An exonym (from Greek ἔξω exo = out; ὄνομα onoma = name) is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local inhabitants (neither in the official language of the state nor in local languages[1]), or a name for a people or language that is not used by the people or language to which it refers. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. An ethnonym ( Gk έθνος ethnos, 'tribe' + όνομα onoma, 'name' is the name applied to a given Ethnic group. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them The name used by the people or locals themselves is called endonym, autonym (from Greek ἔνδον endon = within or αὐτό auto = self and ὄνομα onoma = name), or self-appellation. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly For example, Deutschland is an endonym; Germany is an English exonym for the same place; and Allemagne is a French exonym. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Allemagne can refer to the French language name for Germany, see Names for Germany Allemagne-en-Provence, a French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Similarly, Spanish is an exonym for the name of the language; speakers of Spanish use español or castellano. In the Spanish language, inglés is an exonym for either an English male person or the English language.
Exonyms may derive from distinct roots as in the case of Deutschland, Germany and Allemagne mentioned above, they may be cognate words which have diverged in pronunciation or orthography, or they may be fully or partially translated from the native language. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language For example, London is known as Londres in French, Spanish and Portuguese, Londino in Greek, Londen in Dutch, Londra in Italian, Romanian and Turkish, Londýn in Czech and Slovak, Londyn in Polish, Lundúnir in Icelandic, and Lontoo in Finnish. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Icelandic ( is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Some languages use the same spelling as the endonym but change the pronunciation, thus making it an exonym. The English and German pronunciations of Paris, for example, are different from the French one (where the s is silent in modern French), though it is spelled the same in all three languages. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city An example of a translated exonym is the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 [1]
Exonyms can also be divided into native and borrowed (i. e. , from a third language). For example, Slovene uses the native exonyms Dunaj (Danube) and Benetke (Venice), but the exonyms Kijev (Kyiv) and Vilna (Vilnius), borrowed from Russian and German, respectively.
Tendencies in the development of exonyms
Exonyms develop for places of special significance for speakers of the language of the exonym. Consequently, most European capitals have English exonyms, e. g. Athens (Αθήνα/Athína), Belgrade (Београд/Beograd), Bucharest (Bucureşti), Brussels (Bruxelles, Brussel), Copenhagen (København), Moscow (Москва/Moskva), Nicosia (Λευκωσία/Lefkosía), Prague (Praha), Rome (Roma), Vienna (Wien) or Warsaw (Warszawa). Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the Crusades. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Livorno, to take an instance, was Leghorn because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the British navy. "Leghorn" redirects here For the breed of chicken see Leghorn chicken. Not far away, a minor port on the same sea like Rapallo never received an exonym. Rapallo is a commune in the Province of Genoa, in Liguria, Italy.
In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal name of Graecus (Greek), the Russians used the village name of Chechen, medieval Europeans took the tribal name Tatar as emblematic for the whole Mongolic confederation (and then confused it with Tartarus, a word for Hell, to produce Tartar), and the Magyar invaders were equated to the 500 years earlier Hunnish invaders in the same territory, and were appellated Hungarians. Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy
The Germanic invaders of the Roman Empire applied the word "Walha" to foreigners they encountered and this evolved in West Germanic languages as a generic name for all non-Germanic speakers; thence, the names Wallachia, Vlachs, Wallonia, Walloons, Wales, Wallasey, and even the Polish name for Italy, Włochy. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Walh (singular or Walha (plural ( is an ancient Germanic word meaning "foreigner" or "stranger" ( Welsh) or "roman" This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe Wallonia, or Wallonie, (Wallonie Wallonien Wallonië Waloneye is the Meridional part of Belgium belonging to the Romance linguistic field Walloons (Wallons Walons are a Romance people living in Belgium principally in Wallonia. Wallasey is a large town within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, in Merseyside, England, on the mouth of the River Mersey Standard folk etymology has it that the Slavic peoples erroneously referred to the Germanic Europeans as "mute", as their languages were incompatible, and the Russian word for Germans even today is still that, nemtsy (немцы). Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Serbian word is homophonous to the Russian but is spelled "Nemci", while the Croatian and Romanian languages have adopted the forms "Nijemci" and "Nemţi" respectively. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance This etymology is unreliable at best and it is more likely that the Slavic exonym derives from the Nemetes, an ancient German tribe mentioned by Tacitus and Julius Caesar. The Nemetes or Nemeti (Nemeter were a Western Germanic tribe living by the Rhine between the Palatinate and Lake Constance where Ariovistus Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. It is worth pointing out, though, that the meaning of "Slavs" and "Slavic" comes most probably from the slavic word "Slovo" (hence "sloveni"), meaning "word"/"speaking"/"speech". In this context, the way Slavic people address Germanic people - "mute" - as opposed to themselves - "the speaking people" - certainly makes sense.
