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Exodus 1947 after British takeover (note damage to makeshift barricades). Banner says: "Haganah Ship Exodus 1947".
Exodus 1947 after British takeover (note damage to makeshift barricades). Banner says: "Haganah Ship Exodus 1947". Haganah ( Hebrew: "The Defense" ההגנה was a Jewish Paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine
General characteristics as USS President Warfield
Tonnage: 1,814 t
Length: 320 ft (98 m)
Beam: 56 ft 6 in (17. 2 m)
Draught: 18 ft 6 in (5. 6 m)
Speed: 15 kn (28 km/h)
Troops: 400
Complement: 70

Exodus 1947 was a ship that carried Jewish emigrants, that left France on July 11, 1947, with the intent of taking its passengers to Palestine, then controlled by the British. (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement Most of the emigrants were Holocaust survivor refugees, who had no legal immigration certificates to Palestine. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Following wide media coverage, the British Royal Navy seized the ship, and deported all its passengers back to Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)

The ship was formerly the packet steamer SS President Warfield for the Baltimore Steam Packet Company, carrying passengers and freight between Norfolk, Virginia, and Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States, from the ship's launch in 1928 until 1942. Packet (sea transport: A Packet service is a regular scheduled service carrying freight and passengers A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller The Baltimore Steam Packet Company, also known as the Old Bay Line, was an American steamship line from 1840 to 1962 providing overnight steamboat service on Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the During World War II, it served both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy; for the latter as USS President Warfield (IX-169). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Contents

Early history

The ship was built in 1928 by Pusey and Jones Corp. , Wilmington, Delaware, for the Baltimore Steam Packet Company. Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine The Baltimore Steam Packet Company, also known as the Old Bay Line, was an American steamship line from 1840 to 1962 providing overnight steamboat service on Initially named President Warfield, for Baltimore Steam Packet Company president S. Davies Warfield (the uncle of the Duchess of Windsor), it carried passengers and freight on the Chesapeake Bay between Baltimore, Maryland and Norfolk, Virginia from 1928 until July 12, 1942, when the ship was acquired by the War Shipping Administration (WSA) and converted to a transport craft for the British Ministry of War Transport[1][2]

Manned by a British merchant crew led by Capt. S (Solomon Davies Warfield (1863 – October 24, 1927) was an American railroad organizer and banker. Wallis Duchess of Windsor (born Bessie Wallis Warfield, later Spencer, then Simpson; 19 June 1895 or 1896 &ndash 24 April 1986 was an American The Chesapeake Bay is the largest Estuary in the United States. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The War Shipping Administration (WSA was a World War II emergency war agency of the US Government, tasked to purchase and operate the civilian shipping tonnage In the United Kingdom, the Department for Transport (or DfT) ( Welsh: Adran am Drafnidiaeth) is the government department J. R. Williams, it departed St. John’s, Newfoundland, in Canada on September 21, 1942, along with other small passenger steamers bound for the United Kingdom. St John's (ˌseɪntˈdʒanz French Saint-Jean) is the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada and located on the eastern tip Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Attacked by a German submarine 800 nautical miles (1,500 km) west of Ireland on September 25, the ship evaded one torpedo, and, after the scattering of its convoy, reached Belfast, Northern Ireland. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of In Britain, it served as a barracks and training ship on the River Torridge at Instow. The River Torridge is a river in Devon in England. It was the home of Tarka the Otter in Henry Williamson 's book Instow is a village in north Devon, England. It is on the estuary where the rivers Taw and Torridge meet between the villages of Westleigh [2]

President Warfield enroute to Europe in 1947, where she would be renamed Exodus 1947
President Warfield enroute to Europe in 1947, where she would be renamed Exodus 1947

Returned by Britain, it joined the U.S. Navy as President Warfield on May 21, 1944. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In July it served as a station and accommodations ship at Omaha Beach at Normandy. Omaha Beach was the Code name for one of the principal landing points of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. Following duty in England and on the Seine River, it arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, July 25, 1945, and left active Navy service September 13. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September President Warfield was struck from the U. S. Naval Vessel Register on October 11 and returned to the War Shipping Administration on November 14. The Naval Vessel Register ( NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca [2]

Voyage history

On November 9, 1946 the WSA sold President Warfield to the Potomac Shipwrecking Co. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. of Washington, D.C., who were acting as an agent of the Jewish political group Haganah. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Haganah ( Hebrew: "The Defense" ההגנה was a Jewish Paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine [2] The ship eventually ended up with Hamossad Le'aliyah Bet—the underground Jewish organization in Palestine intent on helping underground Jewish immigrants enter Palestine. The Mossad Le'aliyah Bet ( Hebrew: 'המוסד לעלייה ב (English The Institution for Immigration B) was a branch of the Jewish Defense Association ( Haganah Aliyah Bet (Hebrew 'עלייה ב meaning " Aliyah 'B'" ( bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet was the code name given to Illegal immigration It was renamed Exodus 1947 after the biblical Jewish exodus from Egypt to Canaan. The Exodus ( is the term used for the escape departure and emancipation of the enslaved Israelites freed from Ancient Egypt as described in the Hebrew

