Exploitation film is a type of film that eschews the expense of quality productions in favor of making films inexpensively, attracting viewers by exciting their more prurient interests. Exploitation films rely heavily on the lurid advertising of their content rather than the intrinsic quality of the film.

Exploitation films may feature forbidden sex, wanton violence, drug use, nudity, freaks, gore, monsters, destruction, rebellion and mayhem. Such films have existed since the earliest days of moviemaking, but they were popularized in the 1960s with the general relaxing of cinematic taboos in the U. S. and Europe. Since the 1990s, this genre has also received attention from academic circles, where it is sometimes called paracinema. For the Band-winged grasshopper Genus, see Paracinema (grasshopper.

Ephraim Katz, author of The Film Encyclopedia, has defined exploitation as:

Films made with little or no attention to quality or artistic merit but with an eye to a quick profit, usually via high-pressure sales and promotion techniques emphasizing some sensational aspect of the product

Exploitation films often exploited events that occurred in the news and were in the short term public consciousness that a major film studio may avoid due to the length of time of producing a major film. Ephraim Katz ( March 11, 1932, Tel Aviv — August 2, 1992, Manhattan) was a writer journalist and filmmaker who devoted A major film studio is a movie production and distribution company that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant For example Child Bride (1935) addressed a problem of older men marrying very young women in the Ozarks. This article is about the 1938 film For the social practice see Child Marriage Child Bride, also known as Child Bride of Other issues such as drug use in films like Reefer Madness (1936) attracted an audience that a major film studio would avoid to keep their mainstream and respectable reputations. Drugs can be used in many different ways as detailed below Medication See also Medication People can use drugs to relieve pain or discomfort or to cure Reefer Madness (aka Tell Your Children) is a 1936 Exploitation film revolving around the tragic events that ensue when High school Mainstream is generally the common current of Thought of the Majority. Several war films were made about the Winter War in Finland, the Korean War and the Vietnam War before the major studios showed interest. War film is a Film genre concerned with Warfare usually about naval, air or land battles sometimes focusing instead on The Winter War (Talvisota Советско-финляндская война - official Зимняя война - unofficial Vinterkriget began when the Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia When Orson Welles' Mercury Theatre Halloween 1938 radio production of The War of the Worlds shocked many Americans and made news, Universal Pictures edited their serial Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars into a short feature called Mars Attacks the World for release in November of that year. George Orson Welles (May 6 1915 – October 10 1985 was an Academy Award -winning director, writer actor and producer for film stage radio and television Mercury Theatre was a Theatre company founded in New York City by Orson Welles and John Houseman. Halloween, or Hallowe’en, is a Holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. The War of the Worlds (1898 by H G Wells, is an early Science fiction Novel which describes an invasion of England by Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars is a 1938 film serial of 15 episodes based on the comic strip Flash Gordon. Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars is a 1938 film serial of 15 episodes based on the comic strip Flash Gordon.

Some Poverty Row lower budget B movies often exploit major studio projects due to fact that the rapid production schedule of making their films can take advantage of the publicity of the major studio to get an audience for their film and leave the slower bigger budgeted competitor to suffer reduced admissions at the box office. Poverty Row is a slang term used in Hollywood from the late silent period through the mid-fifties to refer to a variety of small and mostly short-lived B movie A B movie is a motion picture made on a low or modest budget Originally the term was used for films intended for distribution as the less-publicized second half of a Double A box office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for Admission to a venue For example Edward L. Alperson produced William Cameron Menzies' Invaders from Mars to beat Paramount Pictures prestigious George Pal's version of The War of the Worlds into the cinemas. William Cameron Menzies ( July 29, 1896 - March 5, 1957) was an Academy Award -winning American Film Invaders from Mars ( 1953) is a Science fiction film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies from a scenario by Richard Blake based Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. George Pal ( February 1, 1908 &ndash May 2, 1980) born György Pál Marczincsák, The War of the Worlds (also sometimes known as HG Wells' The War of the Worlds) is a 1953 Science fiction film Pal's The Time Machine was also beaten to the cinemas by Robert Clarke's Edgar G. Ulmer film Beyond the Time Barrier (1960). The Time Machine (AKA HG Wells' The Time Machine) is a 1960 Science fiction film based on British Science Fiction writer Robert Irby Clarke (June 1 1920 - June 11 2005 was an actor best known for his Cult classic Sci-fi films of the 1950’s Edgar G Ulmer ( September 17, 1904 &ndash September 30, 1972) was an Austrian - American film director As a result, many major studios, producers, and stars keep their projects secret.