White settlers in South Africa thought the Khoi-San natives gabbled nonsense syllables, so they called them Hottentots. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Khoisan (increasingly commonly spelled Khoesan or Khoe-San) is the name for two major Ethnic groups of Southern Africa. Two millennia earlier, the Greeks thought all non-Greek speakers spoke gibberish like bar-bar-bar, so they called them all barbarians, which eventually gave rise to the exonym Berber. "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley.
In the late 20th century the use of exonyms often became controversial. Groups often prefer that outsiders avoid exonyms where they have come to be used in a pejorative way; for example, Romani people prefer that term over exonyms like Gypsy (from Egypt), or the French term bohème (from Bohemia), or the Spanish term flamenco (from Flanders). Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Flamenco is a Spanish term that refers both to a musical genre known for its intricate rapid passages and a dance genre characterized by its audible footwork Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. [2] People may also seek to avoid exonyms due to historical sensitivities, as in the case of German names for Polish and Czech places which used to be ethnically or politically German (e. g. Danzig/Gdańsk), much like Russian placenames being used for locations once under its control (e. g. Kiev/Kyiv).
In recent years, geographers have sought to reduce the use of exonyms to avoid these kind of problems. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena For example, it is now common for Spanish speakers to refer to the Turkish capital as Ankara rather than use the Spanish exonym Angora, still in use for types of cat, goat and rabbit. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul.
But according to the United Nations Statistics Division: "Time has, however, shown that initial ambitious attempts to rapidly decrease the number of exonyms were over-optimistic and not possible to realise in the intended way. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The reason would appear to be that many exonyms have become common words in a language and can be seen as part of the language’s cultural heritage. "
In English, attempts to skirt a familiar exonym in order to accurately reproduce an endonym often appear pretentious, a device used to comic effect in E.F. Benson's novels concerning Miss Mapp and Lucia. Edward Frederic Benson ( July 24, 1867 &ndash February 29, 1940) was an English Novelist, Biographer, Memoirist
Other difficulties with endonyms have to do with pronunciation, spelling and word category. The endonym may include sounds which are highly unfamiliar to speakers of other languages, making appropriate usage difficult if not impossible for an outsider. Over the years, phonetic changes may happen to the endonym either in the original language or the borrowing language, thus changing an endonym into an exonym (as in the case of Paris previously mentioned, where the s was formerly pronounced in French). In many cases no standardized spelling is available either because the language itself is unwritten (even unanalyzed) or because there are competing non-standard spellings. Use of a misspelled endonym is perhaps more problematic than the respectful use of an existing exonym. Finally, an endonym may be simply a plural noun and does not extend itself to adjectival usage in another language like English which has a propensity to use the adjectives for describing culture and language. The attempt to use the endonym thus has a bizarre-sounding result.
The name for a language and a people are often different terms, of course, which is a complication for an outsider.
Sometimes the government of a country tries to endorse the use of an endonym instead of traditional exonyms outside the country:
- In 1985 the government of Côte d'Ivoire requested that the country's French name be used in all languages instead of exonyms such as Ivory Coast, so that Côte d'Ivoire is now the official English name of that country in the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee (see Name of Côte d'Ivoire). Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a
- The Ukrainian government maintains that the capital of Ukraine should be called Kyiv in English because the traditional English exonym Kiev was derived from the Russian name Kiyev (Киев) (see Kiev: City name evolution). Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the
- The Belarusian government argues that the endonym Belarus should be used in all languages and has been rather successful in English, where the former exonym Byelorussia, still used with reference to the Soviet Republic, has virtually died out, whereas in other languages exonyms like German Weißrussland, Danish Hviderusland, Swedish Vitryssland, Dutch Wit-Rusland, Icelandic Hvíta-Rússland, Faroese Hvítarussland (all literally 'White Russia') or French Biélorussie are still much more common than Belarus (see History of the name Belarus). Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (abbreviated as Byelorussian SSR or BSSR) (Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east
- In 1989 the military regime of Burma requested that the English name of the country be Myanmar, with Myanma as the adjective of the country and Bamar as the name of the inhabitants (see Names of Burma). Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. The country popularly known in English as Burma, and officially named Myanmar, has undergone changes in both its official and popular names worldwide
Confusion with renaming
Exonyms and endonyms must not be confused with the results of geographical renaming as in the case of Saint Petersburg, which became Petrograd in 1914, Leningrad in 1924, and Saint Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург - Sankt-Peterburg) again in 1991. Geographical renaming is the act of changing the name of a geographical feature or area Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River In this case, although St Petersburg has a German etymology, this was never a German exonym for the city between 1914 and 1991, just as Nieuw Amsterdam, the Dutch name of New York City until 1664, is not its Dutch exonym. New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City. The City of New York
The old place names outdated after renaming are afterwards often used as historicisms. Consequently, even today one would talk about the Siege of Leningrad, not the Siege of St. The Siege of Leningrad, also known as The Leningrad Blockade ( Russian: блокада Ленинграда ( transliteration: blokada Leningrada Petersburg, because at that time (1941-1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in Kaliningrad, as it has been called since 1946. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland Sometimes, however, historical names are deliberately not used because of nationalist tendencies to linguistically lay claim to a city's past. As a case in point, the Slovakian article on the 1805 Peace of Pressburg does not use either of the city's names then in use (the Slovakian Prešporok or the official, that is German, Pressburg), but today's name Bratislava, which became the city's name only in 1919. The Peace of Pressburg refers to four peace treaties concluded in Pressburg (today Bratislava, Slovakia) It's interesting that for two months (in 1918) the name of Bratislava was Wilson city (the Slovakian Wilsonovo mesto) in honor of Woodrow Wilson, the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by
The name Madras, now Chennai, may be a special case. When the city was first settled by Englishmen, in the early 1600s, both names were in use. Possibly they referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym.