The ship left Baltimore February 25, 1947 and headed for the Mediterranean. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [2] Under the command of Yossi Harel, it sailed with 4,515 passengers from the port of Sète, France, a small port outside Marseille on July 11, 1947, and arrived at Palestine shores on July 18. Yossi Harel (יוסי הראל born Yosef Hamburger ( January 4, 1918 - April 26, 2008) was the supervisor of the Exodus Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, The British Royal Navy cruiser Ajax and a convoy of destroyers trailed the ship from very early in its voyage, and finally boarded it some 20 nautical miles (40 km) from shore. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Before the War Built at Vickers shipyard Barrow-in-Furness, England, she was laid down on 7 February 1933 launched on 1 March 1934 and completed on 12 April A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The boarding was challenged by the passengers (the ship was in international waters where the Royal Navy had no jurisdiction), and so the British soldiers used force. Three shipmates, including 1st mate William Bernstein, a U. S. sailor from San Francisco, died as a result of bludgeoning and several dozen others were injured before the ship was taken over.

Due to the high profile of the Exodus 1947 emigration ship, it was decided by the British government that the emigrants were to be deported back to France. Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin suggested this, and the request was relayed to General Sir Alan Cunningham, High Commissioner for Palestine,[3] who agreed with the plan after consulting the Navy. Ernest Bevin ( 9 March 1881 - 14 April 1951) was a British labour leader politician and statesman best known for his time as [4] Before then, intercepted would be immigrants were placed in internment camps on Cyprus. Cyprus internment camps were operated by the British for Internment of Jewish immigrants who attempted to immigrate to the Mandatory Palestine during the This new policy was meant to be a signal to both the Jewish community and the European countries which assisted immigration that whatever they sent to Palestine would be sent back to them.

Not only should it clearly establish the principle of REFOULEMENT as applies to a complete shipload of immigrants, but it will be most discouraging to the organisers of this traffic if the immigrants. . . end up by returning whence they came. [3]

The damaged former President Warfield remained moored to a breakwater at Haifa harbour as a derelict until it burned to the waterline August 26, 1952. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [5] Later towed to Shemen Beach, Haifa, it was raised in 1963 and scrapped by an Italian firm. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest [2]

The Exodus, formerly President Warfield, arriving at Haifa (British Admiralty photo)
The Exodus, formerly President Warfield, arriving at Haifa (British Admiralty photo)

Return to France

The British sailed the commandeered ship into Haifa port, where its passengers were transferred to three more seaworthy deportation ships, Runnymede Park, Ocean Vigour and Empire Rival. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with The event was witnessed by members of UNSCOP. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP was formed in the May 1947 in response to the British Governments announcement to terminate Mandate of Palestine. These ships left Haifa harbour on July 19 for Port-de-Bouc. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Foreign Secretary Bevin insisted that the French get their ship back as well as its passengers. [3]

When the ships arrived at Port-de-Bouc near Marseilles on August 2, the emigrants refused to disembark, and the French refused to cooperate with British attempts at forced disembarkation. Port-de-Bouc is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Realizing that they were not bound for Cyprus, the emigrants conducted a 24-hour hunger strike, refusing to cooperate with the British authorities.

But the British government had no intention of backing down or relaxing its policy.

During this time, media coverage of the human ordeal intensified and the British became pressed to find a solution. The matter also got the attention of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) members who had been deliberating in Geneva. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP was formed in the May 1947 in response to the British Governments announcement to terminate Mandate of Palestine. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking After three weeks, during which the prisoners on the ships held steady in difficult conditions, rejecting offers of alternative destinations, the ships were sailed to Hamburg, Germany, which was then in the British occupation zone

Operation Oasis

Documents released from the British archives show that after much soul-searching, the British concluded that the only place they could send the Jews was to the British-controlled zone of post-war Germany, where the Jews could be placed in camps and screened for extremists; decision to land the Jews in Germany had been made because it was the only suitable territory under British control that could handle so many people at short notice. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country west of the Oder-Neisse line into four occupation zones for administrative The British diplomats and military officers knew perfectly well that sending Jews back to Germany and putting them in camps so soon after the Holocaust would set off a fire-storm of protest.

