- For other meanings of the term, see executioner (disambiguation). Headsman redirects here; see The Headsman (2005 film) for the movie. The Headsman (aka Shadow of the Sword, Au Henker) is a 2005 film directed by Simon Aeby.
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A judicial executioner (not to be confused with executor) is a person who carries out a death sentence ordered by the state or other legal authority, which was known in feudal terminology as high justice. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The debate about Capital punishment, colloquially known as the death penalty, is highly controversial Most major world religions take an ambiguous position on the morality of Capital punishment. Wrongful execution is a Miscarriage of justice occurring when an innocent person is put to death by Capital punishment, the "death penalty Capital punishment was last used in Australia in 1967, when Ronald Ryan was hanged in Victoria, he was the last Capital punishment in Brazil was last used in 1861 and has not been officially used since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889. The only method used in Canada for Capital punishment was Hanging. The People's Republic of China currently uses Capital punishment for many crimes from Tax evasion and Political corruption to The death penalty has been totally abolished in almost all European countries (47 out of 50 Capital punishment in France existed officially from the Middle Ages and was abolished in 1981 Capital punishment in Germany has been abolished The current Constitution of Germany ("Grundgesetz" as adopted in 1949, does not allow Capital Capital punishment in India is legal but rareDuring the late 1900's, about 40 people were executed In Italy, the first pre-unitarian state to abolish the Death penalty was the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as of November 30, 1786, under the reign Capital punishment in Iraq was commonly used by the government of Saddam Hussein. Capital punishment is legal in Japan, with the only crimes for which this is the statutory punishment being Homicide and Treason. Capital punishment in Malaysia applies to Murder, Drug trafficking, Treason, and waging war against Yang di-Pertuan Agong Capital punishment in New Zealand first appeared in a codified form when New Zealand became a British territory in 1840 and was first employed in in 1842 Capital punishment was legal in Pakistan since its inception till 2008 Capital punishment in the Philippines has a varied history and on June 24 2006, was abolished Both the legal and moral status of Capital punishment in Russia are currently controversial Capital punishment is a legal form of Punishment in Singapore. Capital punishment is a legal form of Punishment in the Republic of China ( Taiwan) Capital punishment of a Felon in the United States, in modern times is employed and in practice only in cases involving murder Methods of capital punishment Methods of execution used to carry out Capital punishment have varied over time and include Burning, especially Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal Execution by electrocution (usually referred to after its method of implementation as the Electric Chair) is an execution method originating in the United States in which the Execution by firing squad is a method of Capital punishment, particularly common in times of war A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death Execution by shooting is a form of Capital punishment whereby an executed person is shot by one or more Firearms It is the most common method of execution Methods of capital punishment Methods of execution used to carry out Capital punishment have varied over time and include Burning, especially In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State An executor, in the broadest sense is one who carries something out (in other words one who is responsible for executing a task Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society High middle and low justices are notions dating from Western Feudalism to indicate descending degrees of judiciary power to administer justice by the maximal punishment the
Scope and job
The executioner was usually presented with a warrant authorizing or ordering him to execute the sentence. The warrant protects the executioner from the charge of murder. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Common terms for executioners derived from forms of capital punishment -though they often also performed other physical punishments- include hangman (hanging) and headsman (beheading). In the military the role of executioner was usually performed by a soldier, such as the provost. A common stereotype of an executioner is a hooded medieval or absolutist executioner. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group A hood is a kind of Headgear that covers most of the Head and Neck and sometimes the Face.
While this task can be an occasional one, it can be carried out in the line of more general duty by an officer of the court, the police, prison staff, or even the military. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A corrections officer, correctional officer, detention officer, jail guard, prison guard, prison warder, or prison officer A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A special case is the tradition of the Roman fustuarium, continued in forms of running the gauntlet, where the culprit receives his punishment from the hands of the comrades his crime has gravely harmed, e. Running the gauntlet (alternative spellings gantlet and rarely gantlope or gantelope) is a form of physical punishment wherein a man is compelled to run g. for failing in vital sentinel duty or stealing from a ship's limited food supply.
Many executioners were professional specialists, who usually traveled a whole area since executions would rarely be very numerous. Still, especially if a resident, he would often also administer non-lethal physical punishments, or apply torture. Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain intended to Punish a person or change his/her behavior Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally
The term is also extended to administrators of a severe physical punishment that is not prescribed to kill, but which may result in death.
Since executions in France (using the guillotine since the French Revolution) persisted until 1977, the French Republic had an official executioner, Marcel Chevalier, until the formal abolition in 1981. The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Marcel Chevalier (born 28 February 1921) worked as the last Executioner ( Monsieur de Paris) in France Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981
Executioners in society
In Europe and its colonies, executioners have often been shunned by their neighbours. This is a list of people who have acted as official Executioners Algeria Austria Belgium This attitude can be observed in numerous novels and films, for instance in Alexandre Dumas, père's The Three Musketeers or in the film La veuve de Saint-Pierre (The Widow of Saint-Pierre) in which executioners, who are minor characters, were ostracized by villagers. The Three Musketeers ( Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a Novel by Alexandre Dumas père. The Widow of Saint-Pierre ( La Veuve de Saint Pierre) is a 2000 Film by Patrice Leconte with Juliette Binoche, Ostracism ( ostrakismos) was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which a prominent Citizen could be expelled from the City-state The profession of executioner sometimes ran through a family, especially in France where the Sanson family provided six executioners between 1688 and 1847, and the Deibler dynasty provided five between 1879 and abolition in 1981 (Louis Deibler, his son Anatole, Anatole's nephew Jules-Henri Desfourneaux, another nephew of Anatole, André Obrecht, and finally André's nephew, Marcel Chevalier). André Obrecht (9 August 1899 Paris - 30 July 1985 Nice was the official Executioner of France from 1951 until 1976 Marcel Chevalier (born 28 February 1921) worked as the last Executioner ( Monsieur de Paris) in France In Britain, the most notable dynasty was the Pierrepoints, who provided three executioners between 1902 and 1956 - Henry, his brother Thomas, and Henry's son Albert. Albert Pierrepoint (30 March 1905 &ndash 10 July 1992 is the most famous member of a family from Yorkshire who provided three of the United Kingdom 's official
Native societies in Asia, Africa, The Americas, and the Pacific seem rarely to display such prejudice towards executioners, even when, as in North America, there is significant and vocal opposition to the death penalty itself. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions
In "Memories of Silk and Straw", by Junichi Saga, one of the families surveyed in the Japanese village of Tsuchiura is that of an executioner family ("The Last Executioner", P. 54). This family does suffer social isolation, even though the family is somewhat well-off financially. Where the paragraph above cites little social shunning for executioners in places like North America, one needs to bear in mind the infrequency of executions in modern times and the ease of a prison official not telling his family what his actual job at the prison is, something that was not possible when most executions were carried out in view of the general public.
See also
This is a list of people who have acted as official Executioners Algeria Austria Belgium Pierrepoint ( Pierrepoint The Last Hangman in North America) is a 2005 British film directed by AdrianDictionary
executioner
-noun
- An official person who carries out the capital punishment of a criminal.
- (Can we verify(+) this sense?) someone who executes the will or act of someone
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