An exhaust system is usually tubing used to guide waste exhaust gases away from a controlled combustion inside an engine or stove. Tubing is a Pipe or hollow cylinder for the conveyance of fluids (liquids or gases Exhaust gas is Flue gas which occurs as a result of the Combustion of fuels such as Natural gas, Gasoline /petrol Diesel, Fuel Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input A stove is an enclosed heated space The term is commonly taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating either to heat the space in which the stove is situated The entire system conveys burnt gases from the engine and includes one or more exhaust pipes. Depending on the overall system design, the exhaust gas may flow through one or more of:
- Cylinder head and exhaust manifold
- A turbocharger to increase engine power. In an Internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits atop the cylinders and consists of a platform containing part of the Combustion chamber and the In Automotive engineering, an intake manifold or inlet manifold is the part of an Engine that supplies the Fuel / Air mixture to A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine.
- A catalytic converter to reduce air pollution. A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort
- A muffler (North America) / silencer (Europe), to reduce noise. A muffler (or silencer in British English is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by a machine A muffler (or silencer in British English is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by a machine Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life
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Design criteria
An exhaust pipe must be carefully designed to carry toxic and/or noxious gases away from the users of the machine. Indoor generators and furnaces can quickly fill an enclosed space with carbon monoxide or other poisonous exhaust gases if they are not properly vented to the outdoors. In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Also, the gases from most types of machine are very hot; the pipe must be heat-resistant, and it must not pass through or near anything which can burn or can be damaged by heat. A chimney serves as an exhaust pipe in a stationary structure. A chimney is a system for venting hot Flue gases or Smoke from a Boiler, Stove, Furnace or Fireplace to the outside
Motorcycles
In most motorcycles all or most of the exhaust system is visible and may be chrome plated as a display feature. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. Chrome plating, often referred to simply as chrome, is a technique of Electroplating a thin layer of Chromium onto a Metal object
On a two-cylinder motorcycle, "siamese exhaust pipes" are where both cylinders blow into the same exhaust pipe or run parallel and connect with a crossover. MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. This usage is derived from "Siamese twin". Conjoined twins are whose bodies are joined in utero A rare phenomenon the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 50000 births to 1 in 200000 births with a somewhat higher incidence
Trucks
In many trucks / lorries all or most of the exhaust system is visible. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. Often in such trucks the silencer is surrounded by a perforated metal sheath to avoid people getting burnt touching the hot silencer. This sheath may be chrome plated as a display feature. Chrome plating, often referred to simply as chrome, is a technique of Electroplating a thin layer of Chromium onto a Metal object Part of the pipe between the engine and the silencer is often flexible metal industrial ducting, as in the image in the "Terminology".
Two-stroke engines
In a two-stroke engine, such as that used on dirt bikes, a bulge in the exhaust pipe known as an expansion chamber uses the pressure of the exhaust to create a pump that squeezes more air and fuel into the cylinder during the intake stroke. The two-stroke Internal combustion engine differs from the more common Four-stroke engine by completing the same four processes (intake compression combustion exhaust MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. An Expansion chamber is an Exhaust system used on a Two-stroke cycle engine to enhance its power output by improving its Volumetric efficiency For information on Wikipedia project-related discussions see WikipediaVillage pump. This provides greater power and fuel efficiency. See Kadenacy effect. The Kadenacy effect is an effect of pressure-waves in gases It is named after Michel Kadenacy who obtained a French Patent for an engine utilizing the
Ship's or large boat's onboard engine
With a ship's or large boat's onboard below-decks diesel engine:-
- Lagging the exhaust pipe stops it from overheating the engine room where people must work to service the engine. In Computing and especially Computer networks lag (slang is a symptom where the result of an action appears later than expected
- Feeding water into the exhaust pipe cools the exhaust gas and thus lessens the back-pressure at the engine's cylinders' exhaust ports and thus helps the cylinders to empty quicker.