Britain's impossible position was later summed up by John Coulson, a diplomat at the British Embassy in Paris by a coded warning to the Foreign Office in London in August 1947 in which he said

“you will realize that an announcement of decision to send immigrants back to Germany will produce violent hostile outburst in the press” He pointed out: "The pros and cons of keeping the Exodus immigrants in camps . . . there is one point that should be kept in mind. Our opponents in France, and I dare say in other countries, have made great play with the fact that these immigrants were being kept behind barbed wire, in concentration camps and guarded by Germans".

"If we decide it is convenient not to keep them in camps any longer, I suggest that we should make some play that we are releasing them from all restraint of this kind in accordance with their wishes and that they were only put in such accommodation for the preliminary necessities of screening and maintenance. "

Disembarkation

On August 22 a Foreign Office cable warned diplomats that they should be ready to emphatically deny that the Jews were to be housed in former concentration camps after they were offloaded in Germany, that German guards will not be used to keep the Jews in the refugee camps and, further, added that British guards will be withdrawn once the Jews have been screened.

The “Exodus 1947” passengers were successfully taken off the vessels in Germany, although a number were injured in confrontations with British troops that involved the use of batons and fire hoses. The would-be immigrants were sent back to DP camps in Am Stau near Lübeck and Pöppendorf. Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Although most of the women and children disembarked voluntarily, the men had to be carried off by force.

By the time they had docked at Hamburg, many of the refugees were in defiant mood. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany When they first set out on their historic quest, they had believed they were days away from arriving at a Jewish homeland. The prospect of being sent to prison camps in Germany represented a pitiful failure of their original mission and for many of the Holocaust survivors, it was almost impossible to bear. The British had identified one of the ships, the Runnymede Park, as the vessel most likely to cause them trouble. A confidential report of the time noted:

"It was known that the Jews on the Runnymede Park were under the leadership of a young, capable and energetic fanatic, Morenci Miry Rosman, and throughout the operation it had been realised that this ship might give trouble. "

One hundred military police and 200 Sherwood Foresters troops were ordered to board the ship and eject the Jewish immigrants.

The officer in charge of the operation, Lt-Col Gregson, later gave a very frank assessment of the success of the storming of the ship, which, according to a secret minute, left up to 33 Jews, including four women, injured in the fighting. Sixty-eight Jews were held in custody to be put on trial for unruly behaviour. Only three soldiers were hurt. But it could have been a lot worse. Gregson later admitted that he had considered using tear gas against the immigrants. He concluded:

"The Jew is liable to panic and 800-900 Jews fighting to get up a stairway to escape tear smoke could have produced a deplorable business. " He added: "It is a very frightening thing to go into the hold full of yelling maniacs when outnumbered six or eight to one. " Describing the assault, the officer wrote to his superiors: "After a very short pause, with a lot of yelling and female screams, every available weapon up to a biscuit and bulks of timber was hurled at the soldiers. They withstood it admirably and very stoically till the Jews assaulted and in the first rush several soldiers were downed with half a dozen Jews on top kicking and tearing . . . No other troops could have done it as well and as humanely as these British ones did. " He concluded: "It should be borne in mind that the guiding factor in most of the actions of the Jews is to gain the sympathy of the world press. "

One of the official observers who witnessed the violence was Dr Noah Barou, secretary of the British section of the World Jewish Congress, who had 35 years experience of reporting. He gave a very different account of the fighting.

He described young soldiers beating Holocaust survivors as a "terrible mental picture".

"They went into the operation as a football match . . . and it seemed evident that they had not had it explained to them that they were dealing with people who had suffered a lot and who are resisting in accordance with their convictions. " He noted: "People were usually hit in the stomach and this in my opinion explains that many people who did not show any signs of injury were staggering and moving very slowly along the staircase giving the impression that they were half-starved and beaten up. " "When the people walked off the ship, many of them, especially younger people, were shouting to the troops 'Hitler commandos', 'gentleman fascists', 'sadists'. " Dr Barou was "especially impressed" by one young girl who "came to the top of the stairs and shouted to the soldiers, 'I am from Dachau'. And when they did not react she shouted 'Hitler commandos'".

While the British could find no evidence of excessive force, they conceded that in one case a Jew "was dragged down the gangway by the feet with his head bumping on the wooden slats".

Security fears seemed justified after the Jews were removed when a large, homemade bomb with a timed fuse was found on one of the three ships. It was apparently rigged to detonate after the Jews had been removed, the cables indicate.

Camp Conditions

At the camps, the treatment of the refugees caused an international outcry after it emerged that the conditions could be likened to the concentration camps where six million Jews had perished.

Dr Barou was once again on hand to witness events. He reported that conditions at Camp Poppendorf were poor and claimed that it was being run by a German camp commandant. That was denied by the British.

It turned out that Barou's reports had been only partially accurate. There was no German commandant or guards but there were German staff carrying out duties inside the camp.

