Expulsion at a school or university is defined as removing a student from the institution for violating rules or honor codes. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects "Code of honor" redirects here for the first season episode of Star Trek The Next Generation see Code of Honor.
Expulsion in the UK
State Sector
The rules associated with the exclusion
If a child has been expelled from two schools then a state school is legally permitted to refuse to admit a pupil (even if they have a space for the child); in the case of a school which is on special measures then a child who has been expelled from one school may be treated in this way. Special measures is a status applied by Ofsted and Estyn, the schools inspection agencies to schools in England and Wales (Respectively Because of these rules if a child is expelled from a school then it can result in them being removed totally from the state education system. As a result of this fact the vast majority of headteachers and school governors do not view expulsion lightly.
As a result in the state sector in the UK it is rare for a pupil to be expelled (permanent exclusion is the current term for expulsion). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In the UK system the exclusion of pupils is governed by the Education Act 2002, for an overview of the topic please see chapter 12 of A Guide to the Law for School Governors (Community Schools edition, ISBN 1844781216, DfES reference GTTLC2004, crown copyright 2004 or the later edition ISBN 1844785432, DfES reference DFES-0227-2005, crown copyright 2006), The above act states.
the Secretary of State's guidance states that exclusion is a serious step. Exclusion, should be used only in response to serious breaches of a school's discipline policy and only after a range of alternative strategies to resolve the pupil's diciplinary problems have been tried and proven to have failed; and where allowing the pupil to remain in school would be seriously detrimental to the education or welfare of other pupils and staff, or of the pupil himself or herself.
The most recent guidance to schools (Improving behaviour and attendance: guidance on exclusion from schools and pupil referral units: DfES/0087/2003) states that there may be occasions where in a headteacher's judgement it is correct to expel a pupil for a first or one off offence. These include
- Serious actual of threatened violence against another pupil or a member of staff;
- Sexual abuse or assault;
- Supplying an illegal drug;
- Carrying an offensive weapon.
Some other dire acts which might capture the imagination of the general public are not listed here but the following acts could lead to exclusion.
- computer hacking
- persistent bullying, such as racism (which is considered violence)
- persistent truancy
- stealing (on the second occasion), for example, breaking into lockers (in secondary schools)
In practise a pupil can be subject to permanent exclusion for a total of five outrages against good order at the school. The pupils do not have to receive formal 'warnings' as such. Depending on what a child has done they can be excluded from the school within a matter of minutes or hours of their misdeed. The teaching staff at a school can recommend the expulsion of a pupil but only the headteacher is legally empowered to expel a pupil, the head teacher is not permitted to delegate that power to another person, if the headteacher is ill or otherwise unable to perform their duties then another member of staff may take on the duties of the headteacher and become a acting headteacher. Headmaster redirects here For the type of Transformers please see Headmaster (Transformers.
Reasons for expulsion from UK Schools
For a single case of one of the following a pupil can be excluded permanently
- A serious act of violence, for example bringing a knife to school and stabbing a pupil or member of staff. Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes A knife is a handheld sharp-edged instrument consisting of handle attached to a Blade used for cutting A stabbing is the penetration of a sharp or pointed object at close range
- A drug offense, for example the supply of a controlled drug to other pupils. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain A small amount of a 'soft drug' (such as one joint) is not normally considered as sufficient grounds for expulsion. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a
- A sexual offense, for example if one pupil rapes another pupil. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person
- A racially aggravated offense, for example if one pupil punches another pupil (of a different race) while shouting some racial slur. The following is a list of ethnic slurs that are or have been used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given Ethnicity or to refer to them in a derogatory (critical
Rather than a single outrage a long and dire history of breaking school rules can result in expulsion.
- Persistent defiance. Also a pupil can be expelled for a persistent rebellion against the school rules. This is where the pupil has done many bad things which when taken on their own are not serious, but when taken together are a serious matter.
Some headteachers are aware that if they expel a pupil for an act of violence against another pupil that the expelled pupil may at a later time assault the victim a second time as a retaliation for being expelled. To guard against this event one method is to expel the violent pupil not for violence but for Persistent defiance against the school rules as the majority of violent pupils are also often rebelling against the school rules.
