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The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893) which inspired 20th century Expressionists
The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893) which inspired 20th century Expressionists

Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an emotional effect; it is a subjective art form. The Scream ( Skrik, 1893-1910 is a seminal series of expressionist Paintings by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch Edvard Munch (mʉŋk December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, Printmaker An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings thoughts and behaviours Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including painting, literature, theatre, film, architecture and music. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Expressionist architecture was an architectural movement that developed in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. The term often implies emotional angst. Angst is a German word for Fear or Anxiety. ( Anguish is its almost entirely synonymous Latinate equivalent In a general sense, painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco can be called expressionist, though in practice, the term is applied mainly to 20th century works. Matthias Grünewald or "Mathis" (as first name "Gothart" or "Neithardt" (as surname (c El Greco' ("The Greek " 1541 &ndash April 7 1614 was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance

Contents

Origin of the term

Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele
Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele

Although it is used as term of reference, there has never been a distinct movement that called itself "expressionism", apart from the use of the term by Herwald Walden in his polemic magazine Der Sturm in 1912. Egon Schiele (12 June 1890 &ndash 31 October 1918 (ˈʃiːlə approximately SHEE-luh was an Austrian painter, a protégé of Gustav Klimt, and a An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time or at least with the heyday Der Sturm (The Storm was a magazine of Expressionism founded in Berlin in 1910 by Herwarth Walden. The term is usually linked to paintings and graphic work in Germany at the turn of the century which challenged the academic traditions, particularly through the Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter groups. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider) was a group of artists from the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany. Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche played a key role in originating modern expressionism by clarifying and serving as a conduit for previously neglected currents in ancient art. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist

In The Birth of Tragedy Nietzsche presented his theory of the ancient dualism between two types of aesthetic experience, namely the Apollonian and the Dionysian; a dualism between the plastic "art of sculpture", of lyrical dream-inspiration, identity (the principium individuationis), order, regularity, and calm repose, and, on the other hand, the non-plastic "art of music", of intoxication, forgetfulness, chaos, and the ecstatic dissolution of identity in the collective. The Birth of Tragedy ( Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik, 1872 is a 19th Century work of philosophy by Friedrich Nietzsche. Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings which may or may not be set to music In Philosophy, personal identity refers to the essence of a self-conscious person that which makes him or her unique The analogy with the world of the Greek gods typifies the relationship between these extremes: two godsons, incompatible and yet inseparable. According to Nietzsche, both elements are present in any work of art. The basic characteristics of expressionism are Dionysian: bold colours, distorted forms-in-dissolution, two-dimensional, without perspective. [1]

"View of Toledo" by El Greco, 1595/1610 has been pointed out to bear a particularly striking resemblance to 20th century expressionism. Historically speaking it is however part of the Mannerist movement.
"View of Toledo" by El Greco, 1595/1610 has been pointed out to bear a particularly striking resemblance to 20th century expressionism. El Greco' ("The Greek " 1541 &ndash April 7 1614 was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance Historically speaking it is however part of the Mannerist movement. Mannerism is a period of European art which emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520.

More generally the term refers to art that expresses intense emotion. It is arguable that all artists are expressive but there is a long line of art production in which heavy emphasis is placed on communication through emotion. Such art often occurs during time of social upheaval, and through the tradition of graphic art there is a powerful and moving record of chaos in Europe from the 15th century on the Protestant Reformation, Peasants' War, Spanish Occupation of Netherlands, the rape, pillage and disaster associated with countless periods of chaos and oppression are presented in the documents of the printmaker. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time For other conflicts referred to as peasant wars or revolts see Peasant revolt (disambiguation. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Looting ( Hindi lūṭ akin to Sanskrit luṭhati steals also Latin latro, latronis Often the work is unimpressive aesthetically, but almost without exception has the capacity to move the viewer to strong emotions with the drama and often horror of the scenes depicted. Horror fiction is broadly Fiction in any medium intended to scare unsettle or horrify the audience