Contents 1 Grindhouse cinema 2 Subgenres 2.1 Black exploitation 2.2 Sex exploitation 2.3 Shock exploitation 2.4 Biker films 2.5 Cannibal films 2.6 Chambara films 2.7 Zombie films 2.8 Mondo films 2.9 Splatter films 2.10 Spaghetti westerns and Euroflicks 2.11 Women in prison films 2.12 Other sub-genres 3 Directors associated with exploitation film 4 Other important figures in exploitation film 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Grindhouse cinema

A grindhouse is an American term for a theater that mainly showed exploitation films. It is also a term used to describe the genre of films that played in such theatres. Grindhouses were known for continuous programs of B movies, usually consisting of a double feature where two (and very often three) films were shown consecutively. A B movie is a motion picture made on a low or modest budget Originally the term was used for films intended for distribution as the less-publicized second half of a Double The double feature, also known as a double bill, was a Motion picture industry phenomenon in which theatre managers would exhibit two films for the price of one Most of these films were made for Drive-in theaters as second and third features. A drive-in theater is a form of cinema structure consisting of a large outdoor screen a projection booth a Concession stand and a large parking area for automobiles The producers, distributors, and exhibitors of the films were required to provide a large amount of low budget films for double features so would "grind" them out like mincemeat. Mincemeat is a mixture of chopped Dried fruit, Distilled spirits and Spices, and sometimes Beef suet, Beef, or Venison. Beginning in the late 1960s and especially during the 1970s, the subject matter of grindhouse films was dominated by explicit sex, violence, bizarre or perverse plot points, and other explicit malcontent.

The 1980s home video market and urban renewal threatened to render the grindhouse obsolete. Home video is a blanket term used for pre-recorded media that is either sold or hired for home entertainment Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English) is a controversial U By the end of that decade, grindhouse theaters had vanished from former urban "sleaze" districts like Boston's Combat Zone, Los Angeles' Broadway and Hollywood Boulevards, New York City's Times Square and San Francisco's Market Street. The " Combat Zone," in Boston Massachusetts, was the name given to the Adult entertainment district in downtown centered Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Broadway is a major thoroughfare in Downtown Los Angeles. It starts off at Mission Road in the Lincoln Heights neighborhood and it heads due west (although signs along Hollywood Boulevard is a boulevard in Hollywood Los Angeles California, United States, beginning at Sunset Boulevard in the east and running northwest The City of New York Times Square is a major intersection in Manhattan, New York City at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Market Street is a major street and important Thoroughfare in San Francisco California. By the mid-1990s, they had completely disappeared from the United States.

There remains much affection for the grindhouse era amongst some cinephiles. An example is the 2007 release of Grindhouse, a double feature consisting of Planet Terror and Death Proof, directed by Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino, respectively. Grindhouse is a 2007 Film co-written produced and directed by Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino. Planet Terror is a 2007 film written and directed by Robert Rodriguez, about a group of people attempting to survive an onslaught of zombie-like creatures Death Proof is a 2007 thriller Film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, about a psychopathic Stunt man Robert Anthony Rodriguez (born June 20 1968 is an American director, writer, producer, Cinematographer, editor and Musician Quentin Jerome Tarantino (born March 27, 1963) is an Academy Award - BAFTA Award - and Palme d'Or -winning Emmy - and Both films contain elements found in many grindhouse films, and are bridged by trailers for fictitious films that also fit into the grindhouse genre (sexploitation, slasher films, etc. Sexploitation or "sex-exploitation" describe a class of independently produced Low budget feature films generally associated with the 1960s and serving largely as The slasher film (sometimes referred to as bodycount films and dead teenager movies) is a Sub-genre ). Grindhouse also features simulated film scratches, splices and some clipped dialogue, to recreate the feeling that the prints of the films are worn and battered copies, which was often true of the prints of many films grindhouse theaters showed in their heyday.

Subgenres

Exploitation films may adopt the subject matters and stylings of film genres, particularly horror films and documentary films. Horror films are Movies that strive to elicit Fear, Horror and terror responses from viewers Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality The subgenres of exploitation films are categorized by which characteristics they utilize. Thematically, exploitation films can also be influenced by other so-called exploitative media, like pulp magazines. Pulp magazines (or pulp fiction; often referred to as "the pulps" were inexpensive Fiction magazines