Likewise, Istanbul is still called Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη) in Greek, despite the name having been changed in Turkish (and other languages) between 1923 and 1930. Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey
Orthographic exonymy in languages with phonetic spelling
There are at least three known languages in Europe in which the use of seeming exonyms (in terms of spelling but not necessarily pronunciation) for places and people is actually the norm and not an exception: Latvian, Lithuanian and Serbian, all having Latin-based script, transcribe foreign proper names whenever necessary, including those originally written in Latin script. Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages throughout the world The reasons are the respective nations' preference for their own consistent phonetic spelling and the need to add native inflectional endings to most nouns. A phonemic orthography is a Writing system where the written Graphemes correspond to Phonemes the spoken sounds of the language In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice The resulting advantage is that reading and spelling in these languages remain easy (knowledge of how to spell any unadapted foreign words is not required); a disadvantage is that foreigners may erroneously complain that their names have been "misspelled". In reality, the phonetic transcription is often more correct: e. g. , Varšava, Varšuva, Varšava (in Latvian, Lithuanian and Serbian, respectively), with [v] and [ʃ], is phonetically closer to the original Polish Warszawa than the English Warsaw [wɔːrsɒː].
List of English exonyms for peoples
| Exonym | Endonym |
|---|---|
| Albanian | Shqiptarë ("Eagles") |
| Arabs | al-`Arab (in Arabic, العرب) |
| Argentinian(s) or Argentines | Argentinos |
| Armenians | Hayer (Հայեր) |
| Austrians | Österreicher |
| Berbers | Amazigh (singular), Imazighen (plural), spelt as Amaziγ (Imaziγen) |
| Basque | Euskaldunak |
| Bosnian | Bosanci i Hercegovci |
| Brazilian(s) | Brasileiro(s) |
| Bulgarians | Българи (Bǎlgari) |
| Byzantine(s) (Eastern Roman Empire) | Rhomaioi (Greek: Ρωμαιοι) ("Romans") |
| Catalan(s), | Català (singular), Catalans (plural). } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Austrians (Österreicher are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states ( March of Austria, Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. This is page about Bosnians (as citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Brazilians ( brasileiros in Portuguese) are all people born in Brazil The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language The Catalans are the people from Catalonia, an Autonomous community of Spain, including people originating in that region but living elsewhere |
| Chechen(s) | Noxçuo (singular), Noxçi (plural) |
| Cherokee(s) | Aniyunwiya |
| Cheyenne(s) | Tsistsista ("People") |
| Chilean(s) | Chileno (masc. Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the )/Chilena (fem. ) |
| Chinese | Zhōngguó rén (中国人 (simpl.) 中國人 (trad.), "People of the Middle's country") or Huá rén (华人 simpl., 華人trad.) |
| Cornish | Kernowek, Kernewek, Curnoack |
| Croats | Hrvati |
| Czechs | Češi |
| Danes | Danskere |
| Indian | Deshi |
| Dutch | Nederlanders ("Lowlanders") |
| Ecuadorians | Ecuatorianos ("Equatorians") |
| Ancient Egyptians | rmţ km·t ("People of the Black Land") |
| Modern Egyptians | Maṣreyyīn (Egyptian Vernacular) (مصريين) |
| Eskimo (west Alaska and Russian Far East) | Yup'ik (meaning "People") |
| Eskimo (east Alaska, Canada, and Greenland) | Inuit (meaning "People") |
| Estonians | eestlased |
| Etruscans | Rasenna |
| Faroese | Føroyingar |
| Filipino | Pilipino, Pinoy (informal, the suffix -oy denoting a diminutive or term of endearment) |
| Finns | suomalaiset (root: suomalais-, singular suomalainen "a Finn") |
| French | Français ("Francish") |
| Fula or Fulani | singular: Pullo ; plural: Fulɓe |
| Gaels | Gaeilge ("Gaeil") |
| Georgians | Kartveli Eri (ქართველი ერი) or Kartvelebi (ქართველები) |
| Germans | Deutsche |
| Greeks | Έλληνες (Ellines, Hellènes) |
| Greenlanders | Kalaallit in Greenlandic |
| Gypsies | Romani people |
| Hawaiians | Kānaka maoli |
| Hittite, Hittites, Hittish | Neshumanash (Ne·esh·umana·ash: "This-many twinsom-one", where umun in Emesal: "fellow"), Neshumnesh (Ne·esh·umin·esh: "This-many twinsoms-many") for its kinsfolk; Hattic: Neshili (Ne·esh·ili: "This-many-ish") for its speech and speakers[3][4] |
| Hungarians | Magyarok |
| Icelanders | Íslendingar |
| The Iroquois | Haudenosaunee ("The League of Peace and Power") |
| Israelis | Yiśrā'elīm (ישראלים) |