But the allegations of cruel and insensitive treatment would not go away and, on 6 October, 1947, the Foreign Office sent a telegram to the British commanders in the region demanding to know whether the camps really were surrounded with barbed wire and guarded by German staff.

Final Destination

In a telegram written by Jewish leaders of the camps on 20 October 1947 makes clear the wishes and determination of the refugees to find a home in Palestine.

"Nothing will deter us from Palestine. Which jail we go to is up to you (the British). We did not ask you to reduce our rations; we did not ask you to put us in Poppendorf and Am Stau”.

The illegal would be immigrants to Palestine were housed in Nissan Huts and tents at Poppendorf and Am Stau” (near Lübeck) but inclement weather made the tentage unsuitable. Poppendorf is a municipality in the district of Bad Doberan, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major The DPs were then moved in November 1947 to Sengwarden near Wilhelmshaven and Emden. The Village of Sengwarden lies north of Wilhelmshaven, Germany. Wilhelmshaven (vɪlhɛlmsˈhaːfən is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. For many of the illegal immigrants this was only a transit point as Brichah managed to smuggle most into the U. S. zone via which they reached Israel before the Israeli declaration of independence. Of the 4,500 would be immigrants to Palestine there were only 1,800 remaining in the two “Exodus” camps by April 1948.

Within a year, over half of the original Exodus 1947 passengers had made other attempts at emigrating to Palestine and were detained without trial in prison camps on Cyprus. Britain continued to hold the detainees in Cyprus until January 1949 when it formally recognized the State of Israel and all surviving passengers made aliyah. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel)

Historical importance

The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine also covered the events. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP was formed in the May 1947 in response to the British Governments announcement to terminate Mandate of Palestine. Some of its members were even present at Haifa port when the emigrants were removed from their ship onto the deportation ships, and later commented that this strong image helped them press for an immediate solution for Jewish immigration and the question of Palestine.

The ship's ordeals were widely covered by international media, and caused the British government much public embarrassment, especially after the refugees were forced to disembark in Germany.

It is said that the events convinced the US government that the British mandate of Palestine was incapable of handling the Jewish refugees problem, and that a United Nations-brokered solution needed to be found. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The US government then intensified its pressures on the British government to return its mandate to the UN, and the British in turn were willing to accept this. But this is dubious as the Anglo-American Commission of Inquiry Conference of July 31 1946, meeting in London, had already recommended a federal scheme for solving the Palestine problem known as Morrison-Grady Plan, a U. N. trusteeship over Palestine.

Further, on September 24 1946 the Counsel to the US President, Clark Clifford had written to the US President to warn that the Soviet Union wished to achieve complete economic, military and political domination in the Middle East. Toward this end, Clifford argues, the Soviet Union will encourage the emigration of Jews from Europe into Palestine and at the same time denounce British and American policies toward Palestine and inflame the Arabs against these policies. Also as, on the eve of Yom Kippur, October 4 1946, President Truman had issued a statement indicating United States support for the creation of a "viable Jewish state. ", and further the British government had already announced on February 7 1947 that it will terminate its mandate for Palestine.

Cultural impact

See also

References

  1. ^ Brown, Alexander Crosby (1961). The Patria disaster occurred on 25 November 1940 when the Patria, a French -built Ocean liner, was bombed and sank in Struma was a ship chartered to carry Jewish refugees from officially Axis-allied Romania to British-controlled Palestine during World War Antoinette Feuerwerker (1912-2003 was a French jurist and an active fighter in the French Resistance during the Second World War. David Feuerwerker (1912-1980 was a French Rabbi and professor of Jewish history. Rose Warfman (nee Gluck was a French survivor of Auschwitz and heroine of the French Resistance. Steam Packets on the Chesapeake: A History of the Old Bay Line Since 1840. Cambridge, Maryland: Cornell Maritime Press, pp. Cambridge is a city in Dorchester County, Maryland, United States. 106–113. LCCN 61-012580. The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United OCLC 2469923. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  2. ^ a b c d e f Naval Historical Center. The Naval Historical Center (NHC is the official History program of the United States Navy. President Warfield. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS for short is the primary reference work for the basic facts about every Ship ever used Navy Department, Naval Historical Center. The United States Department of the Navy was established by an Act of Congress on April 30 1798 to provide administrative and technical support and civilian leadership The Naval Historical Center (NHC is the official History program of the United States Navy.  Retrieved on 2008-05-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
  3. ^ a b c "Secretary of State to High Commissioner for Palestine 14. 7. 47" in Alan Cunningham Collection, box 2 folder 1, Middle East Centre Archives, St. Antony's College, Oxford.
  4. ^ "High Commissioner for Palestine to Secretary of State 15. 7. 47" in Alan Cunningham Collection, box 2 folder 1, Middle East Centre Archives, St. Antony's College, Oxford.
  5. ^ Brown, pp. 123–124.

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