Some persons have considered that the use of the totting up process of the Persistent defiance to be unreasonable as often the pupil will have already been punished once already for each act and that the expulsion amounts to a second punishment imposed after the matter had been settled by the first punishment. Punishment is the practice of imposing something unpleasant or aversive on a person or animal usually in response to disobedient or morally wrong behavior
Actions required of the headteacher at the time of the explusion
The headteacher must inform the parents of the following facts.
- The period of the exclusion (or that it is permanent)
- The reasons for the exclusion
- The fact that the parent can make an appeal
- How the appeal can be made.
In the following cases the headteacher must inform the Local Education Authority of the facts in cases of
- Permanent exclusions
- Fixed term exclusions of more than five days (or ten lunchtimes) in one term
- Exclusions which result in the loss of the opportunity to take a public examination.
Appeals
The pupil and/or their parents can appeal to the governors against the expulsion, if this appeal to the governors fails to reinstate the pupil then a further appeal can be made to an appeals board (which sits on the behalf of the Local Education Authority). A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government
Appeals to the governors
In the UK system the parents of the excluded pupil are entitled to appeal against the exclusion to the school governors. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, school governors are members of a school's Governing Body In addition to the appeals against permanent exclusions the parents can appeal against a fixed-term exclusion which is more than a length of time set down in law (five days). Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society A panel of the governors are required to hear the case and act as a court, the pupil and the parent can appeal against the exclusion either adjudging that the excluded pupil was not responsible for the act for which they are being excluded for or that the punishment is disproportionate. Punishment is the practice of imposing something unpleasant or aversive on a person or animal usually in response to disobedient or morally wrong behavior The panel are not legally able to exclude a pupil or to extend a term of exclusion, the panel can however reduce the length of an exclusion, convert a permanent one to a fixed term one or reverse the exclusion totally.
The panel (of school governors (parent and staff governors) which can not include the headteacher) must meet no sooner than six days after the exclusion and no more than 15 days afteer the exclusion, this panel will hear evidence from the school which details the case for expulsion, the parents of the pupil whose future is being considered may also present evidence. The evidence can be oral evidence, written evidence or even physical evidence. For example if a pupil is accused of destroying a door, then the smashed door could be shown to the panel.
Hypothetical example of an excessive punishment
For example if a pupil was caught telling a dirty joke to another pupil, while a blue joke might be a sexual offense which might be an act of sexual abuse it would be considered by the vast majority of teachers, parents and governors that the mere telling of a blue joke is unlikely to be a crime of sufficient gravity to warrant permanent exclusion. The term off-color humor (also known as dirty jokes or blue humor) is an Americanism used to describe various Jokes, Prose, Poems A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government
Appeal to the local education authority
If the appeal to the governors does not result in the pupil being allowed back into the school, then a new appeal to a panel of persons appointed by the local education authority can occur. The majority of the appeals that these panels hear are not against exclusions but are for the admission of pupils into schools. Although the local education authority are in theory obliged to provide education to a pupil under school leaving age (Year 11 and below), in practice (usually when the pupil is denied access to other schools and/or the pupil referral unit) the local education authority employ techniques such as appointing a single tutor for one lesson a week.
Independent Sector
However in the independent school (UK) sector, a pupil can be ‘permanently excluded’ at the discretion of the Head, with the interest of the school taking precedence over the rights and interests of pupil and parent. An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees This disregard for natural justice was the basis of the play "The Winslow Boy" which brings into question a system that seeks to protect its reputation at the cost of truth in carrying out an expulsion. Natural justice or procedural fairness is a legal philosophy used in some jurisdictions in the determination of just or fair, processes in legal proceedings The Winslow Boy is an English play from 1946 by Terence Rattigan based on an actual incident in the Edwardian Currently, if the matter is not a disciplinary issue, a Head will refer to an expulsion as “a requirement to withdraw”, and is “immediate and permanent”. [1]
Mass expulsions in the UK independent sector occurred with some frequency during the 1970s as headmasters struggled to control outbreaks of drugs usage. For example, pupils at Oundle School may recall the entire school being summoned to assembly one afternoon to hear the headmaster, Dr BMW Trapnell, explain not only why he had to expel almost 10 boys for this offence, but also how none of these boys would subsequently be able to become chartered accountants. Oundle School is a public school located in the ancient market town of Oundle in Northamptonshire, England. Bruce Dickinson is another example of an Oundle pupil expelled by the same headmaster. Paul Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire, England) is a British singer Airline pilot, radio show
Distinction between Expulsion and Rustication
Whereas expulsion from a UK independent school means permanent removal from the school, 'rustication' usually means removal from the school for the remainder of the current term.