| Japanese | Nihonjin (日本人, E. Zhonghua minzu ( Traditional Chinese: 中華民族 ( Simplified Chinese: 中华民族 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínzú sometimes translated as The Cornish people (Kernowyon are regarded as an Ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic The term Dane may refer to People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity whether living in Denmark, emigrants or the descendants of emigrants India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group Eskimos or Esquimaux are Indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia ( Russia) across The Yupik or in the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, Yup'ik, are a group of indigenous or aboriginal peoples of western southwestern and southcentral Eskimos or Esquimaux are Indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia ( Russia) across Inuit (plural the singular Inuk, means "man" or "person" is a general term for a group of culturally similar Indigenous peoples inhabiting Estonians ( Estonian: eestlased, previously maarahvas) are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting primarily the country Etruria &mdash usually referred to in Greek and Latin source texts as Tyrrhenia &mdash was a region of Central Italy, located in an area Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy The Faroese or Faroe Islanders ( Føroyingar) are the people of the Faroe Islands in Northern Europe of Norse and Celtic Filipinos or the Filipino people are the citizens of the Philippines. The terms Finns and Finnish people ( Finnish: suomalaiset, Swedish: finländare) are used in English to Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Fula or Fulbe or Fulani (the latter being an Anglicisation of the word in their language Fulɓe) are an ethnic group of The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Gypsy (sometimes spelled Gipsy, Gipsey) is a word used to name as a Blanket term, various unrelated ethnic groups or persons fitting the Gypsy Stereotypes The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins "Kanaka" redirects here For the Tamil actress see Kanaka (actress. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established Sumerian ( " native tongue " was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan "Sunspringfolk", L. "Solorigopuo") |
| Jews | Hebrew: singular: Yehūdī (יְהוּדִי); plural: Yehūdīm (יְהוּדִים) Ladino: singular: Djudio (ג׳ודיו); plural: Djudios (ג׳ודיוס) Yiddish: singular: Yid (ייִד); plural: Yidn (ייִדן) |
| South Koreans | Hanguksaram (한국사람) or Hangugin (한국인/韓國人) |
| North Koreans | Chosŏnsaram (조선사람) |
| Lapps | sámit or sápmelaččat |
| Lithuanians | Lietuviai |
| Malay | Orang Melayu (اورڠ ملايو) |
| Mexicans | Mexicano (Male) Mexicana (Female) |
| Mohawk(s) | Kanienkeha ("Flint people") |
| Mordvins | Erzya and Moksha (Two closely related peoples with two separate literary languages,) |
| Moroccan | Maghrabi (مغربي) ("Westerners") |
| Nicaraguan | Nicaragüense, Nicoya, Nica |
| Norwegians | Nordmenn ("North men") |
| Papago tribe | Tohono O'odham ("People of the Desert") |
| Persians | Īrānīān (in Persian, ايرانيان) |
| Poles | Polacy ("Plainsmen") |
| Portuguese | Portugueses |
| Puerto Ricans | puertorriqueños, riqueños, puertorros (informal), boricua (Lokono "The one of the Altive Lord's land") |
| Russians | (noun and adjective) Русский (Rússkiy - male), Русская (Rússkaya - female), Русские (Rússkiye - plural) |
| Romanians | Români |
| Quechua | Runa ("People") |
| Serbs | Срби/Srbi |
| Seri people | Comcaac (phonetically [koŋˈkɑːk]); singular: Cmiique (phonetically [ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ]) |
| Sioux | Dakota or Lakota ("Allies") |
| Slovaks | Slováci |
| Slovenes, Slovenians | Slovenci |
| Spanish, Spaniards | Españoles |
| Sumerians | Un[ga] Sangi[ga] (Un[·ga] Sang·ngi[·ga]: "Folk [such of the] Head-black [such]")[3] |
| Swedes | Svenskar |
| Swiss | Schweizer (German) / Suisses (French) / Svizzeri (Italian) / Schwiizer, Schwyzer (Swiss German); all derived from the name of the canton of Schwyz |
| Szeklers | Székely |
| Thais | คนไทย (Khon Thai) |
| Tibetans | bodpa |
| Turks | Türkler |
| Ukrainians | Ukrayintsi (in Ukrainian Українці) |
| Venezuelans | Venezolanos |
| Vlachs | Român/Rumân Romanian; Armân/Rumân Aromanian; Rumân/Rumâr Istro-Romanians ("Romans") |
| Welsh | Cymry |
List of English exonyms for German toponyms
List of creators of exonyms
| Exonym | Creator |
|---|---|
| Byzantine Empire | Hieronymus Wolf, popularized by Montesquieu |
| Sumer | Akkadians |
List of country exonyms
| Exonym | Endonym |
|---|---|
| Albania | Shqipëria |