The term was also coined by Czech art historian Antonín Matějček in 1910 as the opposite of impressionism: "An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s . . . [An Expressionist rejects] immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures. In Psychoanalysis, the psyche (ˈsaɪki refers to the forces in an individual that influence thought, Behavior and Personality. . . . Impressions and mental images that pass through mental peoples soul as through a filter which rids them of all substantial accretions to produce their clear essence [. . . and] are assimilated and condense into more general forms, into types, which he transcribes through simple short-hand formulae and symbols. " (Gordon, 1987)

Visual artists

"On White II" by Wassily Kandinsky, 1923.
"On White II" by Wassily Kandinsky, 1923. Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Василий Кандинский first name pronounced as) ( – 13 December 1944 was a Russian painter, Printmaker Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Some of the movement's leading visual artists in the early 20th century were:

Expressionist groups in painting

"Elbe Bridge I" by Rolf Nesch
"Elbe Bridge I" by Rolf Nesch
Die großen blauen Pferde by Franz Marc (1911)
Die großen blauen Pferde by Franz Marc (1911)

There was never a group of artists that called themselves "The expressionists". Albert Pinkham Ryder ( March 19, 1847 – March 28, 1917) was an American painter best known for his poetic and moody allegorical Ben Shahn ( September 12, 1898 &ndash March 14 1969) was a Lithuanian born American Artist. Harry Shoulberg (1903 &ndash 1995 was an American Expressionist painter. Raphael Soyer (1899 &ndash November 4, 1987) was a Russian born American painter, Draftsman, and Printmaker Joseph Stella ( June 13, 1877 - November 5, 1946) was an Italian-born American Futurist painter Harry Sternberg was a painter. He was born in New York City on July 19, 1904 and died in Escondido California on November 27, 2001 Dorothea Tanning (born August 25 1910) is an American painter printmaker sculptor and writer Max Weber ( April 18, 1881 - October 4, 1961) was a Polish-American painter who worked in the style of Cubism before migrating to Hale Aspacio Woodruff ( August 26, 1900 - September 1980 was an African American Artist known for his mural paintings and prints Karl Zerbe (b Berlin, Germany, 1903 d Tallahassee, Florida, November 24, 1972) was a German -born Rolf (Emil Rudolf Nesch ( January 7, 1893 in Esslingen Germany - October 27, 1975 in Oslo Norway) was a German-Norwegian Franz Marc ( February 8, 1880 &ndash March 4, 1916) was one of the principal painters and printmakers of the German This movement primarily originated in Germany and Austria, though following World War II it began to influence young American artists. Norris Embry (1921-1981) studied with Oskar Kokoschka in 1947 and over the next 43 years produced a large body of work grounded in the Expressionist tradition. Norris Embry was an American artist born on January 14, 1921 in Louisville Kentucky. Oskar Kokoschka (1 March 1886 – 22 February 1980 was an Austrian Artist, Poet and Playwright, best known for his intense expressionistic Norris Embry has been called "the first American German Expressionist". Other American artists of the late 20th and early 21st century have developed distinct movements that are generally considered part of Expressionism. Another prominent artist who came from the German Expressionist "school" was Bremen born Wolfgang Degenhardt. After working as a commercial artist in Bremen he migrated to Australia in 1954 and became quite prominent and sought after in the Hunter Valley region. His paintings captured the spirit of Australian and world issues but presented them in a way which was true to his German Expressionist roots. There were a number of Expressionist groups in painting, including the Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke. Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider) was a group of artists from the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany. The Der Blaue Reiter group was based in Munich and Die Brücke was based originally in Dresden (although some later moved to Berlin). Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider) was a group of artists from the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Die Brücke was active for a longer period than Der Blaue Reiter which was only truly together for a year (1912). The Expressionists had many influences, among them Munch, Vincent van Gogh, and African art. Edvard Munch (mʉŋk December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, Printmaker African art constitutes one of the most diverse legacies on earth They also came to know the work being done by the Fauves in Paris. Les Fauves ( French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early American Expressionism[2] and particularly the Boston figurative expressionism[3] were an integral part of American modernism around the Second World War. See also Modernism American modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create improve and reshape their environment World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Rehe im Walde by Franz Marc
Rehe im Walde by Franz Marc