Expulsion in the United States
In the United States, students have found that they may be expelled, or involuntarily withdrawn, from their schools for many reasons. With public school safety becoming a major concern in modern day schools, it is much easier to be thrown out of public schools now than it was years ago. Depending on local school board jurisdiction, approval from that school's local school board may be required before a student can be expelled, as opposed to a suspension which may only require approval from the principal.
Reasons for expulsion from U. S. schools (California rules)
Students will be withdrawn by their principals (US term for the headteacher of a school) for a variety of reasons, those listed in one source include [2] the following. NB, much of the list has been organised according to the UK state school list of one-off acts for which expulsion is legal.
Violence
- Causing, attempting to cause or threatening to cause a physical injury to another person.
- The use of force or violence against the person of another (except in self defense but even then one may be suspended).
- Possessing, selling or otherwise providing a firearm, knife, explosive or other dangerous object. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion A knife is a handheld sharp-edged instrument consisting of handle attached to a Blade used for cutting An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied
- Committing or attempting to commit robbery or extortion. Robbery is the Crime of seizing Property through Violence or Intimidation. Extortion, outwresting, or exaction is a criminal offense, which occurs when a person Unlawfully obtains either money property or services
- Possessing an imitation firearm. There are three types of airsoft gun spring gas and electric.
- Making terrorist threats against school officials or school property.
- Making crude weapons out of office supplies
Sexual
- Rape or some other sexual assault or battery. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Generally speaking human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings Assault is a Crime of Violence against another person. In some Jurisdictions including Australia and New Zealand, Battery is a term used by the Common law jurisdictions which involves an Injury or other Contact upon the Person of another in a manner likely
- The commission of an obscene act or engaging in habitual profanity or vulgarity. Obscenity (in Latin obscenus, meaning "foul repulsive detestable" is a term that is most often used in a legal context to The original meaning of the adjective profane (from the Latin for "in front of or outside the Temple " was to refer to items not belonging to the church " Vulgarism " (also called scurrility) derives from Latin vulgun, the "mean folk" and has carried into English its original
- Severe Sexual harassment (sex crimes) or general harassment (grades 5-12)
Drugs
- Drug use, possession, supply on campus. Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behaviour The term commonly refers to behaviour intended to disturb or upset and when the term is used in a legal sense it refers This includes offering, arranging or negotiating to sell. This includes tobacco, alcohol, narcotics, cocaine, marijuana, and betel. Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a The Betel ( Piper betle) is the leaf of a vine belonging to the Piperaceae family which includes pepper and Kava) Even talking about using drugs can get you suspended or even expelled.
Hate crimes
Causing, attempting to cause, threatening to cause, or participating in an act of hate violence.
Other acts which are not explicitly mentioned in the UK state system
Property
- Vandalism of either school or private property. Vandalism is the behaviour attributed to the Vandals in respect of Culture: ruthless Destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or Venerable
- Stealing either school or private property. In Criminal law, theft (also known as stealing or filching) is the illegal taking of another person's Property without that person's freely-given
- Knowingly receiving stolen property.
Acts which are prejudicial to good order at the school
- Disrupting school activities, or otherwise defying the valid authority of supervisors, teachers or other members of staff.
- Harassing, threatening or intimidating a pupil who is either a complaining witness or other witness in a school disciplinary case, or making a retaliation against a person for being a witness in a school disciplinary case.