| Algeria | al-Jazā’ir (الجزائر) ("The Islands") |
| Armenia | Hayastan (Հայաստան: "the land of Haik"); see Armenia: Origin of the name |
| Austria | Österreich |
| Aztec Empire | Mexìcâ (Mexihcah) or Tenochca |
| Bahrain | al-Baḥrayn (البحرين) |
| Belarus | Byelarus' (Беларусь) |
| Bhutan | Druk Yul ("Dragon Land") |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosna i Hercegovina |
| Brazil | Brasil |
| Bulgaria | България (Bălgariya) |
| The Byzantine Empire | Romania (Pωμανια). PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. The Sami people are the Indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway Lithuanians are the Baltic Ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million Malays (Melayu are an Ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, the east coast of Sumatra, the coast Demographic dynamics In 1900 the Mexican population was 136 million Nahuatl ( is a group of related languages and dialects of the Aztecan or Nahuan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America The Mordvins (also Mordva, Mordvinians) are a people who speak languages of the Volga-Finnic (Finno-Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric language In Indian religions, Moksha ( Sanskrit: sa मोक्ष mokṣa) or Mukti ( Sanskrit: sa मुक्ति literally "release" Most Moroccans are Sunni Muslims of Berber, Arab or mixed Arab-Berber stock Nicaraguans ( Spanish: Nicaragüense; also Nica, Nicoya and Pinolero) are people inhabiting in originating or having significant heritage Norwegians See also History of Norway and Demography of Norway. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west A Puerto Rican ('puertorriqueño' ( Taíno term boricua) is a person who was born in Puerto Rico. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, The Seris are an indigenous group of the Mexican state of Sonora. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people For other meanings of the word including the United States states please see Dakota The Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Swiss German ( Schweizerdeutsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken The town of (Schwyz Svitto is the capital of the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. For the village in northeastern Hungary see Székely (village The Székely ( pronounced) or Szekler people (Székely The Thai (or Tai) are the main ethnic group of Thailand and are part of the larger Tai ethnolinguistic peoples found in Thailand and adjacent countries The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans Istro-Romanians ( Ethnonym: Vlaşi, also proper Rumâri and Rumêri; called Ćiribiri / Ćići by the local Slavic The Welsh people ( Welsh: Cymro ("Welshman" Cymraes ("Welsh woman" Cymry ("Welshmen/women" Cymry This list is a compilation of German Toponyms (ie names of cities regions rivers mountains and other geographical features situated in a German -speaking area that have Hieronymus Wolf (1516–1580 was a sixteenth century German Historian and humanist, most famous for introducing a system of Byzantine historiography Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (Eng Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Hayk (hy Հայկ also transliterated as Haik) is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The Kingdom of Bhutan (buːˈtɑːn is a Landlocked nation in South Asia. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Derived from the "Roman Empire". |
| Cambodia | Prâteh Kâmpŭchea (ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា) (but "Kingdom of Cambodia" is the current official name in English) |
| China | Zhōngguó (中国 (simpl.), 中國 (trad.)) ("Central Kingdom"); see Names of China |
| Croatia | Hrvatska |
| Czech Republic | Česká republika, short form Česko (Czechia) |
| Ancient Egypt | km·t ("The Black Land") |
| Modern Egypt | Miṣr (مصر) in Arabic, Maṣr in Egyptian dialect; means "a country" or "a state" |
| Estonia | Eesti |
| Finland | Suomi |
| Georgia | Sakartvelo (საქართველო); see Georgia (country): Origin of the name |
| Germany | Deutschland; see Names for Germany |
| Greece | Ellás (Ελλάς) or Elládha (Ελλάδα) |
| Greenland | Kalaallit Nunaat ("Land of the Greenlanders") |
| Hindustan | Bhārat (भारत) in Hindi, but India is officially recognized too; see Origin of India's name; also Hindustan [Indian endonym] |