Outboard motors
In outboard motors the exhaust system is usually a vertical passage through the engine structure and to reduce out-of-water noise blows out underwater, sometimes through the middle of the propeller. An outboard motor is a propulsion system for smaller Boats General uses Outboard motors for a Boat are developed as a self-contained
Terminology
Manifold or header
In most production engines, the manifold is an assembly designed to collect the exhaust gas from two or more cylinders into one pipe. In Automotive engineering, an intake manifold or inlet manifold is the part of an Engine that supplies the Fuel / Air mixture to Manifolds are often made of cast iron in stock production cars, and may have material-saving design features such as to use the least metal, to occupy the least space necessary, or have the lowest production cost. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. These design restrictions often result in a design that is cost effective but that does not do the most efficient job of venting the gases from the engine. Inefficiencies generally occur due to the nature of the combustion engine and its cylinders. Since cylinders fire at different times, exhaust leaves them at different times, and pressure waves from gas emerging from one cylinder might not be completely vacated through the exhaust system when another comes. This creates a back pressure and restriction in the engine's exhaust system that can restrict the engine's true performance possibilities.
A header (sometimes called extractor in Australia) another name for a manifold,is specifically a manifold designed for performance. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. During design, engineers create a manifold without regard to weight or cost but instead for optimal flow of the exhaust gases. This design results in a header that is more efficient at scavenging the exhaust from the cylinders. Headers are generally circular steel tubing with bends and folds calculated to make the paths from each cylinder's exhaust port to the common outlet all equal length, and joined at narrow angles to encourage pressure waves to flow through the outlet, and not back towards other cylinders. In a set of tuned headers the pipe lengths are carefully calculated to enhance exhaust flow in a particular engine revolutions per minute range.
Headers are generally made by aftermarket automotive companies, but sometimes can be bought from the high-performance parts department at car dealerships. A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new cars and/or Used cars at the Retail level based on a dealership contract Generally, most car performance enthusiasts buy aftermarket headers made by companies solely focused on producing reliable, cost-effective well-designed headers specifically for their car. Headers can also be custom designed by a custom shop. Due to the advanced materials that some aftermarket headers are made of, this can be expensive. Luckily, an exhaust system can be custom built for any car, and generally is not specific to the car's motor or design except for needing to properly connect solidly to the engine. This is usually accomplished by correct sizing in the design stage, and selecting a proper gasket type and size for the engine.
Header-back
Header-back (or header back) is to the part of the exhaust system from the outlet of the header to the final vent to open air — everything from the header back. Header-back systems are generally produced as aftermarket performance systems for cars without turbochargers. The automotive aftermarket is the part of the automotive industry concerned with the Manufacturing, Remanufacturing, Distribution, Retailing, A turbocharger, or turbo, is an air Compressor used for forced-induction of an Internal combustion engine.
Turbo-back
Turbo-back (or turbo back) is to the part of the exhaust system from the outlet of a turbocharger to the final vent to open air. A waste collection vehicle (WCV or colloquially called a 'Garbage Truck' 'Dustcart' or 'Dustbin lorry' is a Truck specially designed to pick up smaller quantities of Turbo-back systems are generally produced as aftermarket performance systems for cars with turbochargers. Some turbo-back (and header-back) systems replace stock catalytic converters with others having less flow restriction.
With or without catalytic converter
Some systems (including in former time all systems) (sometimes nowadays called catless or no kitty) eliminate the catalytic converter, which may or may not be legal depending on place and whether the car will be driven on public roads.
Cat-back
Cat-back (also cat back and catback) refers to the portion of the exhaust system from the outlet of the catalytic converter to the final vent to open air. A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine. This generally includes the pipe from the converter to the muffler, the muffler, and the final length of pipe to open air.