- Hazing
Failure to attend
- This has been cited by some as something which can result in expulsion. Hazing is an often Ritualistic test and a task which may constitute Harassment, Abuse or Humiliation with requirements to perform random often While it is not mentioned explicitly it does come under defying the valid authority of supervisors, teachers or other members of staff.
Poor attendance. Students are often expelled from school for truancy. Truancy is any intentional unauthorized absence from Compulsory schooling. In the United States, students under 18 (most states) are considered truants if they do not regularly attend school and can result in charges against the parents. Students under 18 who are expelled are usually sent to alternative schools. Students over 18 can go to alternative schools but do not have to be enrolled in school by most state laws.
Persistent rebellion
- Excessive rule infractions. Constantly breaking the rules will eventually result in being removed from school. This is in common with the UK system. This again is a case of defying the valid authority of supervisors, teachers or other members of staff.
Acts for which the pupil must be expelled, unless the headteacher considers the expulsion to be unreasonable
- Causing serious physical injury (except for self defense)
- Possession of a knife, explosive or other dangerous item which is of no reasonable use to the pupil.
- Unlawful possession of a drug (except for the first offense of having up to one ounce of non-concentrated cannabis)
- Robbery or extortion
- Assault or battery on a member of staff. This article is about the unit of mass For the unit of force see Pound-force. Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp
Acts for which a pupil must be suspended instantly and recommended for expulsion
- A firearms offense.
- Threatening someone with a knife.
- Selling drugs.
- Committing (or attempting) a sexual assault or battery.
- Possession of an explosive.
- Hacking
- Having sex on school grounds and getting caught
Returning to U. S. schools after involuntary withdrawals
Depending on the reason, some students do have a chance of re-entering the school system after being expelled. Sometimes the student is even able to return to the school that they were withdrawn from.
Famous expulsions
- Curtis Jackson aka 50 Cent. In his sophomore year in high school he was expelled for selling cocaine.
- Bruce Dickinson was expelled in his A-level year from Oundle School for urinating in the beans he cooked for the headmaster, Barry Trapnell. Paul Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire, England) is a British singer Airline pilot, radio show Oundle School is a public school located in the ancient market town of Oundle in Northamptonshire, England. Barry Maurice Waller Trapnell was born 18th May 1924 in Hampstead, London.
- Joseph Stalin expelled in May, 1899 from the Tiflis Theological Seminary for disrespect for those in authority and reading forbidden books. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party
- Percy Bysshe Shelley expelled in 1811 from University College, Oxford for publishing The Necessity of Atheism. Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among University College (in full the The Master and Fellows of the College of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford, colloquially referred to as Univ) is one of The Necessity of Atheism is a treatise on Atheism by Percy Bysshe Shelley, published anonymously in 1811 while he was a student at University College
- William Randolph Hearst expelled from Harvard University for gifting several of his professors chamber pots with their names elaborately painted on the inside. For other people named William Randolph Hearst see William Randolph Hearst (disambiguation William Randolph Hearst I (April 29 1863 &ndash [3]
- Robert Frost expelled from Dartmouth College for poor performance & "daydreaming". Robert Lee Frost (March 26 1874 &ndash January 29 1963 was an American Poet. Dartmouth College ( is a private, Coeducational University located in Hanover, New Hampshire, U Some dispute this, asserting Frost chose to leave college of his own accord.
- Buckminster Fuller expelled from Harvard University for "irresponsibility and general disinterest"
- Cary Grant expelled from Fairfield Grammar School in Bristol after having been found "investigating the girl's bathrooms". Richard Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller ( July 12, 1895 &ndash July 1, 1983) was an American Architect, Author Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London
- Humphrey Bogart expelled from Phillips Academy for "Throwing the headmaster into a lake"
- Steve Biko expelled from Lovedale, in the Eastern Cape, for 'anti-establishment' behaviour. Phillips Academy (also known as Phillips Andover or PA or simply Andover) is a co-educational University preparatory school for boarding Stephen Bantu Biko December 1946 &ndash 12 September 1977 was a noted anti-[[apartheid] activist in South Africa in the 1960s and early
- John Cheever expelled from Thayer Academy for smoking. John Cheever ( May 27, 1912 &ndash June 18, 1982) was an American Novelist and Short story Writer Thayer Academy (TA is a private, Co-educational, college- preparatory day school located in Braintree Massachusetts.