| Holland | Nederland ("low land") "The Netherlands" is the formal English name, but Holland, the name of a region of the Netherlands, is used colloquially in English to refer to the whole country. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National In China, common names for China include " Zhonghua " (zh-Hans [[wiktionary中华 中华]]/zh-Hant [[wiktionary中華 中華]] and " Zhongguo Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Hindustan (हिन्दुस्तान, ہندوستان,) is one of the popular Names of India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The name India may refer to either the region of Greater India (the Indian subcontinent) or to the contemporary Republic of India contained therein |
| Hungary | Magyarország ("Magyar Land") |
| Inca Empire | Tawantinsuyu ("Four Corners") |
| India | Bhārat (भारत) in Hindi, but India is officially recognized too; see Origin of India's name; also Hindustan [Indian endonym] |
| Iraq | al-ʕiˈrɑːq (العراق - al-`Irāq) (ʕ for `ayn consonant, not present in English) |
| Israel | Yiśrā'el (ישראל) |
| Italy | Italia |
| Japan | Nihon (also:Nippon) (日本, see Names of Japan) |
| Jordan | al-Urdunn (الأردنّ) |
| Korea | Chosŏn (Joseon) (조선 / 朝鮮) in North Korea and Hanguk (한국 / 韓國) in South Korea, but Goryeo (고려 / 高麗), the source of Korea, is used as neutral name for Korea; see Names of Korea |
| Lebanon | Lubnān (لبنان) |
| Libya | Lībiyā (ليبيا) |
| Lithuania | Lietuva |
| Maldives | Dhivehi raajj'e ("The Islands of Dhivehi People" in Dhivehi language; see History of the Maldives) |
| Mauritania | Mūrītāniyā (موريتانيا) |
| Montenegro | Crna Gora / Црна Гора ("black mountain" in Serbian; see History of Montenegro: Etymology) |
| Morocco | al-Maghrib (المغرب al-Maġrib)("The West" in Arabic; see also Maghrib and Maghreb) |
| Namibia | Namibië |
| Norway | Norge in Bokmål Norwegian and Noreg in Nynorsk Norwegian |
| Oman | ʕumān or [`Umān] (عمان) (ʕ for `ayn consonant, not present in English) |
| Palestine | Filasṭīn (فلسطين) |
| Persia | Īrān (ايران) (The Land of Aryans) |
| Poland | Polska |
| Philippines | Pilipinas (in Tagalog) ([King] "Philip's" [Islands]) |
| Romania | România |
| Qatar | Qaṭar (قطر) |
| Russia | Rossiya (Россия) |
| Saudi Arabia | al-ʕarabiyya as-Suʕūdiyya (العربية السعودية - al-`Arabiyya as-Su`ūdiyya) (ʕ for `ayn consonant, not present in English) |
| Serbia | Србија/Srbija |
| Singapore | Malay: Singapura (سيڠاڤورا) Chinese: 新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō) Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் (Cingkappūr) |
| Slovakia | Slovensko |
| Slovenia | Slovenija |
| South Africa | Suid-Afrika in Afrikaans |
| Spain | Spanish and Galician: España Catalan: Espanya Basque: Espainia Aranese: Espanha |
| Sudan | as-Sūdān (السودان) |
| Sumer | Kengi (Ki·en·gi: "Land [of the] lord-cultu[r]al/couthly"), Kengir (Ki·en·gir(>kiri): "Land [of the] lord-kithly(>nosely)"); ennen: lords[3] |
| Sweden | Sverige |
| Switzerland | German: Schweiz French: Suisse Italian: Svizzera Romansh: Svizra Latin: Helvetia - used in some cases (on coins, for instance) to avoid favouring one of the four languages. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The name India may refer to either the region of Greater India (the Indian subcontinent) or to the contemporary Republic of India contained therein For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː There are various names of Korea in use today derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Maldives ( or, or Maldive Islands) officially the Republic of Maldives, is an Island nation consisting of a group of atolls stretching Dhivehi Writing Systems Dhivehi (or Divehi) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by more than about 300000 people in the Republic of Maldives where it is the The Maldives is a nation consisting of 26 natural Atolls, comprising 1192 islands Historical setting Since very ancient times the Maldives were ruled Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The History of Montenegro begins in the early Middle Ages, into the former Roman province of Dalmatia that forms present-day Montenegro. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Maghrib (مَغْرِب is the fourth daily Salat in Islam, offered at sunset The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Bokmål (lit "book language" or Dano-Norwegian is the most commonly used of the two official Norwegian written Standard languages the other Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast The voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Aryan is an English word derived from the Sanskrit " Ārya " meaning "noble" or "honorable" Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The voiced pharyngeal approximant/fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Singapore The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain Aranese (aranés is a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language spoken in the Aran Valley, in northwestern Catalonia Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Romansh or Romansch may refer to Romansh language Romansh people Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Helvetia is the Roman name for an ancient region of central Europe occupying a plateau between the Alps and the Jura Mountains. |