Major figurative Boston expressionists included: Karl Zerbe, Hyman Bloom, Jack Levine, David Aronson, Philip Guston. Franz Marc ( February 8, 1880 &ndash March 4, 1916) was one of the principal painters and printmakers of the German Karl Zerbe (b Berlin, Germany, 1903 d Tallahassee, Florida, November 24, 1972) was a German -born Hyman Bloom (b Brunavišķi, Latvia, March 29, 1913) is a painter Jack Levine (b Boston, Massachusetts, January 3 1915) is an American Social Realist painter and Printmaker Philip Guston ( June 27, 1913 &ndash June 7, 1980) was a notable painter and Printmaker in the New York School The Boston figurative expressionists post World War II were increasingly marginalized by the development of abstract expressionism centered in New York City. Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. The City of New York

Later in the 20th century, post World War II, figurative expressionism influenced worldwide a large number of artists and movements:

In the United States and Canada Lyrical Abstraction beginning in the late 1960s and the 1970s. See also Tachisme, Art Informel, School of Paris, Lyrical Abstraction refers to two related but distinctly separate movements in Post-war Characterized by the work of Dan Christensen, Peter Young, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Larry Poons, Walter Darby Bannard, Charles Arnoldi, Pat Lipsky and many others. Dan Christensen the American Abstract painter, was born in Cozad Nebraska on October 6, 1942, he died in Easthampton Peter Young is an American painter who was born in Pittsburgh Pa in January 1940 Ronnie Landfield (born January 9, 1947 in The Bronx, New York) is an American Abstract painter. Ronald Davis (aka Ron Davis born 1937 is an American painter whose work is associated with Geometric abstraction, Abstract Illusionism Walter Darby Bannard (born September 23, 1934 in New Haven CT also known as Darby Bannard is an American abstract painter Charles Arnoldi, also known as Chuck Arnoldi and as Charles Arthur Arnoldi, is an American painter sculptor and printmaker Pat Lipsky is an American painter associated with Lyrical Abstraction, Color Field Painting, and Geometric abstraction.

Neo-expressionism was an international revival movement beginning in the late 1970s and centered around artists across the world:

Many other artists from different countries joined the movement of Neo-expressionism. Neo-expressionism was a style of modern Painting that emerged in the late 1970s and dominated the art market until the mid-1980s Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Anselm Kiefer (born March 8, 1945, Donaueschingen) is a German painter and Sculptor. Georg Baselitz (born January 23, 1938) is a German painter who studied in the former East Germany, before moving to what was then The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Jean-Michel Basquiat ( December 22 1960 - August 12, 1988) was an American Artist. Eric Fischl (born New York City, 1948 is an American painter and sculptor. David Salle (born 1952 is an American painter and leading contemporary figurative artist Julian Schnabel (born 26 October 1951) is a American Artist and Filmmaker. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Figuration Libre is a French art movement of the 1980s It is the French equivalent of Bad Painting and Neo-expressionism in America and Europe Junge Hervé Di Rosa (born 1959 is a French painter. Born in Sète, France Hervé Di Rosa is a French painter who brings to life the unique characters who Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Francesco Clemente (born in Naples, 23 March 1952) is an Italian painter. Sandro Chia (born in Florence, 20 April 1946) is an Italian painter and sculptor Enzo Cucchi (born in Morro d'Alba, Province of Ancona, 14 November 1949) is an Italian painter England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland David Hockney, CH, RA, (born 9 July 1937 is an English Artist, based in Los Angeles California, United States Frank Helmut Auerbach (born April 29, 1931) is a German -born British painter. Leon Kossoff (Born 1926 is a British Expressionist painter who mainly paints portraits life drawings and cityscapes of London Leon Kossoff was born in 1926