Black exploitation

Main article: Blaxploitation

Black exploitation, or "blaxploitation" films, are made with black actors, ostensibly for black audiences, and about stereotypically African American subjects such as slum life, drugs, and prostitution. Blaxploitation is a Film genre that emerged in the United States in the early 1970s when many Exploitation films were made that targeted the urban African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. A prominent theme was African-Americans overcoming the Man through cunning and violence. This page is about the phrase for other uses of the phrase see The Man (disambiguation. Examples from the 1970s, when Blaxploitation was introduced, include Cotton Comes to Harlem, Shaft, Dolemite, Black Caesar, Hell Up in Harlem, Super Fly, Blacula, Coffy, The Mack, and Melvin Van Peebles' Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song, which is often credited with inventing the genre. Cotton Comes to Harlem is a 1970 Blaxploitation film starring Godfrey Cambridge, Raymond St Shaft is a 1971 American Blaxploitation film directed by Gordon Parks and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Dolemite is a 1975 Blaxploitation Feature film, and is also the name of its principal character played by Rudy Ray Moore, who co-wrote Hell Up in Harlem is a 1973 Blaxploitation film starring Fred Williamson and Gloria Hendry Super Fly is a 1972 Blaxploitation film directed by Gordon Parks Jr Blacula is a 1972 Blaxploitation Horror film produced for American International Pictures. Coffy is a 1973 Blaxploitation film written and directed by American Filmmaker Jack Hill. The Mack is a 1973 Blaxploitation film starring Max Julien and Richard Pryor. Melvin Van Peebles (born August 21, 1932) is an American actor director screenwriter playwright novelist and composer Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song is a 1971 American Independent film written produced scored directed by and starring Melvin Van Peebles Notable spoofs of the genre include Keenan Ivory Wayans' I'm Gonna Get You Sucka, Robert Townsend's Hollywood Shuffle and Malcolm D. Lee's Undercover Brother. Keenen Ivory Wayans (born June 8, 1958) is an American Actor, Comedian, director and writer known as the I'm Gonna Git You Sucka is a 1988 satirical comedy Film written and directed by and starring Keenen Ivory Wayans. There have been several well-known people known as Robert Townsend, including Robert Townsend (Captain (1819-1866 US Navy Civil War era Ship captain Hollywood Shuffle is a movie released in 1987 that depicts the stereotyping of African Americans in both film and television Malcolm D Lee (born January 11, 1970) is an American Actor, Film director, and Screenwriter. Undercover Brother is a 2002 comedy starring Eddie Griffin and directed by Malcolm D

Sex exploitation

Main article: Sexploitation

Sex exploitation, or sexploitation films, are similar to softcore pornography, in that the film serves largely as a vehicle for showing scenes involving nude or semi-nude women. Sexploitation or "sex-exploitation" describe a class of independently produced Low budget feature films generally associated with the 1960s and serving largely as Sexploitation or "sex-exploitation" describe a class of independently produced Low budget feature films generally associated with the 1960s and serving largely as Softcore (or soft porn) is a form of Pornography, either video or nude Glamour photography, that is less explicit than hardcore material Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer While many films contain vivid sex scenes, sexploitation shows these scenes more graphically than mainstream films, often overextending the sequences or showing full frontal nudity. Russ Meyer's body of work is probably the best known example; the movie Showgirls, and the films of Andy Sidaris are examples of recent sexploitation. Russell Albion Meyer ( March 21, 1922 &ndash September 18, 2004) was an American motion picture director and Showgirls is a 1995 film directed by Paul Verhoeven, starring former teen actress Elizabeth Berkley as a drifter who Andrew W "Andy" Sidaris ( February 20 1931 – March 7 2007) was an American Television Film director Gore Vidal's Caligula can be regarded as sexploitation, except that it was very high budget and even featured international stars such as Malcom McDowell and Peter O'Toole. Gore Vidal (born October 3 1925 ˌgɔər vɪˈdɑːl or /vɪˈdæl/ is an American Novelist, Screenwriter, Playwright, Caligula is a 1979 Film directed by Tinto Brass, with additional scenes filmed by Giancarlo Lui and Penthouse Malcolm McDowell (born Malcolm John Taylor; 13 June 1943 is an English Actor. Peter O'Toole (born 2 August 1932) is an Irish and British actor who achieved instant stardom in 1962 playing T

Shock exploitation

Shock exploitation films (shock films), are films containing content designed to be particularly shocking to the audience. These type of exploitation films focus content traditionally thought to be particularly taboo for presentation in film, such as extremely realistic graphic violence, graphic rape depictions, simulated bestiality and depictions of incest. Graphic violence is the depiction of especially vivid brutal and realistic acts of violence in visual media such as Literature, Film, Television Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Zoophilia, from the Greek ζῷον ( zṓion, "animal" and φιλία ( philia, "friendship" or "love" is a Paraphilia Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. Examples of shock films include The Last House on the Left, Fight for Your Life, Last House on Dead End Street, Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS, Men Behind the Sun, Vase de Noces, Thriller: A Cruel Picture, Combat Shock and I Spit on Your Grave. The Last House on the Left is a 1972 Horror film written and directed by Wes Craven and produced by Sean S Fight for Your Life is a 1977 action film starring William Sanderson (of Blade Runner fame who plays Kane a hate-fuelled redneck Last House on Dead End Street is a 1977 Horror film about a disgruntled man recently released from Prison, who takes out his anguish by making Ilsa She Wolf of the SS is a 1974 Nazi exploitation film produced in the USA. Men Behind the Sun ( is a 1987 Hong Kong film directed by Mou Tun Fei. Vase de Noces ( 1974) is a Belgian Arthouse film directed by Thierry Zéno and stars Dominique Garny Thriller - En Grym Film ( Thriller - A Cruel Picture, also known as They Call Her One Eye, Hooker's Revenge, Thriller) is a Combat Shock is a 1986 Drama film written and directed by Buddy Giovinazzo and distributed by Troma Entertainment. Day of the Woman, better known by its re-release title I Spit on Your Grave, is a controversial rape-revenge film