| Syria | Sūriyā (سوريا) |
| Thailand | ประเทศไทย (Prathet Thai) |
| Tunisia | Tūnis (تونس) |
| Turkey | Türkiye |
| Ukraine | Ukrayina (Україна) |
| Wales | Cymru |
| Yemen | al-Yaman (اليمن) |
List of geographical region exonyms
| Exonym | Endonym |
|---|---|
| Amoy | 厦门: Ē-mn̂g (Amoy vernacular POJ), Xiàmén (Mandarin pinyin) |
| Andalusia | Andalucía (from Arabic al-Andalus, derived from Latin vandalus after the Germanic Vandals who settled in Hispania Baetica with the collapse of Roman rule. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Pe̍h-ōe-jī ( POJ) ( is an Orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Fujian and Taiwan by Presbyterian Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) The Arabic term was given by the Arabs to their Spanish possessions after Islamic conquest — not really an exonym, just the old Spanish pronunciation, in fact still pronounced that way by many Andalusians) |
| Bangkok | กรุงเทพฯ (Krung Thep) |
| Basque Country | Euskadi (Basque), País Vasco (Spanish), Vascongadas (Spanish, before the 1970s, not in use today; also as adjective: "Provincias Vascongadas") |
| Bavaria | Bayern |
| Bohemia (derived from Boiohaemum, Germanic for "the home of the Boii," a Celtic people) | Čechy, not to mix with Česko, short name for Czechia (Czech Republic). Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, |
| Bosnia | Bosna |
| Canton | (simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu ; Jyutping : Gwong²zau¹) |
| Carinthia | Kärnten |
| Carpathians | Romanian: Carpaţi; Polish:Karpaty, Czech, and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати (Karpáty); Russian: Карпаты (Karpáty); German: Karpaten; Serbian: Karpati / Карпати; Hungarian: Kárpátok |
| Castile | Castilla: same word with different pronunciation, English uses French name — not an exonym |
| Catalonia | Catalunya (Catalan), Cataluña (Spanish): not really an exonym, just the formal "Latinized" version, created by Catalans themselves when writing in Latin |
| Caucasus | Kavkaz (Кавка́з in Russian) |
| Crimea | (in Ukrainian Крим - Krym, in Russian Крым - Krym, in Crimean Tatar Qırım) |
| Herzegovina | Hercegovina |
| Hong Kong | 香港 (Yale (Cantonese): Hēunggóng, Pinyin (Mandarin): Xiānggǎng) |
| Judæa | Yehūdāh (יהודה) |
| Lusatia | Lausitz (German) / Łužica (Upper Sorbian) / Łužyca (Lower Sorbian) / Łużyce (Polish) / Lužice (Czech) |
| Macau / Macao | 澳門: Ou3 Mun4 (Cantonese Jyutping), 澳门 Àomén (Mandarin Pinyin); Maa3 Gaau1 (Cantonese Jyutping) is commonly used. Historically and geographically the Region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna; Cyrillic: Босна lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a Romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK Carinthia (Kärnten Koroška is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Crimean Tatar language (Qırımtatar tili Qırımtatarca also known as Crimean (Qırım tili Qırımca and Crimean Turkish (Qırım Türkçesi is the language Herzegovina ( Bosnian, Croatian: Hercegovina, Serbian: Херцеговина) is a traditionally Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders The Yale romanizations are four systems created during World War II for use by United States military personnel. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Upper and Lower Lusatia Upper Lusatia ( Oberlausitz or Hornja Łužica) is today part of the German state of Saxony except for a small part east of Lower Sorbian (dsb ''Dolnoserbski'' is a Slavic Minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a Romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use
|
| Moldavia | Romanian: Moldova |
| Moravia | Morava |
| Navarre | Nafarroa (Basque), Navarra (Spanish); Basque Nafarroa → Spanish Navarra → French Navarre → English Navarre — just adapted pronunciation, not different roots |
| Oporto | Porto. The Macau Special Administrative Region ( full nameogg|in Mandarin}} {{Audio-nohelp|Chinese(Cantonese-Macau full name Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Oporto comes from "O Porto" which is portuguese for "The [city] Porto". |
| Samogitia | Žemaitija in Lithuanian, Žemaitėjė in Samogitian |
| Siberia | Sibir' (Сиби́рь) in Russian |
| Silesia | Ślonsk (Silesian) / Śląsk (Polish) / Slezsko (Czech) / Schlesien (German) |
| Styria | Steiermark (German) |