Influenced by the Fauves, Expressionism worked with arbitrary colors as well as jarring compositions. In reaction and opposition to French Impressionism which focused on rendering the sheer visual appearance of objects, Expressionist artists sought to capture emotions and subjective interpretations: It was not important to reproduce an aesthetically pleasing impression of the artistic subject matter; the Expressonists focused on capturing vivid emotional reactions through powerful colors and dynamic compositions instead. The leader of Der Blaue Reiter, Kandinsky, would take this a step further. Der Blaue Reiter ( The Blue Rider) was a group of artists from the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany. Wassily Kandinsky (Russian Василий Кандинский first name pronounced as) ( – 13 December 1944 was a Russian painter, Printmaker He believed that with simple colors and shapes the spectator could perceive the moods and feelings in the paintings, therefore he made the move to abstraction.

In other media

Expressionism is also used to describe other art forms.

Sculpture

Some sculptors also adopted this style, as for example Ernst Barlach. Ernst Barlach ( January 2, 1870 &ndash October 24, 1938) was a German expressionist sculptor, printmaker

Film

There was also an expressionist movement in film, often referred to as German Expressionism. German Expressionism is the term used to refer to a number of related creative movements which emerged in Germany before the first world war which reached a peak in Berlin The most important examples are Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), The Golem: How He Came Into the World (1920), Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) and F. W. Murnau's Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror (1922). Robert Wiene ( April 27, 1873, Breslau – June 16, 1938, Paris) was Caligari redirects here For the company see Caligari Corporation. The Golem How He Came Into the World (original German title Der Golem wie er in die Welt kam) is a 1920 silent Horror Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang ( December 5, 1890 &ndash August 2, 1976) was an Austrian German - American Metropolis is a silent Science fiction film directed by Fritz Lang and written by Lang and Thea von Harbou. Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, better known as F W Murnau ( December 28, 1888 &ndash March 11, 1931) was one of the most influential Nosferatu A Symphony of Horror is a German Expressionist film by F

Literature

In literature the novels of Franz Kafka are often described as expressionist. Expressionist poetry also flourished mainly in the German-speaking countries. The most influential expressionist poets were Georg Trakl, Georg Heym, Ernst Stadler, Gottfried Benn and August Stramm. Georg Trakl ( February 3, 1887 – November 3, 1914) was a pre-eminent Austrian poet Georg Heym ( 30 October 1887 &ndash 16 January[[ 912]] was a German writer Ernst Stadler ( 11 August 1883 — 30 October 1914) was a German Expressionist poet Gottfried Benn ( 2 May 1886 &ndash 7 July 1956) was a German Essayist, Novelist and Expressionist August Stramm ( July 29, 1874 &ndash September 1, 1915) was a German Poet and Playwright who is considered

Theatre

In the theatre, there was a concentrated Expressionist movement in early 20th century German theatre of which Georg Kaiser and Ernst Toller were the most famous playwrights. Friedrich Carl Georg Kaiser, called Georg Kaiser (born November 25 1878 in Magdeburg, Germany - died June 4 1945 in Ernst Toller ( December 1, 1893 – May 22, 1939) was a German communist Playwright, best known for his Other notable expressionist dramatists included Reinhard Sorge, Walter Hasenclever, Hans Henny Jahnn, and Arnolt Bronnen. Walter Hasenclever ( 8 July, 1890 in Aachen, Germany - 22 June, 1940 in Les Milles ( Camp des Milles Hans Henny Jahnn ( 17 December 1894, Stellingen – 29 November 1959, Hamburg) was a German Playwright Arnolt Bronnen born 19 August 1895 in Wien, died 12 October 1959 in East Berlin was an Austrian Playwright They looked back to Swedish playwright August Strindberg and German actor and dramatist Frank Wedekind as precursors of their dramaturgical experiments. ( January 22, 1849  &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter. Benjamin Franklin Wedekind ( Hannover July 24, 1864 &ndash Munich March 9, 1918) usually known as Frank Wedekind Dramaturgy is the art of Dramatic composition and the representation of the main elements of drama on the stage