Biker films

1953's The Wild One, starring Marlon Brando, was perhaps the first of this subgenre that usually focuses on motorcycle gangs with plenty of sex and violence. The Wild One is a 1953 Outlaw biker film directed by László Benedek. But most of the films were made in the mid to late 1960s and early 1970s. Other biker films includes Motorpsycho (1965), The Wild Angels (1966), Hells Angels on Wheels (1967), The Born Losers (1967), Satan's Sadists (1969), Nam's Angels (1970), and C. Motorpsycho or Motor Psycho is a 1965 film by Russ Meyer. Made just before the more well-known Faster Pussycat! Kill! Kill! The Wild Angels (1966 is a Roger Corman film made on location in Southern California. Hells Angels on Wheels is a 1967 American Cult film starring Jack Nicholson, Adam Roarke, and Sabrina Scharf The Born Losers is a 1967 film and the first of the Billy Jack movies Satan's Sadists (also known as Nightmare Bloodbath) is a 1969 biker film directed by Al Adamson and starring Nam's Angels is a 1970, Action-adventure movie that was filmed in the Philippines. C. and Company (1970).

Cannibal films

Main article: Cannibal film

Cannibal films, otherwise known as the cannibal genre, are a collection of graphic, gory movies made in the early 1970s on into the late 1980s, primarily by Italian moviemakers. Cannibal films are a sub genre of Exploitation film made mostly by Italian filmmakers through the 1970s and 1980s Cannibal films are a sub genre of Exploitation film made mostly by Italian filmmakers through the 1970s and 1980s Cannibal films are a sub genre of Exploitation film made mostly by Italian filmmakers through the 1970s and 1980s These movies mainly focused on torture and cannibalism by Stone-Age tribes deep in the South American or Asian rain forests, usually perpetrated against Westerners that the tribes hold prisoner. Similar to Mondo films, the main draw of cannibal films was the promise of exotic locales and graphic gore. A mondo film is a Documentary film, sometimes resembling a pseudo-documentary, usually depicting sensational topics scenes and situations Like the jungle adventure movies (popular in the '50s-'60s) and the Mondo shockumentaries (popular in the '60s-'70s) that came before them, these movies were often released under various alternate titles by their distributors, often capitalizing on their more successful US inspirations. These films are also notorious for their animal killings, featuring scenes with animals eating prey and also the cannibals killing alligators, crocodile, snakes, and other animals.

Cannibal films were very popular exploitation features in the 1970s and 80s, after Umberto Lenzi made Il Paese del Sesso Selvaggio, the first film to depict on-screen cannibalism, in 1972. Umberto Lenzi (born August 6 1931) is an Italian Film director who was very active in low budget crime films, peplums spaghetti Il paese del sesso selvaggio ( 1972) better known as The Man from the Deep River in North America or Deep River Savages ^[1] In 1977, Ruggero Deodato made Ultimo Mondo Cannibale, inspiring several other film makers to follow suit in a period known as the cannibal boom. Ruggero Deodato (born May 7 1939 in Potenza) is a controversial Italian Film director, Actor and Screen writer Ultimo mondo cannibale ( 1977; English: Last Cannibal World, also known as Jungle Holocaust) is an Exploitation film The cannibal boom is a period in the history of Exploitation film, lasting roughly from 1977 to 1981 where Cannibal films were at the peak of their popularity in This period would also see the most notorious film of the subgenre, Deodato's Cannibal Holocaust (an acknowledged influence on The Blair Witch Project), in 1980. Cannibal Holocaust ( 1980) is a controversial Exploitation film directed by Ruggero Deodato from a screenplay by Gianfranco Clerici The Blair Witch Project is a low-budget American Horror film released in 1999 After 1981, however, the cannibal boom had ended, and cannibal films were few and far between. The fad concluded in 1988 with Mondo film director Antonio Climati's Natura contro (also known as Cannibal Holocaust II). Natura Contro ( 1988) is a Jungle Adventure film directed by mondo Film director Antonio Climati Natura Contro ( 1988) is a Jungle Adventure film directed by mondo Film director Antonio Climati

Chambara films

Main article: Chambara

In the 1970s, a brand of revisionist, non-traditional samurai film rose to some popularity in Japan, following the popularity of samurai manga by Kazuo Koike, on whose work many later films would be based. While earlier Samurai period pieces were more dramatic rather than action-based samurai movies post World War II have become more action-based with darker ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly is a prolific Japanese Manga writer novelist and entrepeneur Early in Koike's career he studied under Golgo 13 creator Takao Saito and Films such as Lone Wolf and Cub, Lady Snowblood and Hanzo the Razor had few of the stoic, formal sensibilities of earlier jidaigeki films such as those by Akira Kurosawa -- the new chambara featured revenge-driven antihero protagonists, gratuitous nudity, steamy sex scenes, gruesome swordplay and gallons of blood, often spurted from wounds as if from a firehose. is a well-known Gekiga or Manga created by the writer Kazuo Koike and the artist Goseki Kojima. is a 1973 Japanese film directed by Toshiya Fujita and starring Meiko Kaji. Hanzo the Razor ( Kamisori Hanzō - かみそり半蔵 is a Fictional character featured in the trilogy of Japanese Jidaigeki films of the same Many of these films were subsequently released internationally -- sometimes in truncated form, as with Shogun Assassin, an edit that combined the first two Lone Wolf and Cub films. Shogun Assassin (known in Japan as Kozure Ōkami 子連れ狼) is a very violent Jidaigeki film made for the British and American markets and released in

