The War Against the Jews), Ian Kershaw, and many others relegate Holocaust denial to a minority fringe. Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian The Destruction of the European Jews is a book published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg. Lucy Schildkret Dawidowicz ( June 16, 1915 – December 5, 1990) was an American Historian and an author of books on modern Jewish The War Against the Jews is a 1975 book authored by Lucy Dawidowicz. Sir Ian Kershaw (born April 29 1943 in Oldham, Lancashire, England) is a British Historian, noted for his Holocaust denial is the claim that the Genocide of Jews during World War II —usually referred to as The Holocaust —did not occur in the Antisemitic political motivation is often imputed to those who deny the Holocaust. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility

The current historical debates surrounding the Nazi-German concentration camps and the Holocaust involve the questions of complicity of the local populations. See also List of Nazi-German concentration camps, Extermination camp Prior to and during World War II, Nazi Germany under Hitler maintained Although many Jews were saved by Christian neighbors, others ignored their plight or turned them in. Furthermore, it is becoming evident that many of the camps were in clear view and were tied up in local economies. For instance, goods were purchased and delivered to camps and local women provided housekeeping and company. Nazi officers patronized local taverns and even bartered with gold collected from victims. (See Gordon J. Horwitz,"Places Far Away, Places Very Near: Mauthausen, the camps of the Shoah, and the bystanders" in Omer Bartov, ed. Omer Bartov is the John P Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History and Professor of History and Professor of German Studies at Brown University. The Holocaust)

Notes

  1. ^ Doris Bergen, Germany and the Camp System, part of Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State, Community Television of Southern California, 2004-2005
  2. ^ Dictionary definition on laborlawtalk.com
  3. ^ Diary of Johann Paul Kremer
  4. ^ Overy, Richard. Interrogations, p 356–7. Penguin 2002. ISBN 0-14-028454-0
  5. ^ Holocaust Timeline: The Camps
  6. ^ Aktion Reinhard: Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka, Nizkor Project
  7. ^ Hoss [sic], Rudolf (2005). The Nizkor Project ( Hebrew: נִזְכּוֹר we will remember) is an ongoing Internet -based project run by Ken McVay which is dedicated “I, the Commandant of Auschwitz,” in Lewis, Jon E. (ed. ), True War Stories, p. 321. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1533-2.
  8. ^ (2002) The Nazi Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts. Routledge, 354. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0415222133.  
  9. ^ Höss, pp. 321–322.
  10. ^ Höss, pp. 322–323.
  11. ^ Höss, p. 323.
  12. ^ Höss, p. 324.
  13. ^ Höss, pp. 320, 328.
  14. ^ Höss, pp. 325–326.
  15. ^ Höss, p. 328.
  16. ^ “The Chorus and Cassandra” by Christopher Hitchens

Further reading

External links

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