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The Eva Perón Foundation was a charitable foundation begun by Eva Perón, a prominent Argentine political leader, when she was the First Lady and Spiritual Leader of the Nation of Argentina. María Eva Duarte de Perón' ( May 7 1919 &ndash July 26 1952) was the second wife of President Juan Domingo Perón This article is about the political institutions and political parties of Argentina. First Lady is a term used in the United States to describe the wife of an elected male Head of state. Spiritual leader is a form of Title that is used to refer to religious leaders. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. It operated from 1948 to 1955. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) [1]
Contents |
Inspiration and Beginnings
| History of Argentina |
|---|
 |
| Pre-Columbian |
| Indigenous peoples |
| Spanish rule |
| Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata British invasions |
| An independent nation |
| May Revolution War of Independence Congress of Tucumán |
| Building a nation |
| 1853 Constitution Conquest of the Desert Generation of '80 Immigration |
| Age of the Peróns |
| Juan Perón Eva Perón Eva Perón Foundation Partido Feminista Evita Perón's European Rainbow Tour |
| Military government |
| Dirty War Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas) |
| Democracy and crisis |
| Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Trial of the Juntas Carapintadas The Argentinazo |
| Present-day Argentina |
| History by topic |
| Military Nationality |
| Timeline |
Social welfare in Argentina was highly underdeveloped before Juan Perón was elected president in 1945 and his wife, who had been born into the working classes, was aware of this. This article is about the History of Argentina. See also History of South America, History of Latin America, History of the Americas, and The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last and most shortlived Viceroyalty created by Spain in 1776 The British invasions of the Río de la Plata (Invasiones Inglesas del Río de la Plata were a series of unsuccessful British attempts to seize control of the Spanish The May Revolution (in Spanish: Revolución de Mayo) was a series of political and social events in the Nineteenth century city of The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine forces under Manuel Belgrano and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal The Congress of Tucumán was the representative assembly of the United Provinces of the River Plate formed in 1816 initially meeting in Tucumán. The Argentine Constitution of 1853 was the first constitution of Argentina, approved with the support of the governments of the provinces &mdashthough The Conquest of the Desert (Conquista del desierto was a military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s which established Argentine dominance The Generation of '80 ( Spanish: Generación del '80) was the governing elite in Argentina from 1880 to 1916 The original inhabitants of Argentina were descendants of Asian peoples that crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America and then over thousands Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina María Eva Duarte de Perón' ( May 7 1919 &ndash July 26 1952) was the second wife of President Juan Domingo Perón The Female Peronist Party, also known as the Feminist Peronist Party and the Peronist Feminist Party was the women's branch of the Peronist Justicialist María Eva Duarte de Perón' ( May 7 1919 &ndash July 26 1952) was the second wife of President Juan Domingo Perón The General Confederation of Labour ( Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina, CGT is a national trade union center of Argentina founded The National Reorganization Process (in Spanish, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, often simply El Proceso) was the name used by its leaders This article refers to the Argentine Dirty War for the British film of the same name see Dirty War (film. The Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlántico Sur also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo is an association of Argentine Mothers whose children " disappeared quot during The Trial of the Juntas (Spanish Juicio a las Juntas) was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina The es Carapintadas (Painted Faces were a group of mutineers in the Argentine Army, who took part in uprisings during the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín The December 2001 riots were a period of civil unrest and rioting in Argentina, which took place during December 2001, with the most violent incidents For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. June 1806 '''1st British Invasion of the Rio del la Plata'''. Ideas and practices of nationality and citizenship in the Republic of Argentina (and before that in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and the Inca Empire This is a timeline of Argentine history. To read about the background to these events see History of Argentina. Most charity work was undertaken by the Sociedad de Beneficencia, which was controlled by eighty-seven elderly women of the upper-classes. The orphans whose care the Sociedad controlled had to wear blue smocks and have their heads shaved; at Christmas they were put out onto the streets of Buenos Aires with collecting tins. Their policies are supposed to have been the inspiration behind Evita's famous declaration that, 'When the rich think about the poor, they have poor ideas. '