Famous names at this time included Sonny Chiba, Shintaro Katsu, Tomisaburo Wakayama and Meiko Kaji. (born January 23 1939) also known as Sonny Chiba, is a Japanese actor born Toshio Okumura (奥村 利夫 Okumura Toshio, November 29, 1931 — June 21, 1997; nicknamed Katsu-shin) was Tomisaburo Wakayama (若山富三郎 1929 - April 2, 1992) was a Japanese Actor, best known for playing is a Japanese Enka singer and actress Life and career In 1970 with little success but extensive experience in the movie business Meiko Kaji Kaji, star of the Lady Snowblood films, would further contribute to Japan's exploitation output by starring in the Female Convict Scorpion series, that country's answer to the women in prison genre.

The influence of these films can still be seen today, both in Japanese films like the Azumi series and US films like Kill Bill, whose plot and style pay homage to many of the aforementioned samurai films. is a Manga series created by Yū Koyama, later adapted to film Kill Bill is the fourth film by Writer - director Quentin Tarantino.

Zombie films

Zombie exploitation films are a collection of graphic, gory movies made in the early 1970s on into the late 1980s, primarily by Italian moviemakers and made to include more over-the-top gore, less than logical story lines and nudity. zombie is a reanimated human corpse Stories of zombies originated in the Afro-Caribbean spiritual belief system of Vodou, which told of the people being controlled Though zombie films had existed since the early 1930s, it wasn't until the late 1970s that the exploitation angle was worked into the zombie film. Most zombie exploitation was made by Italian film makers, following the success of George A. Romero's Dawn of the Dead in its European release under the title Zombi. George Andrew Romero (born February 4, 1940) is an American director writer editor and actor Dawn of the Dead (also known as George A Romero's Dawn of the Dead, Zombie internationally Zombies in Britain, and alternately called Dawn of the Dead (also known as George A Romero's Dawn of the Dead, Zombie internationally Zombies in Britain, and alternately called Around the same time of the release of Dawn of the Dead, Zombi 2, by Lucio Fulci, was in the works. Zombi 2 (also known as Zombie, Island of the Living Dead, Zombie Island, Zombie Flesh Eaters Lucio Fulci ( June 17, 1927 – March 13, 1996) was an Italian film director, Screenwriter, and Actor Though the film was written before Dawn of the Dead's release in Europe, the film was renamed to Zombi 2 to share in the success of Romero's film.

Unlike Dawn of the Dead, Zombi 2 incorporated several elongated scenes of nudity and even more quantities of gore, thus popularizing the zombie exploitation film. Dawn of the Dead (also known as George A Romero's Dawn of the Dead, Zombie internationally Zombies in Britain, and alternately called Zombi 2 (also known as Zombie, Island of the Living Dead, Zombie Island, Zombie Flesh Eaters Several imitators and spin offs followed (including a Zombi 3 and Zombi 4), bringing the European zombie craze to full steam (Fulci would again contribute with his films City of the Living Dead in 1980 and The Beyond in 1981). Zombi 3 (known as Zombie Flesh Eaters 2 in the UK is the in-name-only 1988 followup to Zombi 2, itself an unofficial After Death is an Italian zombie movie made during the height of the zombie craze City of the Living Dead ( Italian title Paura nella città dei morti viventi) is an Italian zombie film from director Lucio In the exploitation viewpoint, one of the more notable of the zombie exploitation films is Marino Girolami's 1980 film Zombie Holocaust, which combined the zombie movie with the cannibal movie. Zombie Holocaust, also known as Zombie 3 and Doctor Butcher M Cannibal films are a sub genre of Exploitation film made mostly by Italian filmmakers through the 1970s and 1980s

Mondo films

Main article: Mondo film

Mondo films, often called shockumentaries, are quasi-documentary films that focus on sensationalized topics, such as exotic customs from around the world or gruesome death footage. A mondo film is a Documentary film, sometimes resembling a pseudo-documentary, usually depicting sensational topics scenes and situations A mondo film is a Documentary film, sometimes resembling a pseudo-documentary, usually depicting sensational topics scenes and situations A mondo film is a Documentary film, sometimes resembling a pseudo-documentary, usually depicting sensational topics scenes and situations Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality Similar to shock exploitation, the goal of Mondo films is to be shocking to the audience not only because they deal with taboo subject matter (for instance, foreign sexual customs or varieties of violent behavior in various societies), but because the on-camera action is allegedly real. A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture Though some Mondo films contain certain amounts of educational material, it is chosen in order to shock its audience. Examples of using this technique while exploiting nations in the news are the documentaries on Africa, Mau Mau (1955) and Africa Addio (1966). Africa Addio is a 1966 Italian Documentary film about the end of the colonial era in Africa. This can be seen not only in the way the films are shot, but also by the fact that some of the most shocking footage has, in actuality, been staged. ^[2]