| Tibet | བོད་ (Böd in Tibetan), 西藏 (Xīzàng in Chinese), 吐博 Tǔbó (historical Chinese, used by some Tibetans when speaking Chinese) |
| Transylvania | Ardeal/Transilvania (Romanian) / Siebenbürgen (German) / Erdély (Hungarian) / Siedmiogród (Polish) |
| Transnistria | Romanian: Transnistria ; Pridnestrovie (Приднестровье in Russian) |
| Urals | Ural (in Russian: Ура́л) |
| Wallachia | Ţara Românească / Muntenia / Valahia (Romanian) |
See also
References
- ^ a b UN document discussing exonyms (PDF)
- ^ Alin Dosoftei, Names of the Romani people
- ^ a b c Sumerian Lexicon v. Samogitia ( Samogitian: Žemaitėjė, Žemaitija literally lowlands) is one of the five Ethnographic Regions of Lithuania. Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. Samogitian (Samogitian Žemaitiu ruoda, Žemaičių tarmė is a dialect (considered as an independent Baltic language by some people outside academic literature Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Silesian or Upper Silesian (Silesian Ślůnsko godka, Slezsky jazyk Język śląski is a Slavic language or dialect spoken in the region of Styria (Steiermark is a state or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR also called Xizang Autonomous Region (བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས་ Wylie: Bod-rang-skyong-ljongs Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie (full name Pridnestrovian Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie (full name Pridnestrovian Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Below is list of Romanian language exonyms for places outside Romania and Republic of Moldova: Albania Voskopojë Below is list of German language Exonyms for former German places and places in non-German-speaking areas of the world: Links to more extensive lists The following is a list of Icelandic Exonyms, that is to say names for places that do not speak Icelandic that have been adapted to Icelandic spelling Below is a list of Russian language Exonyms for places in Europe. This article deals with the historic German language names of towns and cities in Central Europe. This list is a compilation of German Toponyms (ie names of cities regions rivers mountains and other geographical features situated in a German -speaking area that have placenames of Wales derive in most cases from the Welsh language, but have in many cases also been influenced by English. Many cities in Europe have different names in different languages Below is a list with links to further Wikipedia-pages containing lists of exonyms of various European languages for Villages Towns and cities in Europe Many settlements in Macedonia region in Northern Greece had Greek and non-Greek forms Following the model of Names of European cities in different languages, this article lists cities in the Americas that have different names in different languages The following chart lists the Countries of the world (as defined here) along with their Capital cities in English as well as in the country's native language Most countries of the world have alternative names. Some countries have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons Most countries of the world have different names in different languages This list includes Continental European Countries and Regions that were part of the Roman Empire, or that were given Latin place names in Most regions and provinces of Europe have alternative names in different languages Many rivers in Europe have alternative names in different languages This is a list of Greek place names. That is a list of the names of places as they exist in the Greek language. Country name and its capital 俄罗斯 Éluósī Russia (in Russian: Россия (Rossiya supposedly from Mongolian "Орос" The list includes countries and territories and their capitals or centres where at least one official language is Arabic. This is a list of non-Japanese place names in Japanese Regions of the world Nations Former nations Districts provinces regions and states Many place names in Ireland in the English language are either anglicisations of those in the Irish language, or completely different such as the name for the capital Shibboleth (ˈʃɪbəlɛθ or ˈʃɪbələθ is any practice which is indicative of one's social or regional origin 3. John A. Halloran. sumerian. org. (2006, 2007)
- ^ HittLang.pdf. Oriental Institute at University of Chicago. 352pp. (1998, 2007)
External links
- 2006 UN document discussing exonyms (PDF)
- Jacek Wesołowski's Place Names in Europe, featuring endonyms and exonyms for many cities
- "Does Juliet's Rose, by Any Other Name, Smell as Sweet?" by Verónica Albin.
- Looking up in exonym database
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