Cat-back exhaust systems are a very popular aftermarket performance enhancement. They generally use larger diameter pipe than the stock system. Good systems will have mandrel-bent turns that allow the exhaust gas to exit with as little back pressure as possible. A mandrel (ˈmændrɨl and also spelled mandril; in American English also called an arbor) is either an object used to shape machined work a Tool Back pressure usually refers to the Pressure exerted on a moving Fluid by obstructions or tight bends in the confinement vessel along which it is moving such as piping The mufflers included in these kits are often glasspacks, again to reduce back pressure. A glasspack, sometimes called Cherrybomb (a Genericized trademark of a popular brand of glasspack is a kind of automobile Muffler in which the Exhaust If the system is engineered more for show than functionality, it may be tuned to enhance the lower sounds that are lacking from high-RPM low-displacement engines. Engine displacement is defined as the total Volume of air/fuel mixture an Engine can draw in during one complete engine cycle it is normally stated in Cubic
Tailpipe and tip
With trucks, sometimes the silencer is crossways under the front of the cab and its tailpipe blows sideways to the offside (right in UK, left in USA looking from the back of the car). A muffler (or silencer in British English is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by a machine The side of a passenger car on which the exhaust exits beneath the rear bumper usually indicates the market for which the vehicle was designed, i. e. Japanese (and some older British) vehicles have exhausts on the right so they are furthest from the curb in countries which drive on the left, while European vehicles have exhausts on the left. The petrol filler flap is normally on the opposite side to the exhaust tailpipe for reasons of packaging (keeping the filler pipe away from the hot exhaust) but also to position it closest to the curb.
The end of the final length of exhaust pipe where it vents to open air, generally the only visible part, often ends with just a straight or angled cut, but may include a fancy tip. The tip is usually chromed, and is often of larger pipe than the rest of the exhaust system. Chrome plating, often referred to simply as chrome, is a technique of Electroplating a thin layer of Chromium onto a Metal object This produces a final reduction in pressure, as well as prevents rusting of the tips, and can be used to enhance the appearance of the car. These are the least expensive parts of the system.
When a bus, truck or tractor or excavator has a vertical exhaust pipe (called stacks or pipes behind the cab), sometimes the end is curved, or has a hinged cover flap which the gas flow blows out of the way, to try to avoid foreign objects (including droppings from a bird perching on the exhaust pipe when the vehicle is not being used) getting inside the exhaust pipe. This article is about the semi-truck For the North American use of the word see Pickup truck. A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used An excavator is an Engineering vehicle consisting of an articulated arm (boom stick bucket and Cab mounted on a Pivot (a rotating platform like a Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus
In some trucks, when the silencer is front-to-back under the chassis, the end of the tailpipe turns 90° and blows downwards. That avoids anyone working by the truck when stationary from getting a directed blast of the exhaust gas, but often raises dust when the truck is driving on a dry dusty unmade surface such as on a building site. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure
Lake pipes
Also known as side pipes, lake pipes are exhaust pipes, normally brightly chromed, which exit the front wheelarch of a car and then pass down the sill/rocker panel, finally opening sideways in front of the rear wheel. They are sometimes seen on custom cars and hot rods. A custom car is a passenger vehicle that has been modified in either of the following two ways Hot rods are typically American cars with large engines modified for linear speed
Dangers
There are many known dangers linking an automobile ventilation system to the breathable air inside a car. The most common and undetectable is when air-conditioning exhaust fumes slowly seep into the ventilation system of a car. While this might cause a prevalent odor, there is evidence linking the inhalation of this smell to any medical or health risk.
See also
External links
The Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile exhaust. An Expansion chamber is an Exhaust system used on a Two-stroke cycle engine to enhance its power output by improving its Volumetric efficiency Aftermarket exhaust parts are intended to replace the factory fitted Exhaust components in order to gain a performance increase Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the Air pollution -causing emissions produced by Automobiles Exhaust emissions - Exhaust Guide - detailed UK guide to exhaust systems
- [1] - More about how an exhaust system works, with pictures and graphics.
Dictionary
exhaust system
-noun
- (automotive) The subsystem of an engine that takes the products of the combustion chamber through a catalytic converter and silencer to the exhaust pipe
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