The name "Mondo" itself comes from the first commercially successful film of this type, Mondo Cane (in Italian, this means Dog World or World as a Dog, a title meant to imply that the world, as showcased in the film, is a brutal, nasty place). Mondo Cane ( A Dog's World, also a mild Italian curse) is a 1962 Italian Documentary film by Italian Mondo Cane was followed by a number of sequels and spinoffs, many of which were also produced in Italy. Mondo films continued to be major staples in exploitation film culture through the 60s and into the late 70s, when the style of the films began to change. While at first these films contained similar content of exotic and bizarre customs, in 1978, the film Faces of Death took the focus less from worldly rituals and more on footage of human death. This article is about Faces of Death the film For the rap album of the same name see Faces of Death (album. Since then, most of the Mondo films have been similar to death films, which, unlike their predecessors, are mostly comprised of genuine accident, suicide, and execution footage. A mondo film is a Documentary film, sometimes resembling a pseudo-documentary, usually depicting sensational topics scenes and situations

Splatter films

Main article: Splatter film

A splatter film or gore film is a type of horror film that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and violence. A splatter film or gore film is a type of Horror film that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and Graphic violence. A splatter film or gore film is a type of Horror film that deliberately focuses on graphic portrayals of gore and Graphic violence. Horror films are Movies that strive to elicit Fear, Horror and terror responses from viewers These films, through the use of special effects and excessive blood and guts, tend to display an overt interest in the vulnerability of the human body.

Due to their willingness to portray images society might consider shocking, splatter films share ideological grounds with the transgressive art movement. Transgressive art refers to Art forms that aim to transgress i As a distinct genre, the splatter film began in the 1960s with the films of Herschell Gordon Lewis and David F. Friedman, who became notorious for such work as Blood Feast (1963), and Two Thousand Maniacs! (1964). Herschell Gordon Lewis (born 15 June 1929, in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, U David F Friedman (born December 24, 1923) is an American Filmmaker and Film producer from Birmingham Alabama. Blood Feast ( 1963, also known as Egyptian Blood Feast and Feast of Flesh) is an American Horror film directed Two Thousand Maniacs! is a low budget 1964 Splatter film directed and written by Herschell Gordon Lewis.

Spaghetti westerns and Euroflicks

Main article: Spaghetti western

Spaghetti Western is a nickname for a broad sub-genre of Western film that emerged in the mid-1960s, so named because most were produced by Italian studios. Spaghetti Western, also known in some countries in mainland Europe as the Italo-Western, is a nickname for a broad sub-genre of Western Originally they had in common the Italian language, low budgets, and a recognizable highly fluid, violent, and minimalist cinematography that eschewed (some said "demythologized") many of the conventions of earlier Westerns — partly intentionally, partly as a result of the work being done in a different cultural background and with limited funds. Examples include Django, Death Rides a Horse and The Great Silence. Django is a 1966 Italian Spaghetti Western film directed by Sergio Corbucci and starring Franco Nero in the title Death Rides a Horse (aka Da uomo a uomo, or As Man to Man) is a 1967 Spaghetti western directed by Giulio The Great Silence ( Il grande silenzio, 1968) or The Big Silence, is an Italian Spaghetti western.

With the rising cost of a B picture, American film exhibitors found that a foreign made film could be picked up for nearly the third of a cost of the cheapest American made film. A B movie is a motion picture made on a low or modest budget Originally the term was used for films intended for distribution as the less-publicized second half of a Double For example Joseph E. Levine purchased the Italian made Hercules for $35,000, and years later A Fistful of Dollars was picked up for the same price. Joseph E Levine ( September 9, 1905 – July 31, 1987) was an American Film producer. Hercules is the Roman name for the Mythical Greek hero Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmena. A Fistful of Dollars ( Per un Pugno di Dollari in Italy and officially on-screen in the U Both films did extremely well at the box office. In addition to Westerns, the European cinema (often co-productions between several European nations and featuring American and British actors) provided horror, and over the years as the genre's changed, sword and sandal, Eurospy imitations of James Bond, Dirty Harry and The Godfather crime films would be dubbed into English, retitled and cheaply purchased to fill out a double feature. Sword and sandal films or pepla (singular= peplum) are a Genre of adventure or Fantasy films that have subjects set in Biblical Eurospy films is a nickname for the genre of European films that imitated and spoofed the James Bond 007 series of films James Bond 007 is a Fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve Novels and two Short story Dirty Harry is a 1971 Crime film produced and directed by Don Siegel. The Godfather is a 1972 Crime drama film based on the 1969 novel of the same name by Mario Puzo and directed ^[3]