Oskar Kokoschka's 1909 playlet, Murderer, The Hope of Women is often called the first expressionist drama. Oskar Kokoschka (1 March 1886 – 22 February 1980 was an Austrian Artist, Poet and Playwright, best known for his intense expressionistic In it, an unnamed man and woman struggle for dominance. The Man brands the woman; she stabs and imprisons him. He frees himself and she falls dead at his touch. As the play ends, he slaughters all around him (in the words of the text) "like mosquitoes. " The extreme simplification of characters to mythic types, choral effects, declamatory dialogue and heightened intensity all would become characteristic of later expressionist plays.

Expressionist plays often dramatize the spiritual awakening and sufferings of their protagonists, and are referred to as Stationendramen (station plays), modeled on the episodic presentation of the suffering and death of Jesus in the Stations of the Cross. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Stations of the Cross (or Way of the Cross; in Latin, Via Crucis; also called the Via Dolorosa or Way of Sorrows, or simply August Strindberg had pioneered this form with his autobiographical trilogy To Damascus. ( January 22, 1849  &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter.

The plays often dramatize the struggle against bourgeois values and established authority, often personified in the figure of the Father. In Sorge's The Beggar, (Der Bettler), the young hero's mentally ill father raves about the prospect of mining the riches of Mars; he is finally poisoned by his son. The Beggar is a 1965 Novella by Naguib Mahfouz about the failure to find meaning in existence In Bronnen's Parricide (Vatermord), the son stabs his tyranncial father to death, only to have to fend off the frenzied sexual overtures of his mother. Parricide ( Latin "parricida" killer of a close relative stemming from ( Latin "parri" alike or equal and "-cida" -cide or killer

In expressionist drama, the speech is heightened, whether expansive and rhapsodic, or clipped and telegraphic. Director Leopold Jessner became famous for his expressionistic productions, often unfolding on the stark, steeply raked flights of stairs that quickly became his trademark. Leopold Jessner ( March 3, 1878 &ndash December 13, 1945) was a noted producer and director of German Expressionist In the 1920s, expressionism enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the American theatre, including plays by Eugene O'Neill (The Hairy Ape, The Emperor Jones and The Great God Brown), Sophie Treadwell (Machinal) and Elmer Rice (The Adding Machine). Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16 1888–November 27 1953 was a Nobel -prize winning American playwright The Hairy Ape is an Expressionist play by Eugene O'Neill (1922 This article is about the play Some productions have separate pages see productions and spinoffs below for links Sophie Treadwell ( October 3, 1885 &ndash February 20, 1970) was a leading Machinal is a play written by American Playwright and Journalist Sophie Treadwell, inspired by the real life case of convicted and executed Elmer Rice (b Elmer L Reizenstein September 28 1892, New York New York; d This article is about the stageplay. There is also a collection of essays by William S

Einsteinturm in Potsdam
Einsteinturm in Potsdam
Music
Main article: Expressionism (music)

In music, Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg, the members of the Second Viennese School, wrote pieces described as expressionist (Schoenberg also made expressionist paintings). Expressionism as a musical genre is notoriously difficult to exactly define Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Anton Webern (December 3 1883 &ndash September 15 1945 was an Austrian Composer Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9 1885 &ndash December 24 1935 was an Austrian Composer. The Second Viennese School is the term generally used in English -speaking countries to denote the group of Composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg Expressionism as a musical genre is notoriously difficult to exactly define Other composers who followed them, such as Ernst Krenek, are often considered as a part of the expressionist movement in music. Ernst Krenek ( August 23 1900 &ndash December 22 1991) was an Austrian born (and from 1945 an American) Composer What distinguished these composers from their contemporaries such as Maurice Ravel, George Gershwin and Igor Stravinsky is that expressionist composers self-consciously used atonality to free their artform from the traditional tonality. George Gershwin (September 26 1898 &ndash July 11 1937 was an American Composer. Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to They also sought to express the subconscious, the 'inner necessity' and suffering through their highly dissonant musical language. Erwartung and Die Glückliche Hand, by Schoenberg, and Wozzeck, an opera by Alban Berg (based on the play Woyzeck by Georg Büchner), are example of expressionist works. Erwartung (translation Expectation) is a one-act Opera, with music by Arnold Schoenberg, composed in 1909 to a libretto by Marie Pappenheim Wozzeck is the first Opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg. Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9 1885 &ndash December 24 1935 was an Austrian Composer. Woyzeck is a Stage play written by Georg Büchner. He left the work incomplete at his death but it has been variously and posthumously "finished" Karl Georg Büchner ( October 17, 1813 &ndash February 19, 1837) was a German Dramatist and Writer of prose