The chairpersons of this society were traditionally the Papal Nuncio to Argentina and the First Lady, but the society refused to extend the invitation to Evita when her husband was elected president. At first they insisted that it was because she was too young; but it was widely interpreted as an insult to the new First Lady. Evita was furious and moved against the society, effectively bringing it to an end. She then created her own foundation to replace it. ‘It is time,’ Evita declared, ‘for [real] social justice. ’ [2]
The Foundation's Beginnings
On 8 July 1948 the María Eva Duarte de Perón Foundation was established. Its name was later changed to the simpler Eva Perón Foundation. Its opening charter declared that it was to remain ‘in the sole hands of its founder… who will… possess the widest powers afforded by the State and the Constitution. ’ [3] The Foundation's aims were to provide monetary assistance and scholarships to gifted children from impoverished backgrounds, build homes, schools, hospitals and orphanages in underprivileged areas and ‘to contribute or collaborate by any possible means to the creation of works tending to satisfy the basic needs for better life of the less privileged classes. ’ [4] Initially work began with nothing more than garden parties for single mothers or Evita’s personal trips to the ghettoes of Buenos Aires to hand out aid parcels,
The Foundation at its height
By the end of the 1940s, Evita and her team of advisers had worked so effectively that the Foundation was better-funded and organised than many departments of State. It had funds of over three billion pesos, controlled $200 million on the exchange rate, employed over 14,000 workers, purchased 500,000 sewing machines, 400,000 pairs of shoes and 200,000 cooking pots for distribution annually and it had succeeded in building numerous new houses, schools, hospitals and orphanages.
The vast majority of these funds came from willing donors and the Peronist-dominated Congress, who were keen to back the First Lady's endeavours. The trade unions, who saw Evita as their patron, regularly sent enormous contributions to the Foundation’s work. More importantly, the Catholic Church had endorsed her projects, citing Biblical exhortations towards charity for the poor and Evita’s own personal priest, Father Benítez, claimed that the need to help the poor had taken over Eva Perón’s life. Finally, Congress assisted in 1950 by ruling that a proportion of all lottery tickets, cinema tickets and gambling games played in casinos should be given to the Foundation. By the time of Evita's death in 1952, the popularity of the Foundation amongst her millions of followers had given her an aura of sainthood. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [5]
Criticisms
There were allegations that most of the Foundation's wealth was ill-gotten, with Evita coercing people into donating. There were examples of pressure, particularly with the infamous case of the Mu-Mu sweet manufacturers, who were temporarily shutdown after they refused to give the Foundation a free donation of sweets for underprivileged children. There was, however, only one example of Evita targeting the landed aristocracy and this was when the Foundation received most of the 97 million pesos which the Bemberg dynasty were forced to pay after they had attempted to evade tax after their patriarch died abroad.
There were allegations that Evita set up a secret bank account in Switzerland with the funds, but these allegations have been dismissed by her more recent biographers.
Another criticism was that the Foundation was an exercise in Eva Perón’s frivolity and ignorance.
Decline
After Evita's premature death in 1952, the Foundation briefly passed into the control of other Peronist women, but it did not outlast the fall of the regime itself in 1955 and had been in terminal decline since 1952 anyway. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However, as late as the 1970s, storing facilities full of goods intended to be delivered to the Argentine poor were still being discovered.
Footnotes
- ^ Most of this article is based on the findings of N. Fraser and M. Navarro in their biography, Evita: The Real Lives of Eva Perón and the unpublished essay, And the Money Kept Rolling Out: The Eva Perón Foundation and Social Welfare in Mid-Century Argentina, by G. Russell; submitted to the St. Peter's College Essay Prize, University of Oxford, 2006.
- ^ N. Fraser and M. Navarro, Evita: The Real Lives of Eva Perón, p. 116
- ^ N. Fraser and M. Navarro, Evita: The Real Lives of Eva Perón, p. 118
- ^ N. Fraser and M. Navarro, Evita, p. 117
- ^ Based largely on the unpublished Oxford essay, And the Money Kept Rolling Out (2006)
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