Women in prison films

Main article: Women in prison film

Women in prison films are films that feature women prisoners who are tortured, humiliated, and forced into sexual situations by sadistic wardens and guards. In turn, the prisoners often hold a bloody revolt against their captors. Like sexploitation, the main focus of women in prison films is high sexual content (while remaining softcore) or, like shock exploitation, torture and cruelty. Sexploitation or "sex-exploitation" describe a class of independently produced Low budget feature films generally associated with the 1960s and serving largely as Movies include Roger Corman's Women in Cages and Bamboo House of Dolls, Barbed Wire Dolls by Jesus Franco, Women's Prison Massacre by Joe D'Amato, Reform School Girls by Tom DeSimone, or Caged Heat by Jonathan Demme. Roger William Corman (born April 5 1926) sometimes nicknamed "King of the Bs" for his output of B-movies (though he himself rejects this as inaccurate Frauengefängnis (released in America as Barbed Wire Dolls) is a 1975 Swiss Film directed by Jesus Franco. Jesús (or Jess) Franco (born May 12, 1930 as Jesús Franco Manera) is a Spanish Film director, writer Joe D'Amato, (birth name Aristide Massaccesi) ( December 15, 1936 in Rome - January 23, 1999 in Rome) Reform School Girls is a 1986 American film directed by Tom DeSimone starring Wendy O Caged Heat (alternate title Renegade Girls) is a 1974 Exploitation film in the women-in-prison genre Robert Jonathan Demme (born February 22 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer and

Other sub-genres

• Bruceploitation: Films profiting from the death of Bruce Lee. Bruceploitation is a cultural phenomenon mostly seen in the 1970s after the untimely death of Martial artist and Martial arts actor Bruce Lee in 1973 Bruce Lee ( November 27 1940 – July 20 1973 was an American-born Martial artist, Philosopher, instructor, Martial arts actor and the
• Giallo: Italian thriller.
• Nunsploitation: Featuring nuns in dangerous or erotic situations, such as Sinful Nuns of Saint Valentines. Nunsploitation is a subgenre of Exploitation film, which had its peak in Europe in the 1970s
• Nazisploitation: Films such as Ilsa, She-Wolf of the SS, Last Orgy of the Third Reich, and Love Camp 7; sometimes tied with Women in prison films since they share a common theme of incarcerated women. Nazi exploitation (also Nazisploitation) is a subgenre of Exploitation film and sexploitation film that involves villainous Nazis committing Ilsa She Wolf of the SS is a 1974 Nazi exploitation film produced in the USA. Love Camp 7 is a 1969 US women-in-prison B-movie directed by Lee Frost and written by Wes Bishop and
• Pornochanchada: Brazilian naïve softcore pornographic films produced mostly in the 1970s, curiously the years when the country was under a right-wing military dictatorship. Pornochanchada is the name given to a genre of sexploitation films produced in Brazil that was popular during the 1970s and early 1980s |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator.
• Pinku eiga(Pink Film): Japanese sexploitation films popular throughout the 70s, often featuring softcore sex, rape, torture, BDSM and other sexual subjects that were considered erotic. is a style of Japanese softcore pornographic theatrical film Films of this genre first appeared in the early 1960s and dominated the Japanese domestic cinema from the mid-1960s
• Dyxploitation (dyke): Lesbian chic films.
• Hixploitation (hick): Stereotype films about the American South (see hillbilly and Good ol' boy). This is a list of notable chics. Art-school chic See Hippie chic Ashcan chic Term used in the United States c Hillbilly is a term referring to people who dwell in remote Rural, Mountainous areas of the United States, primarily southern Appalachia and Good ol' boy is a Slang term used either to self-identify as or to refer to a male usually white and of Northern/Western-European descent who lives in a rural area
• Cat III: Chinese films popular throughout the mid 80s to mid 90s usually focusing on serial killers or rapists and the police's search for them and frequently displaying various forms of explicit violence. The cinema of Hong Kong is one of the three major threads in the history of Chinese language cinema, alongside the Cinema of China Named after the age certificates they would receive in Hong Kong (Audiences 18 years or older). The Hong Kong motion picture rating system ( is a legal system of movie screening and rating.
• Teensploitation: the exploitation of teenagers by the producers of teen-oriented films, with plots involving drugs, sex, alcohol and crime; examples include juvenile delinquent films and slasher films. The word Teensploitation first appeared in a show business publication in 1982 and was included in the Merriam Websters Collegiate Dictionary for the first time in 2004.
• Rape / Revenge: films in which a woman is raped and then, in turn, exacts a violent and often more gruesome revenge upon her attacker. Rape and revenge films are a subgenre of Exploitation film that was particularly popular in the 1970s
• Martial arts film: kung fu and Hong Kong action cinema. For other uses see Martial arts (disambiguation Martial arts film is a Film genre that originated in the Pacific Rim.
• Slasher film:sub-genre of horror film typically involving a psychopathic killer (often wearing a mask) who stalks and graphically murders a series of victims in a random, unprovoked fashion, killing many within a single day. The slasher film (sometimes referred to as bodycount films and dead teenager movies) is a Sub-genre
• Revenge films: films where a protagonist gets back at those who have hurt them or someone they love. (see vigilante)
• Propaganda film:a film, either a documentary-style production or a fictional screenplay, that is produced to convince the viewer of a certain political point or influence the opinions or behavior of people, often by providing deliberately misleading, propagandistic content. A vigilante is a person who ignores Due process of law and enacts their own form of Justice in response to a perception of insufficient response by the A propaganda film is a Film, either a documentary -style production or a fictional screenplay that is produced to convince the viewer of a certain political point
• Mexploitation: an Exploitation film and Mexican culture and/or portrayals of Mexican life within Mexico often dealing with crime, drug trafficking, money and sex. A Mexploitation film is a film genre that combines elements of an Exploitation film and Mexican culture and/or portrayals of Mexican life within Mexico often
• Carsploitation: cruising/racing/chasing/crashing chic films
• Eschploitation (eschatology): apocalyptic Christian end-times thrillers.
• Britsploitation: An exploitation film set in Great Britain. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