Architecture
Main article: Expressionist architecture

In architecture, two specific buildings are identified as expressionist: Bruno Taut's Glass Pavilion at the Cologne Werkbund Exhibition (1914), and Erich Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower in Potsdam, Germany completed in 1921. Expressionist architecture was an architectural movement that developed in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist Bruno Julius Florian Taut ( 4 May 1880, Königsberg, Germany &ndash 24 December 1938, Istanbul) was a prolific German The Werkbund Exhibition of 1914 was held in Cologne, Germany. Erich Mendelsohn ( 21 March 1887 &ndash 15 September 1953) was a German Jewish Architect, known for his The Einstein Tower is an astrophysical Observatory in the Albert Einstein Science Park in Potsdam, Germany designed by Architect Also see Potsdam New York (in the USA For the Potsdam Conference see Potsdam Conference. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hans Poelzig's Berlin theatre (Grosse Schauspielhaus) interior for Max Reinhardt is also sometimes cited. Hans Poelzig ( 30 April, 1869 Berlin &ndash June 14, 1936 Berlin) was a German architect painter and set The Großes Schauspielhaus (Great Theater was a theatre in Berlin, Germany, often described as an example of Expressionist architecture, designed by Max Reinhardt ( September 9, 1873 - October 30, 1943) was an Austrian (later naturalised American) theatre and film The influential architectural critic and historian, Sigfried Giedion in his book Space, Time and Architecture (1941) dismissed Expressionist architecture as a side show in the development of functionalism. Sigfried Giedion ( 14 April 1888, Prague &ndash 10 April 1968, Zürich) (also spelled Siegfried Giedion) was It was only in the 1970s that expressionism in architecture came to be re-evaluated in a more positive light.

References

  1. ^ See Nietzsche (1872, sections 1-6).
  2. ^ Bram Dijkstra,American expressionism : art and social change, 1920-1950,(New York : H. N. Abrams, in association with the Columbus Museum of Art, 2003. ) ISBN 0810942313 9780810942318
  3. ^ Judith Bookbinder,Boston modern: figurative expressionism as alternative modernism (Durham, N. H.  : University of New Hampshire Press ; Hanover : University Press of New England, ©2005. ) ISBN 1584654880 9781584654889
  4. ^ Paul Schimmel and Judith E Stein, The Figurative fifties : New York figurative expressionism (Newport Beach, Calif.  : Newport Harbor Art Museum : New York : Rizzoli, 1988. )ISBN 0847809420 9780847809424 0917493125 9780917493126
  5. ^ “Editorial,” Reality, A Journal of Artists’ Opinions (Spring 1954), p. 2.
  6. ^ Flight lyric, Paris 1945-1956, texts Patrick-Gilles Persin, Michel and Pierre Descargues Ragon, Musée du Luxembourg, Paris and Skira, Milan, 2006, 280 p. ISBN 8876246797.
  7. ^ Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2000. ISBN 0-9677994-1-4

Further reading

External links


Dictionary

expressionism

-noun

  1. A movement in the arts in which the artist did not depict objective reality, but rather a subjective expression of their inner experiences
  2. A somewhat analogous genre in early 20th century music
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