- Tom DeLay expelled from Baylor University for drinking and vandalism. Thomas Dale DeLay (born April 8 1947 is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Sugar Land, Texas. Baylor University is a private, Baptist -affiliated Research University located in Waco Texas.
- Charlie Sheen expelled from Santa Monica High School for poor attendance and bad grades. Carlos Irwin Estévez (born September 3 1965 better known as Charlie Sheen, is an American actor Santa Monica High School ( SMHS) informally known as Samohi or just Samo, is a public school located in Santa Monica California which was
- Kevin Spacey expelled from Northridge Military Academy for frequent behavioural problems. Kevin Spacey Fowler (born July 26 1959 is an American actor and Film director.
- Salvador Dalí expelled from San Fernando School of Fine Arts for insulting his professors with the declaration that no one on the faculty was competent enough to examine him. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist
- Marlon Brando expelled from Shattuck Military School (MN) for fighting and cigarette smoking. Marlon Brando Jr (April 3 1924 – July 1 2004 was an Academy Award -winning American Actor, whose body of work spanned over half a century Shattuck-St Mary's School (also known as SSM is a Coeducational Episcopal Church -affiliated Boarding school in Faribault, Minnesota He was also expelled from Libertyville High School.
- Woody Allen may have been expelled from New York University for poor grades, though some reports state he dropped out. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City.
- Stephen Fry was expelled from Uppingham School when he was fifteen
- Adrian McPherson expelled from Florida State University for his committed acts of fraud and history of illegal high stakes gambling. Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957 is an English Humorist, Writer, Wit, Actor, Novelist, filmmaker Uppingham School is a co-educational Independent school situated in the small town of Uppingham in Rutland, England. Adrian Jamal McPherson (born May 8, 1983 in) is a Canadian football Quarterback for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football Florida State University (commonly referred to as Florida State or FSU) is a public Research University located in Tallahassee
- Mao Zedong was expelled from several schools during his childhood due to the fact he was constantly arguing with his teachers and displaying so called "Blatant Disrespect" towards his teachers, this was considered unacceptable in Chinese culture. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led
- Richard Mellon Scaife expelled from Yale University during March of his freshman year after a drunken evening in which Scaife rolled a keg of beer down a flight of stairs, breaking the legs of a classmate, according to Burton Hersh, biographer of the Mellon family. Richard Mellon Scaife (born July 3 1932 is an American Billionaire and Newspaper Publisher.
- Jeremy Clarkson expelled from Repton School for "drinking, smoking and generally making a nuisance of himself". Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson (born 11 April 1960 is an English broadcaster
- Al Capone expelled from Public School 133 for punching a teacher. Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17 1899 &ndash January 25 1947 commonly nicknamed Scarface, was an Italian American Gangster who
- Guy Ritchie expelled from Stanbridge Earls School and Sibford School for behavioural problems. Guy Stuart Ritchie (born 10 September 1968 in Hatfield, Hertfordshire) is an English Screenwriter and Film director.
- Malcolm Hardee expelled from St Stephen's Church of England primary, Colfe's School and Sedgehill comprehensive. Malcolm Hardee (born Lewisham, London 5 January 1950 &ndash died Rotherhithe, London 31 January 2005 was an English Comedian, author Comedy
- Ray Winstone expelled from Edmonton County for blowing out his headmistress's car tire with some tacks. Raymond Andrew "Ray" Winstone Jr (born 19 February 1957) is an Emmy Award -winning English film and television actor
- Brandon Rakestraw expelled from Algood Elementary School in Paulding County in Georgia for cussing out a teacher twice.
See also rustication. Use in the United Kingdom Rustication (temporary expulsion is a term used at some British academic institutions for a disciplinary action (Famous Suspensions)
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