Some exploitation movies cross categories freely. Doris Wishman's Let Me Die A Woman contains both shock documentary and sex exploitation elements. Doris Wishman ( June 1 1912, New York City – August 10 2002, Miami Florida) was an American Film director, Let Me Die a Woman is a 1978 Documentary film by Exploitation film director Doris Wishman.

Directors associated with exploitation film

Kenneth Anger Stephen Apostolof William "One Shot" Beaudine Giovanni "Tinto" Brass Bob Clark Larry Clark Roger Corman Joe D'Amato Ruggero Deodato Don Dohler David E. Durston Dwain Esper Michael and Roberta Findlay Jess Franco Lucio Fulci Samuel Fuller

William Girdler Jack Hill Lloyd Kaufman José Ramón Larraz Umberto Lenzi Herschell Gordon Lewis Radley Metzger Russ Meyer Carl Monson Ron Ormond Melvin Van Peebles Fred Olen Ray Jean Rollin Lindsay Shonteff

Juan Piquer Simón Jack Smith Ray Dennis Steckler John Waters Doris Wishman Edward D. Wood, Jr. Jim Wynorski

Other important figures in exploitation film

American International Pictures Kroger Babb Karen Black David F. Friedman James Gunn Sid Haig Herschell Gordon Lewis Pam Grier S. S. Millard Andy Milligan Bill Moseley K. Gordon Murray Bob Murawski Harry Novak

Robert Rodriguez Eli Roth Something Weird Video Sage Stallone Quentin Tarantino Troma Entertainment (Lloyd Kaufman and Michael Herz) George Weiss Rob Zombie

See also

• Aestheticization of violence
• B movie
• Cult film
• Video nasty
• Midnight movie

References

• Eric Schaefer, Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!": A History of Exploitation Films, 1919–1959 Durham, N. C. : Duke University Press, 1999
• Jeffrey Sconce, "'Trashing' the Academy: Taste, Excess, and an Emerging Politics of Cinematic Style", Screen vol. 36 no. 4, Winter 1995, pp. 371-393.
• Cathal Tohill and Pete Tombs, Immoral Tales: European Sex & Horror Movies 1956-1984, 1994. ISBN 0-312-13519-X
• V. Vale and Andrea Juno, RE/Search No. 10: Incredibly Strange Films RE/Search Publications, 1986. RE/Search No 10 Incredibly Strange Films is a book about American Underground films edited by V RE/Search Publications is a United States magazine and book publisher based in San Francisco, founded and edited by V Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) ISBN 0-940642-09-3
• Ephraim Katz, The Film Encyclopedia 5e: The Most Comprehensive Encyclopedia of World Cinema in a Single Volume (Film Encyclopedia), 2005. ISBN 0-06-074214-3
• Benedikt Eppenberger, Daniel Stapfer Maedchen, Machos und Moneten: Die unglaubliche Geschichte des Schweizer Kinounternehmers Erwin C. Dietrich. Erwin C Dietrich (born October 4 1930 in St Gallen) is a Swiss Film producer, director and writer mainly of exploitation vehicles Mit einem Vorwort von Jess Franco. Jesús (or Jess) Franco (born May 12, 1930 as Jesús Franco Manera) is a Spanish Film director, writer Verlag Scharfe Stiefel, Zurich, 2006, ISBN 3-033-00960-3

External links

• THE DEUCE: Grindhouse Cinema Database The original Grindhouse/Classic Exploitation Cinema Wiki.
• "Lights! Camera! Apocalypse!", an article about Rapture films as Christian exploitation filmmaking
• The Cinema Snob Comedic reviews and retrospectives of Exploitation Cinema. The Rapture is a prophesied event in Christian eschatology, in which Christians will be gathered together at the return of Christ; even Christians who have died
• Lurid Cinema - Babes, Bimbos & Badasses Top 250 Exploitation & Grindhouse Movie List

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